FILE HANDLING

 Introduction to files

Files or Data Files are the Files that store data pertaining to a specific application, for later use.
The data files can be stored in various ways.

 Types of files
o Text file
 A text files stores information in ASCII or Unicode characters.
 In text file every line is terminated or delimited with a special character called
EOL (End Of Line) character.
 In Python the default EOL character is a new line character i.e (\n).
o Binary file
 A Binary Fie is a file that contains information in machine format .
 There is no delimeter for a line.
 No translation occur as a result the processing is faster and easier for a
program to read and write as compared to text files
 Binary format is the best and secure way to store an application data.
o CSV file
 CSV stands for Comma Separated Values
 Every record field values are separated with comma by default
 It is a standard format of storing data
 It can be used for data exchange in various applications
 Relative and Absolute paths
o Path mentioned from from the top most level of hierarchy is known as Absolute
Path.
o Path mentioned relative to the current working directory is known as Relative Path.

Valid path declarations

"d:\\myfolder\\test\\STory.txt"

r"d:\myfolder\test\STory.txt"

"d:/myfolder/test/STory.txt"

"c://myfolder//test//story.txt"

Handling Text File

To operate with text file we use some Built in functions.

 open() is used to open a file

Syntax to open a File :

fobj =open("File name","File Mode")

Different File modes are :-

 r for read
 w for write
  a for append
 r+ for read and write
 w+ write and read
 a+ append and read

 read or write or append data

To read from a text file the functions are

o reading from a text file using

 read()
 read() ->reads all data of file in string format
 read(n) -> reads n numbers of characters from the file
 readline() -> reads one line at a time
 readlines() -> reads all the lines at a time in list format
o To write data into a text file
 write(str)
 writelines(L)

 close() is used to close a file

Syntax to close a File :

fobj.close()

 Some more functions

 seek()-> moves the file pointer from one position to another
position

fileobj.seek(offset,reference point)

where offset is the number of bytes to move .

Reference point tells the position from where to move the file pointer . It
can be 0 (from beginning) , 1 (current position), 2 (end position).

 tell()- >This function returns the current file position

pos=fileobj.tell()

 flush() -> This function forcefully writes the content from buffer to
file .

Example 1 : Command to open a file story.txt in writing mode.

f=open("Story.txt","w")

Example 2: Command to create a file Story.txt in d:\\myfolder\\test location and write content in it.

f=open("d:\\myfolder\\test\\STory.txt","w")
Examples:

#Write one line of content to a file named Work.txt

'''

f=open("work.txt","a")

f.write("We work hard with full zest. \n")

f.close()

'''

#Write a list of student names in student.txt using writelines()

'''

f=open("Student.txt","w")

list1=[]

for i in range(5):

name=input("enter student name")

list1.append(name+'\n')

f.writelines(list1)

f.close()

'''

#open file work.txt and read 10 characters from it.

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data=f.read(10)

print(data)

f.close()

'''

#open file work.txt and read entire content from it.

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data=f.read()

print(data)

f.close()

'''
#read from file work.txt

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data1=f.read(100)

data2=f.read(8)

print(data1)

print(data2)

f.close()

'''

#seek() and tell()

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

pos=f.tell()

print("Current position is ",pos)

f.seek(10)

data=f.read(5)

pos=f.tell();

print("After read Current position is ",pos)

print("Data is ",data)

f.close();

'''

'''

f=open("work.txt","r+")

pos=f.tell()

print("Current position is ",pos)

f.seek(10)

f.write("ABCDEF")

f.close();

'''

#Count how many characters are present in a file

#or find the size of file work.txt

 '''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data=f.read()

size=len(data)

print("Number of characters ",size)

f.close()

'''

#count how many 'w' are there in a file work.txt

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data=f.read()

cnt=0

for ch in data:

if ch=='w' or ch=='W':

cnt += 1

print("Number of w available ",cnt)

#print(data.count('w'))

f.close()

'''

# read 4 characters from 11 th position.

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

f.seek(10)

data=f.read(4)

print(data)

'''

#seek() is used to move the file pointer from current position

#to a specified position

'''
 f=open("work.txt","r")

f.seek(10)

data=f.read(50)

print(data)

'''

#count how many vowels are available in work.txt

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data=f.read()

data=data.lower()

cnt=0

for ch in data:

if ch in 'aeiou' :

cnt +=1

print("Number of vowels ",cnt)

f.close()

'''

#how many digits are there

#count how many uppercase letters / lowercase latters are there

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data=f.read()

cnt=0

for ch in data:

if ch.isdigit() :

cnt +=1

print("No of vowels ",cnt)

f.close()

'''
#count number of words in a text file

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data=f.read()

wordlist=data.split()

print(wordlist)

print("No of words ",len(wordlist))

f.close()

'''

#count how many words begin with w in text file work.txt

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data=f.read()

cnt=0

wordlist=data.split()

for word in wordlist:

if word[0]=='w' or word[0]=='W':

cnt+=1

print("Number of words begin with w are",cnt)

f.close()

'''

#count how many we or We are there the file work.txt

'''

f=open("work.txt","r")

data=f.read()

cnt=0

wordlist=data.split()

for word in wordlist:

if word=='we' or word=='We':

cnt+=1

print("Number of we present in file",cnt)

 f.close()

'''

#readline function is used to read one line at a time

'''

f=open("work.txt")

data1=f.readline()

data2=f.readline()

print(data1,data2)

f.close()

'''

#read the 5th line

'''

f=open("work.txt")

for i in range(5):

data=f.readline()

print(data)

f.close()

'''

#readlines() reads all lines from the file in list format

'''

f=open("work.txt")

all_lines=f.readlines()

print(all_lines)

print(len(all_lines))

print(all_lines[4])

f.close()

'''
#count how many lines begin with W.

'''

f=open('work.txt')

all_lines=f.readlines()

cnt=0

for l in all_lines:

if l[0]=='W':

cnt +=1

print("Number of lines begin with W are",cnt)

f.close()

'''

#Count how many lines end with 'e' in file 'Work.txt'

'''

f=open('work.txt','r')

all_lines=f.readlines()

cnt=0

for l in all_lines:

if l[-1]=='e':

cnt +=1

print("Number of lines end with e are",cnt)

f.close()

'''

#remove all lines from 'work.txt' which starts with letter 'w'

f=open('work.txt')

all_lines=f.readlines()

cnt=0

for l in all_lines:

if l[0]=='W':

cnt +=1

print("Number of lines begin with W are",cnt)

f.close()
#Standard Input,Output,Error Streams

'''

stdin -> keyboard

stout-> monitor

stderr-> monitor

'''

import sys

line1=sys.stdin.readline()

print(line1)

‘’’’

import sys

line1=sys.stdin.readline()

sys.stdout.write(line1)

sys.stderr.write("No error occured")