Foon Yew High School JB

2023 Senior One Science

Exercise
Content
Chapter Pages
Chapter 1 Algebra of Functions
• Definition and Notation
• Graph of basic functions
• Domain and Range of functions
• Odd and Even functions
4-26
• Composite functions
• One-one, onto and one-one onto function
• Inverse functions
Chapter 2 Quadratic Equation
• Relationship between roots and coefficients
• Quadratic inequalities
• Discriminant of Quadratic Equation
27-36
• Graph and properties of quadratic function
• Extreme value of quadratic function
Chapter 3 Sequence and Series
• Arithmetic Progression
• Geometric Progression and sum to infinity 37-50
• Sum of powers of natural numbers
• Arithmetic-Geometric Series
Chapter 4 Rectangular Coordinates
• Distance between two points
• Internal and External division 51-60
• Area of polygon
• Intersection point
Chapter 5 The Straight Line
• Gradient
• Equation of the straight line 61-68
• Parallel and perpendicular
• Median, Altitude, Perpendicular Bisector
Chapter 6 The Perpendicular to a Line, Loci
• Perpendicular distance of a point from a line
• Distance between 2 parallel lines
69-74
• Locus
Chapter 7 Circular Measure
• Degree and Radian
• Arc length
75-80
• Area of sector and Area of segment
Chapter 8 Angle of Any Magnitude
• Definition
• Special angle
• Sign of trigonometric function
81-86
• Induction formula
• Graph of trigonometric function
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Chapter 9 Solution of Triangles
• Sine and Cosine rule
• Area of triangle
• Radius of circumscribed and inscribed circle
87-102
• Angle of elevation and depression, bearing
• Problem in 3D
Chapter 10 Trigonometric Function
• Fundamental identities
• Sum and Difference of angle
• Double and Half angle
• Factor theorem
103-124
• R form
• Trigonometric equation
• General equation of trigonometric equation
Chapter 11 Differentiation
• First principle
• Basic rule of differentiation
• Chain rule 125-136
• Higher derivatives
• Implicit differentiation
• Differentiation of trigonometric function
Chapter 12 Application of Differentiation
• Tangents and Normals
• Increasing and decreasing functions
• Local and Global Maximum and Minimum
• Concavity and inflexion point 137-158
• Application of Maximum and Minimum
• Velocity and Acceleration
• Rate of change
• Linear approximation
Chapter 13 Integration
• Indefinite integration
• Definite integration
159-168
• Linear motion
Chapter 14 Matrices
• Introduction
• Arithmetic of matrices
• Inverse of 2x2 matrices
• Equation of 2x2 matrices 169-188
• Gaussian elimination
• Determinants
• Inverse of 3x3 matrices by determinant
• Cramer’s rule

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 Chapter 1 Algebra of Functions

Introduction to sets
A set is a collection of objects with similar characteristics. Sets are represented by capital letters A , B , C
etc.All the letters of a set are enclosed in brackets { }.Sets also can be represented by Venn diagrams.
Note : A Venn diagram can be in the form of a circle , an oval ,a rectangle,
a number line or any other shape.
Example1
List the set of
(a)days of the week
(b)the first five odd numbers.
Example2
Represent each of the followings sets by a Venn diagram.
(a) A={ 2, 3,5, 7,11}
(b) B= { Physics , Chemistry , Biology}

Relations
The relation between two sets is shown by pairing the elements of the two sets which are related and can be
represented by (a) an arrow diagram (b) order pairs (c) a graph
Note : A set of ordered pairs is in the form (𝑥, 𝑦) , x is called the first component and y is called the second
component of the ordered pair. (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) if and only if 𝑥1 = 𝑥2 and 𝑦1 = 𝑦2 .
Let X and Y be two sets ,for example. Let 𝑋 = {1,2,3} and 𝑌 = {a, b}.
Then the Cartesian Products 𝑋 × 𝑌 = {(1, 𝑎), (1, 𝑏), (2, 𝑎), (2, 𝑏), (3, 𝑎), (3, 𝑏)}
Example 3
Show the relation square of the set A={ 0 ,1 ,2,3,4 } , B= { 0 ,1 , 4 , 9 ,16} by using
by (a) an arrow diagram (b) order pairs (c) a graph

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Domain, codomain, object, image and range of a relation

For a relation between set A and set B, where set A is mapped onto set B,

(a) Set A is called the domain

(b) Set B is called the codomain
(c) the objects or preimage are the elements in set A
(d) the images are the elements in the set B
(e) the set of the images is called the range.
Referring to the above diagram,
Domain ={ 1 ,2,3, 4}
Codomain = { a , b , c, d}
Range ={ a , b, c}
1 is the object of the image a
b is the image of the object 2 and so on

Example 4
The arrow diagram shows the relation square root of between
set X and set Y.
(a) List the domain
(b) List the codomain
(c) List the range
(d) State the object of 3
(e)State the images of 4

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Types of relations:

One to one relation Many to one relation One to many relation Many to many relation

Example 5
State the type of relation for each of the following.

(a) (b) (

Example 6
{ (1 ,2 ) , ( 2 ,3 ) , ( 4 ,6) ,( 5 ,7), ( 7 ,8)}
The ordered pairs above show a relation between set X and set Y
(a) List the domain (b)List the range (c) State the image of 2 (d)State the object of 6 (e)State the type of the relation.

Functions

Object/
image
preimage

A function is defined as a relation in which every element in the domain has a unique image in the range.
i.e. i) all the elements in the domain must be paired
ii) the one to one and many to one are functions
Let X and Y be two sets. If for each element 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, there is exactly one corresponding element 𝑓(𝑥)(or y)∈ 𝑌, we say
that X is mapped into Y by the function f.
𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑟𝑢𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) is called the image of x or the value of function. The set X is domain of f. The set Y is the codomain of f.
{𝑓(𝑥)|𝑥 ∈ 𝑋} is the range of f.

𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓 = 𝑑𝑓 ; 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓 = 𝑅𝑓 = 𝑟𝑓
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 Eg1. Let A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {1,2,3}. Which of following relations represent a function from A to B？

(i) 𝑓: 𝑎 → 1, 𝑏 → 3, 𝑐 → 2 (iii) 𝑘: 𝑎 → 1, 𝑏 → 1, 𝑐 → 2, 𝑑 → 2
(ii) 𝑔: 𝑎 → 1, 𝑏 → 3, 𝑐 → 2, 𝑑 → 3

Eg.2 Which of the following relations satisfy the requirements for a function?

(i) {(1,1), (2,2), (3,5), (3,7)} (iv) {(2, 𝑦): 𝑦 ∈ 𝑁}

(ii) {(−3,1), (3,1), (8,7), (9, −2), (11,6)} (v) {(𝑥, 𝑦): 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑁
(iii) {(𝑥, 5): 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅}

Notations of Function

(I) Analytical method: the function described by an equation.

1
𝑦 = √𝑥 − 2, 𝑥 ≥ 2; 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0; 𝐴(𝑟) = 𝜋𝑟 2 ; 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑢 + 𝑔𝑡

(II) Venn diagram method: the function described by a Venn diagram.

(III) Graphical method: the function described by a graph.

For example : water is heated and then temperature is measured with a thermometer every minute.

(IV) Tabulation method: the function described by a table.

Given 𝑇(ℎ) is a linear function.
Height h (m) 0 500 1000 2000 3000
Temperature T (℃) 10 7 4 -2 -8

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Eg1. A function g is defined by 𝑔(𝑡) = 2𝑡 2 − 1. Find (i) 𝑔(3) (ii) 𝑔(−2) (iii) 𝑔(2𝑥)

To determine the image under a function given the object and vice versa

Eg.2.Given that 𝑔: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 − 6 , find

(a) the image of 2 (b) the object which has an image of 3 (c)the object which maps onto itself

Eg.3. The arrow diagram shows the function 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏.

(a)Find the values of a and b (b) the image of 3 (c) the object of 6

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Implied(Maximal) Domain
Function has the largest possible domain in the set of real numbers consistent with the given rule, where no domain is
specifically stated, it will be understood that the maximal domain is intended.

1
Eg. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 , maximal domain =? ; 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥, maximal domain =? ;

Open and Closed Intervals

Closed interval: The end points are included in the interval, denoted by [𝑎, 𝑏] = {𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏}.

Open interval: The end points are excluded in the interval, denoted by (𝑎, 𝑏) = {𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏}.

Half-open interval: One end point only is included in the interval, denoted by (𝑎, 𝑏] = {𝑥|𝑎 < 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏} or [𝑎, 𝑏) =
{𝑥|𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 < 𝑏}.

Eg. 𝑅 = (−∞, ∞); 𝑅 + = (0, ∞); {𝑥 |−3 ≤ 𝑥 < 4} = [−3,4)

Restriction of a Function

Consider the functions

𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑔: [−1,1] → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 ℎ: 𝑅 + ∪ {0} → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

f, g, h are three different functions since they are defined on different domains even though the rule is the same in each
case. g and h are called restriction of f since their domains are subsets of the domain of f. g is not a restriction of h.

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Some Basic Algebraic Function and their Graph

Functions Domain 𝐷𝑓 Range 𝑅𝑓 Graph

1. 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐
Constant function

2. 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
Identity function

3. 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
Linear function

4. 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2
Quadratic function

5. 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3
Cubic function

1
6. 𝑓: 𝑅\{0} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥
Reciprocal function

7. 𝑓: 𝑅 + ∪ {0} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥
Root function

8. 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| =
𝑥, 𝑥≥0
{
−𝑥, 𝑥 < 0
Absolute Value function/
Modulus function

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Simple Transformations on Graphs

(1) Vertical Translation

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑘 (𝑘 > 0),vertical translation up k units
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) − 𝑘(𝑘 > 0), vertical translation down k units

(2) Horizontal Translation

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ), (ℎ > 0), horizontal translation left h units
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 − ℎ), (ℎ > 0), horizontal translation right h units

(3) Reflection
𝑦 = −𝑓(𝑥), reflection over x-axis
𝑦 = 𝑓(−𝑥), reflection over y-axis

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(4) Vertical Stretch / Compression
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥), (𝑎 > 1), vertical stretch
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑓(𝑥), (0 < 𝑎 < 1), vertical compression
The 𝑥 coordinates remain the same and the 𝑦 coordinates are multiplied by 𝑎.

(5) Horizontal Stretch / Compression

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥), (𝑎 > 1), horizontal compression
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑎𝑥), (0 < 𝑎 < 1), horizontal stretch
The 𝑦 coordinates remain the same and the 𝑦 coordinates are divided by 𝑎.

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 Simple Transformations on Graphs

1. 3. The graph shown is best represented by the

equation:

2.

4.

By using the given graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥),

choose the graph of 𝑦 = |𝑔(𝑥)|.

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5.

6.

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Odd and Even Function

Odd function: A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 for which 𝑓(−𝑥) = −𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the
origin O.

Examples of odd function:

Even function: A function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 for which 𝑓(−𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋. The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the
y-axis.

Examples of even function:

Most functions are neither odd nor even.

E.g. 1. Determine the parity of the following functions:

𝑎 𝑥 +1
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 (b) 𝑔(𝑥) = √5 + 𝑥 2 (c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 −1

E.g. 2. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 − 4, where k is a constant. If 𝑓 is an even function, find the value of 𝑓(3).[Ans:41]

Page 15 of 188
Composite Functions
Range of f ⊆ Domain of g Range of g
Domain of f

Domain of 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 Range of 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓
𝑔∘𝑓

Consider the functions f and g defined by 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 and g: 𝐵 → 𝐶.

The composite function denoted by 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 maps each element in set A to the element in set C, that is,

𝑔 ∘ 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐶, (𝑔 ∘ 𝑓)(𝑥) = 𝑔[𝑓(𝑥)]

For the function 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 to be defined, the range of f must be the subset of the domain of g.

Eg1. Consider the functions 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4.

Find 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 , stating their range.

Existence of Composite Functions

For 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 to be defined 𝑅𝑓 ⊑ 𝐷𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑔∘𝑓 = 𝐷𝑓 .

