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Signal and System Chapter2-Part3

The document discusses discrete-time and continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. For discrete-time LTI systems, the response to a time-shifted unit impulse is a time-shifted version of the original response. This leads to the convolution sum formula, where the output is the sum of scaled and shifted versions of the impulse response. For continuous-time LTI systems, the equivalent convolution integral formula expresses the output as the integral of the scaled and shifted impulse response. In both cases, the operation is known as convolution.

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18 views

Signal and System Chapter2-Part3

The document discusses discrete-time and continuous-time linear time-invariant (LTI) systems. For discrete-time LTI systems, the response to a time-shifted unit impulse is a time-shifted version of the original response. This leads to the convolution sum formula, where the output is the sum of scaled and shifted versions of the impulse response. For continuous-time LTI systems, the equivalent convolution integral formula expresses the output as the integral of the scaled and shifted impulse response. In both cases, the operation is known as convolution.

Uploaded by

islam.sharawneh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DISCRETE-TIME LTI SYSTEMS: THE CONVOLUTION SUM

• In general, of course, the responses ℎ𝑘 [𝑛] need not be related to each other for different values of k. However,
if the linear system is also time invariant, then these responses to time-shifted unit impulses are all time-
shifted versions of each other. Specifically, since 𝛿[𝑛 − 𝑘]is a time-shifted version of 𝛿[𝑛], the response
ℎ𝑘 [𝑛] is a time-shifted version of ℎ0 [𝑛]; i.e.,

• For notational convenience, we will drop the subscript on ℎ0 [𝑛] and define the unit impulse (sample)
response

• That is, h[n] is the output of the LTI system when 𝛿[𝑛] is the input. Then for an LTI system.

This result is referred to as the convolution sum or superposition


sum. We will represent the operation of convolution
symbolically as
THE CONVOLUTION SUM: Example
THE CONVOLUTION SUM: Example
THE CONVOLUTION SUM: Example
THE CONVOLUTION SUM: Example

• Suggested examples: S. Palani, Signals and Systems, Chapter 3


• Example 3.45
• Example 3.50
• Example 3.52
CONTINUOUS-TIME LTI SYSTEMS: THE CONVOLUTION
INTEGRAL

∞
2. CONTINUOUS-TIME LTI SYSTEMS: THE
𝑥 𝑡 = න 𝑥(𝜏)𝛿 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL −∞
For a CT system If the system is linear
∞
𝒚 𝒕 = න 𝒙 𝝉 𝒉𝝉 𝒕 𝒅𝝉
𝑦(𝑡) −∞
𝑥(𝑡)
CT system In case of time invariant system
𝒉𝝉 𝒕 = 𝒉 𝒕 − 𝝉
∞
𝑦 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥 𝜏 ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 (the output of LTI system)
• The unit impulse response of CT system This result is referred to as the convolution integral or
superposition integral. We will represent the operation
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝛿(𝑡 − 𝜏) 𝑦 𝑡 = ℎ𝜏 (𝑡) of convolution symbolically as
CT system
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝛿(𝑡) 𝑦 𝑡 = ℎ0 (𝑡)
CONTINUOUS-TIME LTI SYSTEMS: THE CONVOLUTION
INTEGRAL

The convolution integral:


∞
𝑦 𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝜏 ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
−∞

∞
𝑥(𝑡) 𝑦 𝑡) = 𝑥 𝑡 ∗ ℎ(𝑡 = න 𝑥 𝜏 ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
LTI System −∞
Impulse Response: ℎ(𝑡)
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL

The following are the basic steps involved in convolution integral equation:

1. For the input signal 𝑥 𝑡 , express it as 𝑥 𝜏 .


2. Express impulse response function ℎ(𝑡) as ℎ(𝑡 − 𝜏) by substituting 𝑡 = 𝑡 − 𝜏
∞
3. Integrate ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥 𝜏 ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏 to get 𝑦(𝑡).
4. The limit of integration depends on the time limit of 𝑥 𝑡 . For causal signals 𝑥 𝑡 and ℎ 𝑡 (causal signal or
system : 𝑥 𝑡 =0 for 𝑥 < 0), the lower limit of convolution integral is zero and the upper limit is t.
∞
5. Find 𝑦 𝑡 = ‫׬‬−∞ 𝑥 𝜏 ℎ 𝑡 − 𝜏 𝑑𝜏
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL

B.P. Lathi, Linear Systems and Signals, 2005, Oxford University Press (optional)
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example

• The graphical representation of convolution operation is shown in Fig. 3.8.


THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example
THE CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL: Example

• Suggested examples: S. Palani, Signals and Systems, Chapter 3


• Example 3.2
• Example 3.11
• Example 3.13
• Example 3.16
• Example 3.19
• Example 3.21

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