APJ ABDUL KALAM

KERALA TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY

BE 100 ENGINEERING MECHANICS

Teaching Guide
Draft Version (Released in May 2017)

Prepared By
JINSHAD U
Assistant Professor
Al Ameen Engineering College

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 SYLLABUS

Sem.
Page
Module Contents Hrs Exam
No
Marks
Statics: Fundamental concepts and laws of mechanics - Rigid body -
2
Principle of transmissibility of forces
Coplanar force systems - Moment of a force - Principle of moments 2 3
I 15%
Resultant of force and couple system 4
Equilibrium of rigid body - Free body diagram - Conditions of
3
equilibrium in two dimensions - Two force and three force members.
Types of supports - Problems involving point loads and uniformly
5
distributed loads only.
II 15% 35
Force systems in space - Degrees of freedom - Free body diagram -
4
Equations of equilibrium - Simple resultant and Equilibrium problems.
Properties of planar surfaces - Centroid and second moment of area
(Derivations not required) - Parallel and perpendicular axis theorem - 3
Centroid and Moment of Inertia of composite area.
III Polar Moment of Inertia - Radius of gyration - Mass moment of inertia 15% 63
2
of cylinder and thin disc (No derivations required).
Product of inertia — Principal Moment of Inertia (conceptual level). 3
Theorems of Pappus and Guldinus. 1
Friction - Characteristics of dry friction - Problems involving friction of
6
ladder, wedges and connected bodies.
IV 15% 51
Definition of work and virtual work - Principle of virtual work for a
4
system of connection bodies - Problems on determinate beams only.
Dynamics: Rectangular and Cylindrical co-ordinate system 1
Combined motion of rotation and translation - Concept of
instantaneous centre - Motion of connecting rod of piston and crank 4
V 20% 79
of a reciprocating pump.
Rectilinear translation - Newton’s second law - D’Alembert’s Principle -
4
Application to connected bodies (Problems on motion of lift only).
Mechanical vibrations - Free and forced vibration - Degree of freedom. 1
VI Simple harmonic motion - Spring-mass model - Period - Stiffness - 20% 92
7
Frequency - Simple numerical problems of single degree of freedom.

Question Papers KTU 101

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 INSTRUCTIONS TO TEACHERS / STUDENTS

1. This Teaching Guide is prepared based on the course BE 100 ENGINEERING MECHANICS syllabus
laid down by APJ Kerala Technological University and released in 2016.
2. This draft version of the Teaching Guide prepared based on the above syllabus is not meant for
the study of Engineering Mechanics in general.
3. The Guide can be referred by both teachers and students for browsing the topics in general.
However, in no way, can it replace a standard textbook or reference of study.
4. This course kit is intended for private circulation only and is not meant for publication by any
means. The material contains information, formulae, diagrams, pictures, questions, etc from
various textbooks, references and online resources. The author does not claim any right to the
contents of the course kit.
5. The contents and questions in the textbook have been set to help students understand core
concepts in a simple lucid manner.
6. The entire course is divided into modules which have been further sub-divided into chapters
based on the topics of study. The modules have been presented in an order based on an easy
method of teaching. Modules and Chapter have been given appropriate names for references.
7. The contents within boxes are meant for extra information and understanding. The matter
within the boxes may also include topics that I felt need to be discussed for better
understanding.
8. The questions have been set on increasing standard meant for better understanding of
concepts. The answer kit for the questions in this course kit is in the process of completion.
9. Since there are infinite number of practical problems associated with mechanics, students are
advised grasp the concept rather than blindly know how to solve a particular type of problem.
10. A list of the University question papers has been attached at the end to help students
understand the Question Pattern.
11. I am highly indebted to my colleagues, students and critiques for motivating me to continue
updating this material for the betterment of this study of Mechanics
12. Finally, I advise students to critically analyse the concepts of each topic and question them if it
does not ring your bells since there lays the true process of learning.

JINSHAD U

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 MODULE 1 – STATICS 1

CHAPTER 1 – RIGID BODY : FORCES AND FORCE SYSTEMS

A. MECHANICS
Mechanics can be defined as the branch of physics concerned with the state of rest or motion of
bodies that subjected to the action of forces.