For 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 to be defined 𝑅𝑔 ⊑ 𝐷𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷𝑓∘𝑔 = 𝐷𝑔 .

Eg2. Given 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4, 𝑔: {𝑥|𝑥 ≥ 1} → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) =

√𝑥 − 1. Show that 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 is not defined. Define a restriction 𝑓1 of f such that 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓1 is a
composite function. Find the composite function 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓1 and its range.

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One-one Functions
Consider a function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌.One-one function: if no two distinct elements of X have the same image in Y.
Let 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ∈ 𝑋, if 𝑓(𝑥1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥2 ), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥1 = 𝑥2

Which of the following are one-one functions (1 to 6):

1. 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2 1
4. 𝑓: 𝑅\{9} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 9−𝑥
2. 𝑓: {𝑥: 𝑥 ≥ 1} → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1
5. 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = |9 − 𝑥|
3. 𝑓: [−2,2] → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 2
6. 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 − 𝑥 2

Onto Functions, Into Functions

Consider a function 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌.

Onto function: if range of f is equal to codomain of f, then we say f maps X onto Y.

Into function: if range of f consists of some but not all of the elements of codomain of f, then we say f maps X into Y.

Inverse Functions
If 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑌 is an one-one and onto function, the inverse function 𝑓 −1 : 𝑌 → 𝑋 is defined by
𝑓 −1 (𝑦) = 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌.
Domain of 𝑓 Range of 𝑓

f
X Y

x y

Range of 𝑓 −1 𝑓 −1 Domain of 𝑓 −1

Properties of inverse functions

If 𝑓 −1 exist, then
(i) 𝑓 −1 is a one-one onto function (iii) Range of 𝑓 −1 = domain of f
(ii) Domain of 𝑓 −1= Range of f (iv) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 −1 = 𝑓 −1 ∘ 𝑓 = 𝐼
Eg1. Find the inverse function 𝑓 −1 for the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 4. Sketch the graph of function f and
𝑓 −1 .
Eg2. Given that 𝑓: 𝑆 → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 defines a function from S to R, find the largest possible domain S
consisting of positive real numbers such that f is one-one. Find 𝑓 −1 and state its domain and range.

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UEC Questions

𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑥 ≤ 0
2013 Q1. Given 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 , 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑥 2 + 2, 0 < 𝑥 < 3 , find the value of 𝑓[𝑓(−2)]. [ -22 ]
−𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥 ≥ 3

𝑥+1 1+2𝑥
2017 Q1. Given that 𝑓𝑜𝑔: 𝑥 → 𝑥−2 , 𝑥 ≠ 2, find (a) (𝑓𝑜𝑔)(1); (b) (𝑔−1 𝑜𝑓 −1 )(𝑥). [2, 𝑥−1
]

𝑏
2018 Q1. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 + 𝑥+5 , 𝑓(−4) = −1 and 𝑓(−1) = 2, find

−11+5𝑥
(a) the values of a and b; (b) 𝑓 −1 (𝑥). [𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −4, 3−𝑥
]

1−3𝑥 1−9𝑥 1+2𝑥

2019 Q1 Given function 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥−2
,𝑥 ≠ 2. Find (a) 𝑓(3𝑥) (b)𝑓 −1 (𝑥). [3𝑥−2 ,
𝑥+3
]

2020 Q3c. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = log(3 − 𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥. If 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 0, find x. [0]

2021 Q1. Given 𝑓(1 − 2𝑥) = 4𝑥 + 7, find the value of 𝑓 −1 (−5). [7]

2021 Q6. Given that 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 + 2, 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 8. Find 𝑔(𝑥) [𝑥 2 + 4]

2019 Q3a. Given the function 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2, and the function 𝑓: [0, ∞) → (−∞, 3] such that
𝑥 2 −6𝑥+1
(𝑔𝑜𝑓 −1 )(𝑥) = , find the value of 𝑓(9). [-3]
4

𝑥 23 3
2009 Q3c. If 𝑓: 𝑥 → 3 − 4,𝑥 ∈ 𝑅. If 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 −1 : 𝑥 → 2 − 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 , find the function 𝑔.[𝑔(𝑥) = −40 + 4
𝑥 − 16 𝑥 2 ]

2
2011 Q5. Given 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔: 𝑥 → 3𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 and 𝑔−1 ∘ 𝑓: 𝑥 → √5𝑥 + 2, 𝑥 ≥ − 5, find the value of

1
𝑓 −1 ∘ 𝑓 −1 (0). [ −3 ]

2007 Q3b . If two non-constant functions f and g satisfy the following conditions:
I : for all 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, 𝑔(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑔(𝑥)𝑔(𝑦) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓(𝑦) ; II : 𝑓(0) = 0 and 𝑔(𝑥) ≠ 0
Find (i) the value of 𝑔(0) ; (ii) [𝑓(𝑥)]2 + [𝑔(𝑥)]2 . [ (i) 1 (ii) 1 ]

2008 Q3a. (i) If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2and 𝑓(2𝑥 − 1) = 𝑔(2𝑥 − 5), prove that 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 16.

(ii)If 𝑓(𝑥), 𝑔(𝑥)and h( x) are three functions, and 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 5 − 8𝑥 2 + 1, 𝑓(𝑥 − 3) = 𝑔(3𝑥 − 2) and 𝑔(3𝑥 + 1) =

ℎ(𝑥 + 3), prove that ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 − 5). Hence, find the remainder of ℎ(𝑥) divided by (𝑥 − 5). [ 1 ]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 1a (Definition)
1. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2, find (i) 𝑓(𝑎2 ) (ii) 𝑓(2𝑥 − 3) + 𝑓(𝑥 + 3) [Ans: 𝑎4 − 3𝑎2 + 2, 5𝑥 2 − 15𝑥 + 22]

𝑥−1 1 1 1−𝑥 3𝑥+5

2. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥+5, find (i) 𝑓 (𝑥) (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) [Ans: 3+5𝑥 , ]
𝑥−1

3. As shown in Fig., function 𝑔: 𝐴 → 𝐵, find the domain, codomain and range of g.

4. Let A = {−1,0,1,2}, function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝑅 where 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 2, find domain and range of f.

