Tutorial 3

1. TC = To contain at (any temperature)

- It means that at any temperature, that flask will have precisely the volume listed inside it. If
you were to pour out the liquid, you would need to get every drop out of it to have that
volume.
- TD = to deliver at
- It means that the specified volume is the amount of solution that will drain out of the
pipette, which might be less than the total amount that is present due to remnant fluid that
adheres to the wall of the equipment.
2. including zero-point drift and the weights
- change in ambient temperature or temperature of the object being weighed is probably the
biggest source of error.
- Hot or cold object must be brought to ambient temperature before being weighed.
3. Measuring pipette = TC
- conical flask = TC
- burette = TD
- transfer pipette = TD
- volumetric flask = TC
- beaker = TC
4. Graduated pipettes can generally allow for different measurements of liquid to be
transferred from one place to another. A volumetric pipette allows for only a specific (or
fixed) amount of solution to be transferred.
5. a = With the tip out of the liquid, push the button down to the first stop. Place about 2 mm
of the tip into the distilled water and release the button to aspirate the liquid into the tip.
Wait about 1 second before removing the tip from the water.
- b = Weighing it empty and then weighing it filled to the mark with distilled water. Perform
each procedure at least twice.
- c = Touch the tip of the burette to the side of a beaker to remove the drop hanging from the
tip. After about a minute, to allow for drainage, make an initial reading of the meniscus,
estimating the volume to the nearest 0.01 mL. Record the initial reading. Allow the burette
to stand for 5 minutes and recheck the reading.
6. To ensure accurate results in all laboratory settings. Calibration takes place before glassware
is put into circulation for use, and there are also recommended timeframes to conduct
calibration on older glassware.
7. Burners - Used when heating a substance in a beaker or crucible, supported on a ring stand
or clay triangle
- Hotplates - Used for speedy heating up of any solutions in a container or under controlled
temperature.
8. The glassware is soaked in a warm detergent solution through which is passed acoustic
energy of frequency at or above 40 kHz surfaces. The ultrasonic vibrations dislodge dirt and
grease quickly from the glass in 5 to 10 minutes.
- Prepared and handled with extreme care. Wear eye protection always during use and avoid
contact. Aqua regia: Made up of 3 parts of concentrated HCl and 1 part of concentrated
HNO3 (3 HCl:1 HNO3). Use in a fume hood with extreme care.
- Dissolve sodium dichromate in water and continuously add with stirring concentrated
sulfuric acid. After the glassware has been cleaned with detergent and rinsed, pour a small
 quantity of the chromate solution into the glassware, allowing it to flow down all parts of the
glass surface. Rinse the glassware well. The solution prepared is handled with extreme care.
Eye protection must be always worn and avoid contact with clothes and skin.
9. Technical /Commercial Grade – Low quality
- Primary Standard Grade (AR – Analytical grade) - purity of 99.95%pure