Archimedes (287–212 BC), Galileo (1564–1642), Sir Issac Newton (1642–1727) and Einstein (1878–1955) have
contributed a lot to the development of mechanics. Contributions by Varignon, Euler, D. Alembert are also
substantial. The mechanics developed by these researchers may be grouped as
(i) Classical mechanics/Newtonian mechanics
(ii) Relativistic mechanics
(iii) Quantum mechanics/Wave mechanics.
Sir Issac Newton, the principal architect of mechanics, consolidated the philosophy and experimental findings
developed around the state of rest and state of motion of the bodies and put forth them in the form of three
laws of motion as well as the law of gravitation. The mechanics based on these laws is called Classical mechanics
or Newtonian Mechanics.
Albert Einstein proved that Newtonian mechanics fails to explain the behaviour of high speed (speed of light)
bodies. He put forth the theory of Relativistic Mechanics.
Schrödinger (1887–1961) and Broglie (1892–1965) showed that Newtonian mechanics fails to explain the
behaviour of particles when atomic distances are concerned. They put forth the theory of Quantum Mechanics.

Classifications of Classical Mechanics

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B. RIGID BODY
A rigid body may be defined as a body in which the relative positions of any two particles do not
change under the action of forces means the distance between two points/particles remain same
before and after applying external forces.
OR
A body which does not deform under the influence of forces is known as a rigid body.
For a rigid body, relative positions of A’B’ and AB remains same before and after the application of
forces

Note :Physical bodies deform slightly under the action of loads. If the deformation is negligible compared to its
size, the body is termed as rigid. In Rigid Body mechanics, we assume bodies to be rigid bodies.

Rigid Body Mechanics

Rigid Body Mechanics can be divided into two branches.
1. Statics: It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of forces acting on a body in
equilibrium. Either the body at rest or in uniform motion is called statics
2. Dynamics: It is the branch of mechanics that deals with the study of forces on body in motion is
called dynamics. It is further divided into two branches.
Force
Force may be defined as any action that tends to change the state of rest or motion of a body to which it is
applied.
The three quantities required to completely define force are called its specification or characteristics.
1. Magnitude
2. Point of application
3. Direction of application/Line of action

Force is a vector quantity and its unit is Newton (N) in S.I. systems and dyne in C.G.S. system.

Types Of Quantities
1. Scalar : Scalar quantities are those with which only a magnitude is associated. Examples of scalar

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 quantities are time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass
2. Vector : Vector quantities, on the other hand, possess direction as well as magnitude, and must obey the
parallelogram law of addition. Examples of vector quantities are displacement, velocity, acceleration,
force, moment, and momentum.

Effects of Force on a body

Whenever a force acts on a body or particle, it may produce some external as well as internal effects or changes.
• A force may change the state or position of a body by inducing motion of the body. (External effect)
• A force may change the size or shape of an object when applied on it. It may deform the body thus
inducing internal effects on the body.
• A force may induce rotational motion into a body when applied at a point other than its center of
gravity.

Line of action of force

The direction of a force is the direction, along a straight-line through its point of application in which the force
tends to move a body when it is applied. This line is called line of action of force.

Graphical Representation of force

Graphically a force may be represented by the segment of a straight line.

C. LAWS OF MECHANICS
The following are the fundamental laws of mechanics:
1. Newton’s Laws of Motion
2. Newton’s Law of Gravitation
3. Law of transmissibility of forces
4. Parallelogram law of forces

Newton’s Laws of Motion

Law 1 :A particle remains at rest or continues to move with uniform velocity if there is no unbalanced
force acting on it.

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Law 2 :The second law states that the rate of change of momentum of a body, is directly proportional
to the force applied and this change in momentum takes place in the direction of the
applied force.

Newton's second law of motion explains how an object will change velocity if acted by a
force. For a body with constant mass, the second law can also be stated in terms of an
object's acceleration. The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the vector sum of
forces acting on it and occurs along a straight line in which the force acts.