[Ans: {-1,0,1,2}, {-2,1,10}]

5. Let A = {−3, −2, −1,0,1,2}, 𝐵 = {−3, −1,1,3,5,6,7,8,9},

function 𝑓: 𝐴 → 𝐵 where 𝑓(𝑥) = 2x + 3, find domain and range of f.[Ans: {−3, −2, −1,0,1,2}, {−3, −1,1,3,5,7}]

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6. Consider the linear function 𝑔: 𝑋 → 𝑌, 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏,where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ∈ 𝑌. Given that
𝑔(3) = 2 and 𝑔(4) = 4, write down the rule which defines the function. [Ans: 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 4]

𝑏
7. Function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0. If 𝑓(−1) = 5, 𝑓(2) = 11, find the values of a and b, find 𝑓(−2).

[Ans: . a=3, b=-2]

8. Given the function 𝑓: 𝑥 → 3𝑥 − 2,

(i) Find the value of x when 𝑓(𝑥) maps onto itself,
4
(ii) Find the value of h such that 𝑓(2 − ℎ) = 4ℎ. [Ans: 𝑥 = 1, ℎ = 7]

𝑥 3 − 2, 𝑥 < 1
9. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = {3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5, 1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2, find the value of 3𝑓(0) − 2𝑓(1) + 𝑓(2). [Ans:-5]
6𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 > 2

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 1b (Graph)
1. Find their domain of the following functions:
1
(v) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 (vi) 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥 (vii) 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥+1

√𝑥+3 1
(viii) 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 − 1 + √4 − 2𝑥 (ix) 𝑓(𝑥) = (x) 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 +
𝑥+2 𝑥−1

1 1
[Ans: (i) R (ii) (−∞, 1) (iii) 𝑅\{− 2} (iv) [2 , 2] (v) [−3, −2] ∪ (−2, ∞) (vi) [0,1] ∪ (1, ∞)
2. Find the domain and range of the function f in the figure. [Ans:(−1,4], [−3,6]]

3. Sketch the graphs of the following functions and state the range in each case.

1
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 + 4, 𝑥 < 2 (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)3 − 5, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

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 (iii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 7, 𝑥 > −1 (iv) 𝑓(𝑥) = −𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 7, −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5

1 3
(v) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥+3 , 𝑥 ≠ − 2 (vi) 𝑓(𝑥) = |4 − 2𝑥|, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅

(vii) 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| − 3, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 (viii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 − √2𝑥 + 4

(ix) 𝑓(𝑥) = √1 − 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 ≤ 1 (x) *𝑓(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥 2 , −3 ≤ x ≤ 3

14
Ans: (i) (−∞, ) (ii) R (iii) (6, ∞) (iv) [-52,-3] (v) 𝑅\{0} (vi)[0, ∞] (vii) [−3, ∞] (viii)(−∞, 2)(ix) [3, ∞] (x)[0,3]
3
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 Class: . . Name:. . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 1c (Composite function)

1. If f and g are functions defined by 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 2 , 𝑔: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 1. Find
(i) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔 (ii) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(3), 𝑓 ∘ 𝑔(−1) (iii) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓 (iv) 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(−2), 𝑔 ∘ 𝑓(0) (v) 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓

[Ans: (i)3𝑥 + 1 (ii)10, −2 (iii)3𝑥 − 1 (iv)−7, −2 (v)9𝑥 − 8]

2. Given that 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔: 𝑥 → 3𝑥 − 4. If 𝑓𝑜𝑔(𝑘) = 𝑔𝑜𝑓(𝑘), find the values of k. [1/3]

3. F and G are functions given by 𝐹: 𝑅 → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐹(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 4 , 𝐺: 𝑅 + ∪ {0} → 𝑅 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐺(𝑥) = √𝑥.
(i) State the ranges of F and G (ii) Form the composite function 𝐹 ∘ 𝐺, stating its range

(iii) Explain why 𝐺 ∘ 𝐹 does not exist. [Ans: (i) [−4, ∞), [0, ∞] (ii) (𝐹𝑜𝐺)(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 4. 𝑥 ∈ [0, ∞); [−4, ∞]]

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 3−2𝑥 −4𝑥−7
4. A function f is defined 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥 + 2. Find the function g such that 𝑓𝑜𝑔: 𝑥 → [Ans:𝑔(𝑥) = ]
𝑥+5 𝑥+5

5. A function f is defined 𝑔: 𝑥 → 2𝑥 − 4. Find the function f such that 𝑓𝑜𝑔: 𝑥 → 4𝑥 2 − 16𝑥 + 1 [𝑥 2 − 15]

1
6. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−𝑥 , 𝑥 ≠ 0,1, find (i) 𝑓 2 = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 (ii) 𝑓 3 = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 (iii) 𝑓 4 = 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓 ∘ 𝑓

𝑥−1 1
[Ans: (i)𝑓 2 (𝑥) = (ii)𝑓 3 (𝑥) = 𝑥 (iii)𝑓 4 (𝑥) = 1−𝑥]
𝑥

7. Given that 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 and 𝑓 2 : 𝑥 → 4𝑥 + 12. If 𝑎 > 0, find the values of a and b. [Ans: a=2, b=4]

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 Class: . . Name:. . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 1d (Inverse function)

Find functions which are the inverse of each of the following. State the domain and range of the inverse (1—6).
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 + ∪ {0} [Ans:√𝑥 + 1, [−1, ∞)] 2. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 + 2)2 , 𝑥 ≤ −2 [Ans:−2 − √𝑥, [0, ∞)]

3. 𝑔(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ≥ 3 [Ans: 𝑥 2 + 3, [−1, ∞)] 4. 𝑔(𝑥) = √5 − 𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ≤ 5 [Ans:4 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 , [−1, ∞)

𝑥+1 8𝑥+1
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥, 𝑥 ≥ 0 [Ans:−2 − √𝑥, [0, ∞)] 6. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥−8 , 𝑥 ≠ 8 [Ans: 𝑥−1 , 𝑥 ≠ 1]

