Classification of Numbers &

Basic Arithmetic Operations

By
(Aurora Computer Studies | auroracs.lk)
Odd Vs Even Numbers
• Even numbers
2, 4, 6, 8, ………
• Numbers divisible by 2 are called even numbers.
• Odd numbers
1, 3, 5, 7, ………
• Numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers.
Prime Vs Composite Numbers
• Prime number
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 43, 47, 51,
53, 59, ………….
• A natural number greater than 1 which is divisible
only by 1 and itself is called a prime number.
• Composite number
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, ………….
• A natural number greater than 1 which is not a
prime number are called composite number.
Features of Prime Numbers
• There are infinitely many primes.
• The largest known prime number (as of May 2022) is 282,589,933 − 1, a number
which has 24,862,048 digits when written in base 10.
• Usage areas
• Public-key cryptography, which relies on the difficulty of factoring large
numbers into their prime factors.
• In abstract algebra, objects that behave in a generalized way like prime
numbers include prime elements and prime ideals.
Arranging Numbers by Magnitude
• Ascending order
• Smaller to bigger
• Descending order
• Bigger to smaller

Ascending order Descending order

3 6.5 12 15.9 15.9 12 6.5 3

Basic Arithmetic Operations of Integers
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division
 Addition
Example Solution
754 + 328
1 1
7 5 4
3 2 8
1 0 8 2
1 1
 Subtraction
Example Solution
704 - 328 9 10
6 10
7 0 4
3 2 8
3 7 6
 Multiplication
Example Solution
2023 X 405 2 0 2 3
4 0 5
1 0 1 1 5
0 0 0 0
8 0 9 2
8 1 9 3 1 5
∴ 2023 X 405 = 819315
 Division
Example Solution
1 2 5
1510 / 12
1 2 1 5 1 0
1 2
3 1
2 4
7 0
6 0
1 0
∴ 1510 / 12 = 125 R 10
Priority of Arithmetic Operations
Example:
() 6x8+15/5
= 48 + 3
= 51

x,/ Note:
Best practice is to always
use the brackets rather

+,- than rely on implicit

priority rules.
Sign in Multiplication & Division

+ x or / + = +
+ x or / - = -
- x or / + = -
- x or / - = +
Challenge
Q: Why is a negative number multiply (or divide) by another negative
number results in a positive number?

A:
• When you multiply (or divide) a number by a negative number, it invert the
sign.
• Therefore when a negative number is multiplied (or divide) by another
negative number, it results in changing the sign of the original negative
number to a positive number.
Other Concepts Related to Whole Numbers
• Factorizing
• Prime factors
• Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) / Highest Common Factor (HCF)
• Least Common Multiple (LCM)
Factorizing
If a whole number can be represented as multiplication of other whole
numbers, those are factors of the original number.
Exercise 1 Exercise 2
Find factors of 12. Find factors of 36.
Solution Solution
12 = 2 x 6 36 = 2 x 18
= 3x4 = 4x9
= 6x6
∴ 2, 3 and 4 are factors of 12. = 3 x 12

∴ 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12 and 18 are factors of 36.

Prime Factors (1)
We can keep factorizing a number until we get all prime numbers.
Those are called prime factors of that number.
Steps:
1. Write the number as multiple of lowest possible integer greater
than 1 (i.e. start with 2).
2. If any of the multiple is not a prime number recursively keep
factorizing till all the multiples are prime numbers,
Prime Factors (2)
Exercise 1 Exercise 2
Find the prime factors of 12. Find the prime factors of 36.
Solution Solution
12 = 2 x 6 45 = 3 x 15
= 2x2X3 = 3x3x5
= 22 x 3 = 32 x 5
∴ 3 and 5 are prime factors of 45.
∴ 2 and 3 are prime factors of 12.
Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
For set of positive integers the greatest common divisor (GCD) is the
largest number that divides all the given numbers (without remainder).
• It is also known as highest common factor (HCF).
• Examples:
• GCD(12, 18) = 6
• GCD(18, 45, 30) = 3
Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) – How to Find?
1. Write each number as multiplication of prime factors.
2. Take common factors and lowest index of each common factor and
multiply to get GCD.