Law 3 :To every action there is always an equal reaction: or the mutual interactions of two bodies are
always equal but directed in opposite direction

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Law of Gravitation
Two particles will be attracted towards each other along their connecting line with a force whose
magnitude is directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the
distance squared between the particles.

Triangular law of forces

“If the two forces acting on a body are represented in magnitude and direction as two sides of a
triangle in order then the third side or the closing side of the triangle would be the resultant in
opposite order.”

Polygon Law of Forces

If a number of concurrent forces acting on a rigid body are represented in magnitude and direction
by the sides of a polygon, taken in order, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and
direction by the closing side of polygon taken in reverse order.

Law of Transmissibility of Force

Principle of transmissibility states that a force may be applied at any point on a rigid body along its
given line of action without altering the effects of the force on which it acts.
For example, the force F acts on a rigid body at point A. According to the principle of transmissibility of
forces, this force has the same effect on the body as a force F applied at point B along its line of action.
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 Examples

Fig : Rigid Bodies (valid)

Fig : Deformable Bodies (not valid)

Note :In engineering mechanics we deal with only rigid bodies. If deformation of the body is to be considered in
a problem, the law of transmissibility of forces will not hold good.

Parallelogram Law of Forces

If two forces acting at a point be represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of
a parallelogram, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by lite diagonal of
the parallelogram passing through that point

Analytical Proof

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Given OA = P force and OB = Q force. Construct parallelogram OBCA as shown and drop perpendicular
CD on extension of OA.
Thus, AD= Q cos θ,CD=Q sin θ
OCD is a right angled triangle,
:. OC2 =OD2 +CD2
R2 = (P + Q cos θ)2 + (Q sin θ)2
= P2 + Q2 cos2 θ + 2PQ cos θ + Q2 sin2 θ
= p2 + Q2 (cos2 θ + sin2 θ)+ 2PQ cos θ.
= P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos θ [since cos2 a+ sin2 a= 1]

Direction of R :
Tanα = CD/OD =Q sin a/ P+Q cos θ

Note : Parallelogram Law is valid for all vectors and hence forces also

D. FORCE SYSTEMS
When several forces of different magnitude and direction act upon a body or particle, it is called
force system.

TYPES OF FORCE SYSTEMS

1. Collinear Force System : When a system of forces act along the same line, they are called

collinear forces.
Practical Example : Rope being pulled by 2 persons

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2. Coplanar and Non Coplanar Force Systems
a. Coplanar Force Systems: When the system of forces are in a plane, it is called coplanar
system of forces.

Practical Example : Forces in a truss or beam

b. Non-Coplanar Force System: When the system of forces are not in the same plane, it is
called non-coplanar system of forces.

Practical Examples : Body hanging from cables

Concurrent Non-Concurrent

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3. Concurrent and Non Concurrent Force System: A concurrent force system contains forces
whose lines-of action meet at same one point. They may either be
a. Coplanar Concurrent System

Practical Examples : Force acting on a gusset plate or hook.

b. Non-Coplanar Concurrent System

Practical Examples : Body hanging from cables

4. Parallel Force Systems: Forces whose line of action are parallel to each other are called parallel
force system. They are of 2 types
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a. Like Parallel Forces

Practical Examples : Force acting on the signals post or legs of table

Coplanar Like Parallel Non -Coplanar Like Parallel

b. Unlike Parallel Forces

Practical Example : Force applied on steering wheel or raft concrete foundation

Coplanar Unlike Parallel Non -Coplanar Unlike Parallel

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 CHAPTER 2 – RESULTANT OF FORCE SYSTEMS, MOMENT & COUPLE
Resultant
Resultant is a single force that will replace a system of forces and produces the same effect on the
rigid body as that of the system of forces.

A. RESULTANT OF TWO CONCURRENT FORCES - Parallelogram Law of Forces

Sign Conventions
The following sign conventions shall be used throughout the book
1. Upward forces are considered as positive, whereas the downwards as negative.
2. Forces acting towards right are considered as positive, whereas those towards left as negative.