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 𝑎
7. Given that 𝑓: 𝑥 → 𝑥+𝑏 , 𝑓(3) = −1 and 𝑓(−9) = 3.
a) Find the value of a and b;
b) Find the value of x such that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 −1 (𝑥). [Ans: (a)a=-9, b=6, (b)=-3]

𝑚𝑥−𝑛 −4𝑥−3
8. Given that the inverse function 𝑔(𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 4 is 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 2.
𝑥+4 𝑥−2
Find (i) the values of m and n; (ii)𝑔−1 (𝑔−1 (0)) [Ans: (i)m=2,n=3(ii)18][UEC2020 Q7a]

6𝑥−7
9. If the function 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 satisfies 𝑓(2𝑥 − 1) = 5𝑥 + 2, find 𝑓 −1 (3𝑥 + 1). [Ans: ][UEC2012Q8]
5

𝑥−2
10. Given that 𝑓(2𝑥 − 1) = 4𝑥+3, find the value of 𝑓 −1 (3). [Ans: -3][UEC2016 Q4a]

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 Chapter 2 Quadratic Equations
Relationship between the roots and the coefficients of Quadratic Equation
If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ,
𝑏
Sum of roots 𝛼 + 𝛽 = −𝑎
𝑐
Product of roots 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎

∴ 𝑥 2 −(sum of roots)𝑥 +( product of roots)= 0.

Basic identities
1. 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)2 − 2𝛼𝛽
2. 𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 − 𝛽)
3. 𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 2 − 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽 2 )
4. 𝛼 3 − 𝛽 3 = (𝛼 + 𝛽)(𝛼 2 + 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽 2 )

Discriminant
1. 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 > 0; two roots are real and different
2. 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 = 0; two roots are real and equal
3. 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0; the roots are not real

Graph and extreme values

After completing the square, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 → 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑚)2 + 𝑛

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UEC and other Questions
1. If two roots of the equation: 6𝑥 2 − 𝑝𝑥 + 3 = 0 are 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽, two roots of the equation:
4𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 1 = 0 are 𝛼 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 2 . Prove that 𝑝2 = 36 − 9𝑞.

2. If two roots of the equation: 𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 6 = 0 are 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 , find the value of (𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 )2.Ans: 2560

3. If two roots of the equation: 𝑥 2 − 4𝑝𝑥 − 2 = 0 are 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 , find the equation whose roots are
1 1
2
𝑎𝑛𝑑 . Ans: 4𝑥 2 − (16𝑝2 + 4)𝑥 + 1 = 0 [2014 Q2]
𝛼 𝛽2

17 1
4. Given 𝛼 > 0, 𝛽 > 0, and 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = , (𝛼 − 1)(𝛽 − 1) = − 2.Find the quadratic equation with roots 𝛼
4
and 𝛽. Ans: 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 2 = 0 [UEC 2015 Q7a]

1 1 10 4
5. Given that 𝛼 + 𝛽 = , (𝛼 − 1)(𝛽 − 1) = − 3. Find the quadratic equation with roots 𝛼 and 𝛽.
3
Ans: 3𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0 [UEC 2021 Q7b]

6. If the equations: 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2𝑚 = 0 and 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0 have a common root, find their roots and the
value of m. Ans: 0&1 , 0&2.5 , 𝑚 = 0; 3& − 2 ,3& − 0.5 , 𝑚 = −3

7. Solve the following inequalities:

(a) 𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 5 > 0 (b)𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 < 0 Ans:𝑥 < −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 > 5 ; 2 < 𝑥 < 3
5 7
(c) 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 5 ≤ 0 (d)3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 ≥ 7 Ans:1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2 ; 𝑥 ≤ −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ≥ 3

8. Prove that (𝑚 + 3)𝑥 2 − (𝑚2 − 8)𝑥 + (𝑚 − 3) = 0 have real roots.

9. If the equation: 3𝑚𝑥 2 − 4𝑚𝑥 + 4 is a perfect square, find the value of 𝑚. Ans:𝑚 = 3

10. Given that 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 ≤ 0. Find the greatest and smallest value of 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1. Ans:2,-2 [UEC20 Q3]

81
11. If 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2, find the least value of 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 − 9 Ans: − 8

12. The maximum value of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 13 is −5 when 𝑥 = 2. Find the values of 𝑎 and 𝑏. Ans:-2,8

13. A wire of length 20cm will be cut into two parts. The two parts will then be bent separately to form two
squares. (i) How should be the wire be cut such that the areas of the two squares sum up to 17𝑐𝑚2 ?
(ii) Is it possible for the areas of the two squares sum up to 11𝑐𝑚2 ? [Ans: 4 or 16; impossible]UEC20Q6

14. Fig.1 shows the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.Which of the following is FALSE? Ans: B[UEC2022 Q3]
A𝑐≥0 B𝑏>0 C𝑏<𝑐 D 𝑏 2 > 𝑎𝑐

15. Fig.1 shows the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐.Which of the following is TRUE? Ans: B[UEC2018 Q2]
𝑐
A𝑎>0 B 𝑎𝑏 < 0 C <0 D 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 < 0
𝑎

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2022 2018
 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 2a (Relationship between the roots and the coefficients of Quadratic Equation)
1. Write down the sums and the products of the roots of the following equations:
𝑥2 1
a. =𝑥−4 ans: 2; 8 b. (2𝑥 − 1)2 = 3 ans: 1;− 2
2

3
2. If one of the roots of the equation: 2𝑥 2 + 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑎 = 2 is 4, find the remaining root. Ans: − 2

1
3. If two roots of the equation: 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 differ by 2 , find k. Ans: 6 [2012 Q1]

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 3 3
4. If one root of the equation: 8𝑥 2 − 18𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 is doubled the other, find x. Ans: 4 𝑜𝑟 2

25
5. If two roots of the equation: 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 are equal, find q. Ans: 12

6. If 𝛼 and 3𝛼 are the roots of the equation 3𝑥 2 + 𝑘𝑥 + 81 = 0, 𝛼 is positive root. Find the values of 𝛼 and
k. Ans: 3, −36 [UEC2010 Q1]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 2b (Relationship between the roots and the coefficients of Quadratic Equation)
1. Given a quadratic equation: 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 5 = 0, find the sums of the (a) squares ; (b) cubes of the roots.
38
Ans: 3 ; 44

