Test Bank for Research Methods for Counseling 1st Edition Wright

1452203946 9781452203942

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Chapter 2: Ethical Research Practices

1. Which of the following statements best describes the attitude of the American public toward
biomedical and mental health research during the 20th century?
a. There has never been much concern about how researchers actually did their work
*b. The attitude of the public underwent a major shift in the 1960s toward the need for a high
standard for ethical practice
c. As human subjects are now and have been in the past protected by both criminal and civil law,
there is no need for special ‘ethical treatment’ standards
d. There is now much more concern with the treatment of laboratory animals than toward how
human subjects are treated

2. In 1847, the American Medical Association established the first set of principles for
physicians to follow in the treatment of their patients. Which of the following was not included
in that statement?
*a. Need to avoid experimenting on one’s patients against their expressed wishes
b. Need for indulgence when treating imbeciles
c. Need for civil courts to protect the rights of physicians
d. Need for discretion with information about a patient’s condition or life-style

3. Which of the following statements about the ethical treatment of laboratory animals is not
true?
a. The American Psychological Association published a statement on the ethical treatment of
laboratory animals in 2013
b. Each species of vertebrate animals has a different set of treatment guidelines in the OLAW
regulations
*c. The American Counseling Association has included the treatment of infra-human (simians
including primates) in the use of laboratory animals in research
d. The U.S. federal government strictly controls laboratory animal research through research
funding regulations

4. Which of the following statements about Eugenics in America is true?

a. This was a home-grown movement that began in the psychology laboratories of Columbia and
Stanford universities in the 1880s
b. It was looked upon by most scientists in Europe as another ‘cracked-pot’ idea from the United
States
c. Eugenics was something of a side-show at state fairs from 1900 to the 1940’s that never did
any real harm
*d. Goals for the American Eugenics Society were to teach race hygiene, and the danger of race-
crossing
5. Which of the following statements is true about the principle of forced sterilization in the
United States?
a. This was widely practiced on African-Americans in the Southern part of the United States and
rare in places like California or the northeast
b. The process was informed by the “racial purity acts” of Nazi Germany
c. In the United States it was reserved exclusively for use with convicted sexual predators
*d. It was upheld as an appropriate practice by the U.S. Supreme Court

6. The discussion of medical ethics prior to the Second World War was frequently focused on
which of the following issues?
a. Patient privacy and what can be told to relatives of the individual being treated
b. When to tell a patient that he/she is nearing the end-phase of a deadly illness
*c. Patient referrals and fee sharing, and how physicians treated each other
d. Health care cooperatives vs. private practice

7. Which of the following is true of biomedical research carried out in Germany between 1933
and 1945?
*a. All restraints and ethical limitations were removed on researchers when studying individuals
from “undesirable” groups within German society
b. Research work between 1933 and 1945 with human subjects was tolerated but not supported
with public funds and grants to the researchers
c. Records of human subject experimentation in that era in Nazi Germany were destroyed when
it was obvious that Germany was losing the war
d. Severe punishment was suffered by German biomedical researchers after the war at the
Nuremberg Trials

8. Which of the following is true of human subject experimentation during the era of World War
II?
a. The American Army Judge Advocate General’s office condemned and executed Lt.General.
Shiro Ishii and leaders of his team of researchers (Imperial Army Unit 731) after Japan lost the
war
*b. Advocates of human rights and dignity were disappointed at the outcome of the “doctors
trial” at Nuremberg
c. After the second Italo-Abyssinian War (1936-1943) Pietro Badoglio was tried at Nuremberg
for biological warfare experiments conducted on Ethiopians
d. The Declaration of Helsinki on human subject research was used to craft the “Ten Points” of
the Nuremberg Code

9. Which of the following is not one of the “Ten Points” of the original Nuremberg Code?
a. The experiment should be conducted only by scientifically qualified persons
b. The research must be only possible through the use of humans
c. Informed consent by the subjects or guardians of their welfare to be part of the research
*d. A cost-benefit analysis of the risks to be taken must prove they exceed the humanitarian
importance of the work

10. When did the United States finally develop a national policy guiding the ethical treatment of
human subjects in research?
a. 1847
b. 1933
*c. 1978
d. 1996
11. Which of the following is not true of the “Tuskegee Study”?
*a. The study’s subjects were told they would be infected, but would receive free medical care
for participating
b. Three hundred ninety-nine poor, mostly minority adults were deliberately infected with
syphilis in order to study the progression of the disease in an otherwise healthy individual
c. Infected subjects were not given the new antibiotic ‘penicillin’ when it was available, about 15
years after initial infections were created
d. The experimental project started in 1932 during the Hoover administration and was not
completed until its final report in 1996

12. Which psychological variable did Stanley Milgram study in a research project famous for its
ethical problems?
a. Prisoner of war syndrome
*b. Obedience to authority
c. Learning secondary fears
d. Learned helplessness

13. Which of the following themes was not included in the Belmont Report?
a. Justice
b. Respect
*c. Munificence
d. Beneficence

14. What was the immediate impetus for the development and publication of the Belmont
Report?
a. The commissioning of a committee on ethics by the American Medical Association in 1975
b. As part of the out of court settlement with survivors and family members of the victims of the
Tuskegee Study
c. At the behest of the United Nations World Health Organization
*d. A requirement of the National Research Act of 1974

15. The term “respect for persons” as used in the 1979 report of the National Commission for the
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (PL 93-348) includes
which of the following concepts?
*a. Protection of individual autonomy
b. Minimization of risk for subjects
c. Benefits for individuals far beyond the limits of the study
d. Diversity and fair treatment for all subjects

16. The concept of justice as included in the 1979 report of the National Commission for the
protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (PL 93-348) includes
which of the following concepts?
a. Protection of individual autonomy
b. Minimization of risk for subjects
c. Benefits for individuals far beyond the limits of the study
*d. Diversity and fair treatment for all subjects

17. Kitchener’s concept of “fidelity” as a needed addition for the Belmont Report involves which
of the following concepts?
a. Honoring and supporting all participants for their help
*b. The need to honor all commitments made to participants and institutions
c. Making it possible for a subject to withdraw from the research at any point in the project
d. Compensating participants for their time and efforts

18. Which of the following is not true of Institutional Review Boards in the United States?
a. It must have at least 5 members representing various disciplines
b. It has the responsibility to assure that all points of the Belmont Report have been met
*c. It must meet at least once a month while the institution is in session
d. IRB members must be diverse and include minorities and both genders

19. The operation of the IRB requires that which of the following policies be followed?
*a. All decisions of the IRB must be maintained in a file for a period of at least 3 years
b. All decisions by the IRB may be made in oral or written form to the principle researcher
c. IRB reviews are not needed in the case of research that is not funded with federal or state
funding sources
d. Undergraduate research supervised by a faculty mentor does not need IRB review

20. Which of the following is not true of the IRB process?

a. An exemption to the IRB requirement is research conducted with public documents and data
b. Most research journals in counseling and psychology require authors have IRB approval of
their work
c. The researcher must be able to document how the identity of subjects is protected
*d. Only licensed laboratories, basic education institutions and universities can establish IRB
approval processes

21. Dr. Jonas Salk the inventor of a vaccine to prevent polio also tested a flu vaccine on
hospitalized, mentally incompetent, patients by first infecting them without any type of informed
consent from the patients or their guardians.
*a. True
b. False

22. There are no wavers of the process, and all research in counseling and counselor education
should be vetted through the IRB process.
a. True
*b. False

23. The IRB must include a minimum of three members.

a. True
*b. False

24. The Institution Review Board process is one outcome of the dictates of the Belmont Report.
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