PROBLEMS
1. Find the magnitude of the two forces, such that if they act at right angles, their resultant is √10 N.
But if they Act at 60°, their resultant is √13 N.
2. The greatest and least resultants of two forces F1 and F2 are 17 N and 3 N respectively.
Determine the angles between them when their resultant is √149 N
3. A screw eye is subjected to two forces F1 and F2 as shown in figure. Determine the magnitude
and direction of the resultant force by parallelogram method

4. The two structural members, one of which is in tension and the other in compression, exert the
indicated forces on joint O. Determine the magnitude of the resultant R of the two forces and the
angle which R makes with the positive x-axis.

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Resolution Of Forces
The replacement of a single force by a several components which will be equivalent in action to the
given force is called resolution of a force.
Forces can be resolved in any 2 directions. However, it is convenient to resolve them into the two
orthogonal components (mutually perpendicular directions)
Resolution of Coplanar Forces in Rectangular Coordinates

B. RESULTANT OF CONCURRENT COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEMS

Procedure
1. Resolve all the forces into x and y components
2. Add the components of forces along the x and y axes with proper sense of direction.
3. Find the resultant and inclination of the forces

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 Note : 1. If both FRx and FRy are positive, the resultant lies in the first quadrant
2. If both FRx and FRy are negative the resultant lies in the third quadrant
3. If FRxis positive and FRy is negative, the resultant lies in the fourth quadrant
4. If FRxis negative and FRy is positive, the resultant lies in the second quadrant

PROBLEMS
1. Four forces act on bolt A as shown. Determine the resultant of the force on the bolt.

2. If the magnitude of the resultant force is to be 9 kN directed along the positive x axis, determine
the magnitude of force T acting on the eyebolt and its angle.

3. Determine the resultant of the 3 forces acting on the bracket and its direction.

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4. The forces 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, 50 N and 60 N are acting at one of the angular points of a regular
hexagon, towards the other five angular points, taken in order. Find the magnitude and direction
of the resultant force.

5. If Φ = 30 and the resultant force acting on the gusset plate is directed along the positive x axis,
determine the magnitudes of F2 and the resultant force.

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 Problems for Practice
1. Determine the resultant of the forces shown below

2. Determine the resultant of the forces acting on the ring shown in figure.

3. Find the resultant of the three concurrent forces as shown on figure.

4. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the following forces.
i. 20 N inclined at 30° towards North of East.
ii. 25 N towards North.
iii. 30 N towards North West and
iv. 35 N inclined at 40° towards South of West.
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Moment
The tendency of a force to rotate the body in the direction of its application a force about a
point that is not on the line of action of the force is called Moment of force or simply moment.
Moment is also referred to as torque.

Scalar Formulation
Moment is a vector quantity whose direction is perpendicular to the plane of the body. The right-hand
rule is used to establish the sense of direction of moment. Throughout the text, clockwise moments
are taken as positive while anti-clockwise as negative.
Eg: Force applied perpendicular to the handle of wrench to rotate a pipe

Varignon’s Theorem or Principle of Moments

The moment of a force about any point is equal to the sum of the moments of the components of the
force about the same point.”

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 PROBLEMS
1. Determine the moment produced by the force about point O.

2. Determine the resultant moment produced by the forces about point O.

3. Determine the moment of the force in figure about point O

Problems for Practice

1. Calculate the moment of the 250-N force on the handle of the monkey wrench about the center
of the bolt.

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2. Determine magnitude of moment about point A and C

Couple
The moment produced by two equal, opposite, and non-collinear forces is called a couple. The
perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the two and opposite parallel forces is known as
arm of the couple.

A couple can be represented by a vector with magnitude and direction equal to the moment of the
couple.

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Practical Examples : Force apllied to a handle of steering wheel

Differences between Moment and Couple

Moment Couple
1 Moment is the tendency of force to rotate a 1 Two equal and opposite forces whose lines of
body with the given point or axis action are different form a couple
2 It is produced by forces not passing through 2 It is produced by the two equal and opposite
point of rotation axis parallel, non collinear forces.
3 There is a resultant force acting on the body 3 Resultant force of couple is zero. Hence, body
in the direction of force and rotate the body. does not move, but rotate only.
4 To balance the force causing moment, equal 4 Couple cannot be balanced by a single force,
and opposite force is required. it can be balanced by a couple only.
5 For example, 5 For example,
To tight the nut by spanner To rotate the key in lock
To open or close the door To open or close the wheel valve of water line
To rotate the steering wheel of car.