Exercise 1 Exercise 2
Find the GCD(24, 40). Find the GCD(42, 72).
Solution Solution
24 = 2 x 12 40 = 2 x 20 42 = 2 x 21 72 = 2 x 36
= 2x2X6 = 2 x 2 X 10 = 2x3X7 = 2 x 2 X 18
= 22 x 2 x 3 = 22 x 2 x 5 = 22 x 2 x 9
= 23 x 3 = 23 x 5 = 23 x 32

∴ GCD(24, 40) = 23 = 8 ∴ GCD(42, 72) = 2 x 3 = 6

Least Common Multiple (LCM)
For set of positive integers the Least Common Multiple (LCM) is the
smallest number that divisible by all the given numbers (without
remainder).
• Examples:
• LCM(12, 18) = 36
• LCM(18, 45, 30) = 90
Least Common Multiple (LCM) – How to Find?
1. Write each number as multiplication of prime factors.
2. Take all the factors and highest index if common and multiply to get
LCM.

Exercise 1 Exercise 2
Find the GCD(24, 40). Find the GCD(42, 72).
Solution Solution
24 = 2 x 12 40 = 2 x 20 42 = 2 x 21 72 = 2 x 36
= 2x2X6 = 2 x 2 X 10 = 2x3X7 = 2 x 2 X 18
= 22 x 2 x 3 = 22 x 2 x 5 = 22 x 2 x 9
= 23 x 3 = 23 x 5 = 23 x 32

∴ LCM(24, 40) = 23 x 3 x 5 = 120 ∴ LCM(42, 72) = 23 x 32 x7 = 504

Fractions
Fractions
• A number in the form of p/q where p,q ϵ Z (Integer) is a fraction.
𝑝 Numerator

𝑞 Denominator

• Any rational number can be represented in fraction format.

• Examples
• 1/2 , 2/3, 9/10, 11/5. 15/8,…
Equivalent Fractions
• Two fractions are equivalent if they represent the same value.
• For a given fraction, we can get an equivalent fraction by multiplying
or dividing both numerator and denominator by the same value.
• For a given fraction, there are infinite number of equivalent fractions.
Example1: Example2:
Simplifying Fractions
• We can simplify fractions by dividing both numerator and
denominator by a common factor.

Example1: Example2: Example3:

Proper Fractions Vs Improper Fractions

Proper Fractions Improper Fractions

• A fraction between -1 and 1 are • A fraction not between -1 and 1
called proper fraction. are called improper fraction.
• i.e. Numerator < Denominator • i.e. Numerator > Denominator
• Examples • Examples
• 1/2, 1/3, 4/5, 9/10, etc.. • 3/2, 7/3, 12/5, 90/11, etc..

3 7
4 4
Mixed Numbers
• A number containing both whole number and a fraction is called a
mixed number.
• Improper fractions can be represented as mixed number and vice
versa.
• Example

7 1
3
4
4
Converting a Mixed Number to an Improper Fraction
Mixed Number → Improper Fraction Improper Fraction → Mixed Number

1. Multiply the whole number 1. Divide the numerator by the

part by the fraction's denominator.
denominator. 2. Write down the whole number
2. Add that to the numerator answer
3. Then write the result on top of 3. Then write down any remainder
the denominator. above the denominator.
Example Example
Comparing Fractions
• Two Approaches
• Make denominator the same
• Convert to decimals
Comparing Fractions - Make Denominator the Same
Example:
Which is larger: 5/6 or 11/15 ?

Solution:

We can see that 75/90 is the larger than 66/90 (because 75 is more
than 66) so 5/6 is the larger fraction.
Comparing Fractions - Convert to Decimals
Example:
Which is larger: 3/8 or 5/12 ?

Solution:
Convert each fraction to a decimal.

3/8 = 0.375, and 5/12 = 0.4166...

0.4166... > 0.375

So 5/12 is bigger.
Basic Arithmetic Operations of Fractions
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division
Adding Fractions
1. Make sure the denominators are the same (value of LCM) by
multiplying both enumerator & denominator by same number.
2. Add the numerators and place that answer over the denominator.
3. Simplify the fraction (if possible).
Example 1: Example 2:
1 2 3 1
5
+ 5 4
+ 6
Solution: Solution:
1 2 1+2 𝟑 3 1 3𝑋3 + 1𝑋2 9+2 𝟏𝟏
5
+ = 5 5
= 𝟓 4
+ = 6 12
= 12
= 𝟏𝟐
Subtracting Fractions
1. Make sure the denominators are the same (value of LCM) by multiplying both
enumerator & denominator by same number.
2. Subtract the right numerator from the left and place that answer over the
denominator.
3. Simplify the fraction (if possible).