2. If two roots of the equation: 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 3 = 0 are 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽, 𝛼 > 𝛽, find the values of the following:
𝛼 𝛽
(a) 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 (b) 𝛽 + 𝛼 (c)(𝛼 − 𝛽)2 (d) 𝛼 − 𝛽 (e) 𝛼 2 − 𝛽 2 (f) 𝛼 4 − 𝛽 4 (g) 𝛼 3 + 𝛽 3
14
Ans:7, − , 10, √10, 2√10, 14√10, 17
3

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3. If two roots of the equation: 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 6 = 0 are 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽, find the equations whose roots are:
1 1
(a) 𝛼 , 𝛽 (𝑏) 𝛼 + 2𝛽 , 𝛽 + 2𝛼 (𝑐) 𝛼 3 , 𝛽 3
Ans: 6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ; 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 7 = 0; 8𝑥 2 + 35𝑥 + 216 = 0

4. Given that 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the two roots of 𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑥 + 7 = 0 and 𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 = 22. Find the possible values
of m. Ans: ±6 [UEC2020 Q1]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 2c (Discriminant)
1. Determine whether the roots of the following equations are real and different, real and equal, or
imaginary
(a) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 8 = 0 (b) 4𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 = 1 Ans: imaginary; real and different

2. If the function: 𝑥 2 + 2𝑤𝑥 + 3𝑤 − 2 is always positive. Find the range of 𝑤. Ans:1 < 𝑤 < 2

1
3. If the graph of function: 𝑝𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 does not intersect the x-axis. Find the range of p. Ans:𝑝 < − 3

1 3
4. If the equation: 𝑥 2 − 6𝑘𝑥 = 2 − 12𝑘 − 𝑥 has no real root, find the range of 𝑘. Ans: 6 < 𝑘 < 2[2014Q6a]

Page 33 of 188
5. If the equation: 𝑎𝑥 2 − 2(𝑎 + 2)𝑥 + 9𝑎 = 0 has real roots, find the range of 𝑎.
1
Ans: − 2 ≤ 𝑎 ≤ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 ≠ 0 [2015 Q6c]

6. If the equation: 𝑘𝑥 2 + (2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 + (𝑘 − 2) = 0 has two real roots, find the range of k.
1
Ans: 𝑘 ≥ − 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 ≠ 0

7. Prove that the straight line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1 does not meet the curve 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 in real points.

8. Given that the quadratic equation in variable x, (𝑚2 − 1)𝑥 2 − 2(𝑚 + 1)𝑥 + 𝑚 + 2 = 0 has equal roots.
find m. Ans: ±√3 [UEC2022 Q6b]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 2d (Graph of quadratic function)

1. Sketch the graph and find the max/min point of the following function:
7 73 5 1
a.𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 − 3 b.𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 Ans: 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (4 , − 8 ) ; max (− 4 , 9 8)

2. Find the sign of the expression: 7 + 10𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 ; 12𝑥 − 15 − 3𝑥 2 .Hence, find, algebraically, the
maximum or minimum value of the expression. Ans: positive; min.2 negative; max -3

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3. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ (−1,3), find the range of 𝑓. [Ans: [−1,17)]

4. Given 𝑔(𝑥) = 2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 1, −2 < 𝑥 < 2, find the range of 𝑔. [Ans: [−3,15)]

5. The extreme value of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 4𝑎𝑥 + 1 is 5. Find the value of 𝑎. Ans:𝑎 = −1

1
6. Given the extreme value of 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 10 is 0 when 𝑥 = − 2, find the values of a and b. Hence,
determine 0 is maximum or minimum value. Ans: 40, 40, min

Page 36 of 188
 Chapter 3 Sequence and Series
Arithmetic Sequence/Progression
If 𝛼 and 𝛽 are the roots of a quadratic equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 ,
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = [2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] = [𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 ]
2 2

Geometric Sequence/Progression
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 =
1−𝑟
𝑎
𝑆∞ = , if −1 < 𝑟 < 1
1−𝑟

Sum of powers of natural numbers

𝑛
1
∑𝑘 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
2
𝑘=1
𝑛
1
∑ 𝑘2 = 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
6
𝑘=1
𝑛 𝑛 2
1
∑ 𝑘 3 = 𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2 = (∑ 𝑘)
4
𝑘=1 𝑘=1

UEC and other Questions

1. The first and last terms of an arithmetic progression are −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 25 , sum of the terms is 1837. Find:
14
a) The number of terms b)The common difference c)The middle term Ans: a) 167 b) 83 c) 11

2. The first term of an arithmetic progression is 6 and the sum to 10 terms is equal to 150. Find the common
difference and the sum of first 20 terms. Ans: 2;500
3. Find the sum of all integers from 150 to 300 which are multiples of 3 and 5. Ans:2475
4. Find the sum of all integers between 100 and 200 which are multiples of 2 or 3. Ans:9750
5. Given three numbers from an arithmetic progression such that the sum of all terms is 27 and the sum of
squares is 275. Find the three numbers. Ans: 5,9,13
6. If the 3𝑡ℎ and 6𝑡ℎ terms of a geometric series are 27 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 8 respectively. Find the sum of first four
117
terms. [UEC, MATH I , 2015] Ans: 4

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7. Three consecutive terms in a geometric progression are 𝑥, 75, 𝑦 and their sum is 325, find the possible
values of x and y. Ans: 25,225 [UEC2020 Q7c]
8. If 13 + 23 + 33 + ⋯ + 1003 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 100)𝑛 , find the value of 𝑛 [UEC2004, n=2]
9. Find:
𝑛+1 𝑛 ∞
3𝑛 − 2𝑛
(𝑎) ∑ 𝑘 − ∑(𝑘 + 1) [𝑀𝐴𝑇𝐻 𝐼𝐼, 2001](𝑏) ∑ [ 𝑀𝐴𝑇𝐻 𝐼𝐼, 2013]
6𝑛
𝑘=1 𝑘=1 𝑛=1
30
1
(𝑐) ∑(−1)𝑟+2 𝑟 2 [𝑀𝐴𝑇𝐻 𝐼𝐼, 2002] 𝐴𝑛𝑠: (𝑎) 1 (𝑏) (𝑐)465
2
𝑟=1