C. RESULTANT OF COPLANAR NON-CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS

A system of several forces and couple moments acting on a body can be reduced to equivalent single
resultant force acting at a point O and a resultant couple moment.

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X-Y Intercepts
Intercepts are the points/coordinates where the line of action meets the corresponding axes.

PROBLEMS
1. Determine and locate the resultant R of the forces acting on the beam.

2. Determine and locate the resultant R of the two forces and one couple acting on the beam.

3. Forces act on the sides of a regular hexagon of side 2 m as shown in figure. Determine the
resultant and its position from the centre of the hexagon

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 4. Determine the resultant of the force

5. A dam is subjected to three forces as shown in figure. Determine the single equivalent force and
locate its point of intersection with the base AC, assuming all forces lie in the same plane.

6. Determine the resultant of the forces and couple which act on the plate shown. Also find the x
and y intercepts about point O.

Problems for Practice

1. Four parallel forces of magnitudes 100 N, 200 N, 50 N and 400 N are shown in Figure. Determine
the magnitude of the resultant and also the distance of the resultant from the A.

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2. ABCD is a square , each side being 20 cm and E is the middle point of AB. Forces of magnitude 7,
8, 12, 5, 9 and 6 kN act on lines of directions AB, EC, BC, BD, CA and DE respectively. Find the
magnitude and direction of resultant force.
3. A particle is acted upon by three forces equal to 50 N, 100 N and 130 N, along the three sides of
an equilateral triangle, taken in order. Find the magnitude and line of action of the resultant
force.

4. Four forces act on a rectangle as shown in figure. Find the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force. Also find the intersection of line of action of the resultant with x and y axes
assuming D as origin

5. Determine the resultant of a force system acting tangential to the circle of radius 1 m, as shown
in figure. Also find its direction and line of action.

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D. RESOLUTION OF FORCE INTO FORCE AND COUPLE SYSTEM
Suppose we have to sift he force from point A to B. The procedure to be followed
1. Apply 2 equal and opposite force at point A parallel to force B of the same magnitude
2. If the points are separated by a distance d, the opposite forces F and –F form a couple retaining
force F at point B in the same direction as A

PROBLEMS

1. Replace the force system acting on the beam by an equivalent force and couple at point B.

2. Reduce the following force system into

a) A single force

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 b) Resultant force and couple acting at point A.
c) Resultant force and couple acting at point B.
d) Resultant force and couple acting at point C.

3. Replace the force system by a resultant force and couple moment at point O.

4. Two coplanar forces P and Q are shown in figure. Assume all squares of the same size.
i) If P = 4 kN, find the magnitude and direction of Q if their resultant passes through E
ii) If Q = 110 kN, find the magnitude and direction of P if their resultant passes through F

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 Problems for Practice
1. A system of parallel forces are acting on a rigid bar as shown in Figure Reduce this system to:
a) a single force,
b) a single force and a couple at A
c) a single force and a couple at B.

2. A 2 m X 4 m plate is subjected to a system of three coplanar forces as shown in figure. Determine

the equivalent action at O which may replace the force system

3. Figure shows two vertical forces and couple of moment acting on a horizontal rod fixed end.
i) Determine the resultant of the system
ii) Determine an equivalent system through the fixed support

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 CHAPTER 3 - EQUILBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES (COPLANAR CONCURRENT SYSTEM)

Types of Forces
Forces that act on a body can be divided into two general categories—
 Applied forces (action)
 Reactive forces (or, simply reactions)

Reaction
Reaction is the opposing force that a support offers whenever it is acted upon by external or inherent
forces.