Example 1: Example 2:
5 3 5 1
8
- 8 9
- 6
Solution: Solution:
5 3 5−3 2 𝟏 5 1 5𝑋2 − 1𝑋3 10−3 𝟕
8
- = 8 8
= =
8 𝟒 9
- = 6 18
= 18
= 𝟏𝟖
Multiplying Fractions
1. Simplify by common factors if possible. (Optional, but make it easier)
2. Multiply the numerators and write as numerator of the result.
3. Multiply the denominators and write as the denominator of the result.
4. Simplify the resulting fraction (if possible).

Example 1: Example 2:
4 3 8 9
9
x 5 7
x 5
Solution: Solution:
4 3 4 1 𝟒 8 9 𝟕𝟐
93
x = x =
5 3 5 𝟏𝟓 7
x = 5 𝟑𝟓
Dividing Fractions
1. Multiply the first number by the reciprocal (reciprocal of a/b is b/a) of
the second number. (Multiplication of fractions is explained in the
previous slide).
2. Simplify the resulting fraction (if possible).

Example 1: Example 2:
12 8 6 9
5
÷ 25 15
÷ 10
Solution: Solution:
3 5 2 2
12 25 3 5 𝟏𝟓 6 10 𝟒
5
x 8 2
= x =
1 2 𝟐 15
x 9
= 𝟗
3 3
Decimals
Basic Arithmetic Operations of Decimals
• Addition
• Subtraction
• Multiplication
• Division
Addition
1. Place the numbers in such a Example
way that the decimal point is 12.86 + 3.28
placed in same line.
2. Add the numbers ignoring the Solution
decimal point.
3. Place the decimal point in the 1 1
same line. 1 2 . 8 6
3 . 2 8
1 6 . 1 4
0 1 1
Subtraction
1. Place the numbers in such a Example
way that the decimal point is 7.04 – 3.28
placed in same line.
Solution
2. Subtract the numbers ignoring
the decimal point. 9 10
3. Place the decimal point in the
same line. 6 10
7 . 0 4
3 . 2 8
3 . 7 6
Multiplication
Example
1. Multiply the two numbers
ignoring the decimal point. 20.23 X 4.05
2. Count the total number of Solution
decimal points in both 2 0 .2 3
numbers. 4 .0 5
3. Set the decimal place of the
1 0 1 1 5
result as same number of count
from step 2. 0 0 0 0
8 0 9 2
8 1. 9 3 1 5
∴ 20.23 X 4.05 = 81.9315
Division
Example
15.10 / 1.2
1. Multiply both numerator and
denominator by the minimum Solution
1 2. 5 8
power of 10 to make both whole 1 2 0 1 5 1 0. 0 0
numbers.
1 2 0
2. Now divide the two whole numbers.
3 1 0
3. If it does not divide to a whole
2 4 0
number, add a decimal point and
7 0 0
keep dividing for required precision
6 0 0
of decimal places. (You may need to
rounding the last decimal point.) 1 0 0 0
9 6 0
∴ 15.10 / 1.2 ≈12.58
Rounding Numbers
• Round off • Ceiling
• If next significant digit is 0, 1, 2, 3, • Always round up the number.
or 4 round down the number. • Examples
• If next significant digit is 5, 6, 7, 8, • 123 ceiling nearest hundred is 200.
• 1055 ceiling to nearest 10 is 1060.
or 9 round up the number.
• 12.505 ceiling to 2 decimal places is
• Examples 12.51.
• 123 round off to nearest hundred is • Flooring
120.
• 1055 round off to nearest 10 is 1060.
• Always round down the number.
• 12.505 round off to 2 decimal places • Examples
is 12.51. • 123 flooring to nearest hundred is 100.
• 1055 flooring to nearest 10 is 1050.
• 12.505 flooring to 2 decimal places is
12.50.
Rounding to Significant Digits
• To round to "so many" significant digits, count digits from left to
right, and then round off from there.
• Here when we count significant digits we ignore leading zeroes even
after the decimal points.
• Examples
• 1.239 rounded to 3 significant digits is 1.24.
• 134.9 rounded to 1 significant digit is 100.
• 0.0012571 rounded to 3 significant digit is 0.00126.
References
• Prime numbers (Wiki)
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number
• Fractions index (MathIsFun)
• https://www.mathsisfun.com/fractions-menu.html
Thank You

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