10. Find
𝑛

∑(𝑘 + 1) 2𝑘−1 Ans: 𝑛 2𝑛 [UEC2021, Q3c]

𝑘=1
2 3 4 5
11. Given the sums of the infinite series 1 + 5 + 52 + 53 + 54 + ⋯ exists. Find the sum of the infinite series.
25
Ans: 16 [UEC2022, Q5c]

12. If the sum of first 5 terms of an arithmetic series is 65, the sum of the last 5 terms of the series is 1090,
and the sum of all terms is 5313. Find the numbers of terms. [UEC 2012, MATH II] Ans: 46
13. The first three terms of an arithmetic sequence are 𝑥 − 4,2𝑥 − 1 and 4𝑥 − 1. Find the sum of the first n
terms of the sequence. Ans: 3𝑛2 − 4𝑛 [UEC 2017, MATH1, Q6]
14. The differences 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑎𝑛−1 between two consecutive terms in a sequence {𝑎𝑛 } form an arithmetic
sequence. Given that the first four terms in the sequence {𝑎𝑛 } are 1,3,7 and 13 respectively, find 𝑎100 .
Ans:9901[UEC 2018, MATH I, Q7c]
15. In a geometric sequence, the sum of the first n terms 𝑆𝑛 = 2 − 21−𝑛 . Find the common ratio of this
1
sequence. [UEC , MATH I , 2019] Ans: 2

16. Given that 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … is a geometric sequence. In the sequence, the difference between the 5th term and
the 3rd term is 15, the difference between the 4th term and the 2nd term is -60. Find
𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ + 𝑎19 . [UEC 2020 MATH I, Q6b] Ans:−273.07
17. Arrange the natural numbers in order as follows:
1
23
456
7 8 9 10 …
There are n number in the nth row. Find the first number in the 100th row. Ans:4951 [UEC2016 Q6a]
18. If {𝑎𝑛 } is a arithmetic sequence, common difference 𝑑 ≠ 0, and 𝑎1 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎10 are geometric sequence, find
𝑎 +𝑎 +𝑎 19
the value of 𝑎1+𝑎4 +𝑎7 . Ans:24 [UEC, MATH I, 2015]
2 5 8

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 3a (Arithmetic series)

1. If the first and 9𝑡ℎ terms of an arithmetic series are −23 and 1, the sum of all terms is −8 . Find:
a) The number of terms; [UEC, MATH I , 2013]
b) The last term Ans: a) 𝑛 = 16 b) 22

2. Find the sums of the following arithmetic series:

a. 26 + 22 + 18 + ⋯ to 50 terms b. 22 + 25 + 28 + ⋯ + 58 Ans: a) -3600 b) 520

3. If 𝑥 + 1 , 2𝑥 + 1 , 𝑥 − 3 are first three consecutive terms of an arithmetic progression, find:

a) The value of 𝑥 ;
b) The sum from the 10𝑡ℎ term to 20𝑡ℎ term Ans: a) 𝑥 = −2 b) −319

4. Find the sum of all integers between 1 and 100 which are not multiples of 3. Ans: 3266

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5. Given the sum of an arithmetic series, 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑛(1 + 2𝑛). Find:
a) The first term and the common difference;
b) The sum of first 20 terms
c) Find the 𝑛𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 and 20th term Ans: a) 𝑎1 = 3 , 𝑑 = 4 b) 820 𝑐)4𝑛 − 1,79

6. Given an arithmetic series: −100 − 96 − 92 − ⋯ ,

a) If the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ term is the first positive term in the series, find the value of 𝑘 Ans:k=27
b) If the sum of first 𝑛𝑡ℎ terms , 𝑆𝑛 , is the smallest positive integer, find the value of 𝑛 Ans:n=52

7. If the 8𝑡ℎ and 19𝑡ℎ terms of an arithmetic progression are 19 and −3 respectively. Find:
a) The first term and the common difference; [UEC, MATH I , 2010]
b) Sum of first 𝑛 terms, 𝑆𝑛 , such that 𝑆𝑛 is the largest. Ans: a) 𝑎1 = 33 , 𝑑 = −2 ; b) 289

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Exercise 3b (Geometric series)

1. If 𝑥 + 12 , 𝑥 + 4 , 𝑥 − 2 are three consecutive terms from a geometric sequence, find the value of 𝑥
3
and the common ratio. Ans: 𝑥 = 20 , 𝑟 = 4

2. If 𝑎3 and 𝑎6 are 3𝑡ℎ and 6𝑡ℎ terms from a geometric sequence such that 8𝑎3 = 𝑎6. Find the common
ratio. Ans: 𝑟 = 2

3. Insert three (a) arithmetic means (b) positive geometric means between 14 and 224.
Ans: (a) 14 , 66.5 , 119 , 171.5 , 224 (b) 14 , 28 , 56 , 112 , 224

1
4. If the first and last terms of a geometric progression are 1024 𝑎𝑛𝑑 respectively, the common ratio is
4
1
. Find the number of terms. [UEC, MATH I , 2010] Ans: 13
2

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 1 1
5. If the 3𝑡ℎ and 6𝑡ℎ term of a geometric series are and − 24 , find:
3
a) The first term and the common ratio;
4 1 5
b) The sum of first four terms Ans: a) 𝑎1 = 3 ; 𝑟 = − 2 b) 6

6. Find the sum of the following geometric series:

512 58025
a) 4 − 8 + 16 − 32 + ⋯ to 20 terms [ans; -1398100] b) 27 + 18 + 12 + 8 + ⋯ + 729 ans: ) 729

7. If the first term of a geometric series is 7, common ratio is 3, the sum of all terms is 847. Find:
a) The number of terms; b)The last term Ans: 𝑎) 𝑛 = 5 ; b) 567

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 3c (Sum to infinity)

1
1. The first term of the geometric series is 3 and the 3𝑟𝑑 term is . Find the sum to infinity of the series.
3
9 9
Ans: 𝑜𝑟 4
2