Free Body Diagram

Free body diagram is a diagram in which a rigid body is isolated from the system and all active forces
applied to the body and reactive forces as a result of mechanical contact are represented.
Examples
Body resting a smooth surface Suspended ball resting against a smooth wall

Weight suspended from a string Body resting in groove

Steps for Drawing Free Body Diagram

1. A sketch of the body is drawn assuming that all supports (surfaces of contact, supporting
cables, etc.) have been removed.
2. All applied forces (including weight) and support reactions are drawn and labeled on the
sketch.
3. Apply the weight of the body to its center of gravity (if it is uniform, then apply it to the
centroid). If the sense of a reaction is unknown, it should be assumed

PROBLEMS
1. Draw FBD of the following crate at point As

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2. Draw the Free Body Diagram of the three spheres A, B and C shown in figure

A. EQUILBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

A rigid body is said to be in equilibrium if the resultant of all external and reactive forces and
moments acting on it is zero.

Lami’s Theorem
If three coplanar concurrent forces acting on a body keep it in equilibrium, then each force is
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two”

Note: Lami’s theorem is applicable only to 3 coplanar concurrent forces in equilibrium

Proof
By applying polygon law of forces, draw triangle OAB representing the system of forces shown with
external angles as indicated

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Applying Sine Law

General Equations of Equilibrium

1. The algebraic sum of all forces in a force system is zero.

2. The algebraic sum of all moments in a force system is zero.

Equations of Equilibrium For Coplanar Systems

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Solving Equilibrium Problems
1. Draw proper Free- Body Diagram
2. Resolve all the forces into x and y components
3. Apply Equilibrium conditions along the x and y directions
4. Solve the resultant algebraic equations
In case of moments, try to select the point you take moments around such that the line of action of at
least one unknown force passes through that point. This will eliminate one unknown from your
moment equation and will result in simpler equations to work with.

PROBLEMS
1. Three cables are joined at the junction ring C. Determine the tensions in cables AC and BC caused
by the weight of the 30-kg cylinder.

2. Determine the tension in the cables AB, BC and CD necessary to support the 10-kg and 15-kg
traffic lights at B and C, respectively. Also, find the angle θ.

3. Two smooth pipes, each having a mass of 300 kg, are supported by the forked tines of the
tractor. Find the reactions at the points of contact.

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4. Two smooth cylinders A and B each of weight 400 N and radius 20 cm are connected at their
centres by a link of length 80 cm and rest upon a horizontal plane as shown in Figure. The
cylinder C above has a weight of 800 N and radius 30 cm. Find the force in the string and pressure
produced in the floor at the points of contact.

5. Find the reactions at the points of contact if the weights of he balls A,B and C are 100 kN, 80 kN
and 120 kN respectively

6. A wheel wheghing 1000 N rest on a block on an inclined plane 300. The height of the block is 10
cm and the diameter of the ball is 60 cm. Find the force that will move the with minimum itensity

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 Problems for Practice
1. A light string whose extremity A is fixed, has weights W1 and W2 attached to it at B and C. It
passes round a small smooth peg at D carrying a weight of 300 N at the free end. Find
i. Tensions in the portion AB, BC and CD of the string
ii. Magnitudes of W1 and W2.

2. Two vertical masts AB and CD are guyed by the wires BF and DG, in the same vertical plane and
connected by a cable BD of length l = 20 m, from the middle point E of which is suspended a load
Q of 100 N as shown in figure. Find the tensile force S in each of the two guy wires BF and DG if
the sag d = 1 m.

3. A smooth circular cylinder of radius 1.5 meter is lying in a triangular groove, one side of which
makes 15° angle and the other 40° angle with the horizontal. Find the reactions at the surfaces of
contact, if there is no friction and the cylinder weights 100 N.

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4. Block P = 5 kg and Block Q of mass m kg are suspended through a chord, which is in equilibrium
as shown in figure. Determine the mass of block Q.

5. Three cylinders weighting 100 N each and of 80 mm diameter are placed in a channel of 180 mm
width as shown in figure. Determine the reactions at points of contact

6. A rope of 9 m long is connected at points A and B, two points in the same level, 8 m apart. A load
of 300 N is suspended from a point C on the rope, 3 m from A. What load connected to a point D,
on the rope, 2 m from B is necessary to keep portion CD parallel to AB

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