2. Express the recurring decimal: (a) 0. 4̇5̇ = 0.45454545 … (b) 0.21̇8̇ = 0.218181818 …
5 12
into fraction form. Ans: (𝑎) 11 (𝑏) 55

1 1 1 1 1 1 3
3. Find the sum to infinity of the series: − 5 + 4 − 25 + 8 − 125 + ⋯ [UEC 2009] Ans: 4
2

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 1 1 1 𝑎2 −𝑎+1
4. If 𝑎 > 1 , find the sum to infinity of the series: 𝑎 + 𝑎 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ [UEC 2009] Ans: 𝑎−1

9
5. Given that the sum of an infinite geometric sequence is − 10 and the second term of the sequence is 1.
2
Find the common ratio of this sequence. [UEC 2022] Ans: − 3

6. The sum of the first two terms of a geometric series is 16 and the sum to infinity of the series is 18. If
the series contains both positive and negative terms, find:
a) The first term b) the common ratio c) the 4𝑡ℎ term
1 8
[UEC , MATH I , 2005] Ans: a) 𝑎1 = 24 ; b) 𝑟 = − 3 ; c) 𝑎4 = − 9

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 3d (Application of AP and GP)

1. A wire with the length of 6m is divided the wires into 15 pieces. Each piece is to form a square. The
diagram below shows the arrangement. If the difference of the perimeter of two adjacent squares is 4cm.
Find the side length of the smallest square. Ans:3[UEC2008Q6]

2. The rhombus in Fig. is formed by equilateral triangles of side length 2cm. How many triangles are
required to form a rhombus of perimeter 192cm? Ans:1152[UEC2012Q7]

3. The figure in Fig. is made up of six circles of different sizes. The areas of the circles
form a geometric sequence. Given that the area of the first circle is 64𝑐𝑚2 , and the
area of the largest circle is 486𝑐𝑚2 , find the area of the third circle. [Ans: 144 𝑐𝑚2 ]
[UEC2013 Q4]

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4. A ball dropped from a height H cm rebounds to a height 0.8H cm. If the ball is dropped from a height of
200cm, find (i) the number of bounces when the maximum height of the ball from the floor is less than
50cm for the first time. (ii) the total distance covered before the ball comes to rest.
Ans:7,1800cm [SPM2009]

5. At a certain day, a mamak stall has 70 cans of milk and 48 cans of milo. The stall used 5 cans of milk
and 3 cans of milo in a day. After how many days, the remainder cans of both milk and milo are the
same? Ans:12 [SPM2016]

6. Mohan took 4 minutes to complete the first km of a 15km run. He could not sustain his stamina thus for
1
each subsequent km, he took 8 more time compared to the time he took for the previous km. Can Mohan
finish the run in 2 hours? [SPM2016] Ans: Can not, he take 2.588 hours.

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 3e (Sum of powers of the natural numbers)

1. Find the sum of the following series: Ans: (a) 50688; (b) 2216

21 12

(𝑎) ∑ 𝑘(𝑘 2 + 2) (𝑏) ∑(2𝑘 − 1)2

𝑘=11 𝑘=5

2. Find the sum of the following series:

(a) 1 × 3 + 2 × 7 + 3 × 11 + ⋯ to 30 terms (𝑏) 52 + 72 + 92 + ⋯ + 252 𝐴𝑛𝑠: (𝑎) 37355 (𝑏)2915

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3. Find the sum to nth term of the following series
1
(𝑎)1(3) + 2(4) + 3(5) + ⋯ + 𝑛(𝑛 + 2) [UEC Math II, 2006] Ans: 6 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 7)

1
(𝑏)2(3) + 3(12) + 4(27) + ⋯ + (𝑛 + 1)3𝑛2 Ans: 4 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)(3𝑛 + 1)

1
(𝑐)12 × 2 + 22 × 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 × (𝑛 + 1) [UEC 2008Q6a] Ans: 12 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)(3𝑛 + 1)

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Exercise 3e (Arithmetic-Geometric Series)

1. Find the sum of the following series:
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 2 2 + 4 4 + 8 8 + ⋯ to 20th term. (b)1 3 + 4 9 + 7 27 + ⋯ to nth term.
1 1 1 1
Ans: −1 + 221 − 220 Ans: 2 𝑛(3𝑛 − 1) + 2 (1 − 3𝑛)

(c) 𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 3 + ⋯ to nth term. (d)𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 3 + ⋯ to nth term.

𝑥−(4𝑛−3)𝑥𝑛+1 4𝑥 2 (1−𝑥 𝑛−1 ) 3𝑥 2 −3𝑥 𝑛+1 (3𝑛−2)𝑥 𝑛+1 −𝑥
Ans: + (1−𝑥)2
Ans: (1−𝑥)2
−
1−𝑥 (1−𝑥)

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 4 7 10 1 3 5 2𝑛−1
(e) 1 + 3 + 32 + 33 + ⋯ infinity. (f) 2 + 22 + 23 + ⋯ + .
2𝑛
15 2𝑛+3
Ans: [UEC1997Q6b] Ans: 3 − [UEC1999 Q4b]
4 2𝑛

1 4 7 10 5 3 7 15 31 8
(g)3 + 9 + 27 + 81 + ⋯ infinity. Ans: 4 (h)1 + 4 + 16 + 16 + 256 + ⋯ infinity.Ans: 3

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 Chapter 4 Rectangular Coordinates
Distance between two points
𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2

Midpoint of two points

𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
Midpoint of AB = ( , )
2 2

Internal/External Division
𝑚𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑥1 𝑚𝑦2 + 𝑛𝑦1
( , )
𝑚+𝑛 𝑚+𝑛

Area of polygon
1
|(𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥2 𝑦3 + 𝑥3 𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 𝑦1 + 𝑥3 𝑦2 + 𝑥1 𝑦3 )|
2 1 2

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UEC and other Questions
1. Prove that the point (4, 4) is equidistant from the point (1,0) and (−1, 4).
2. Given three points 𝐴(𝑎, 𝑎 + 1), 𝐵(−6, −3) and 𝐶(5, −1).Find the possible value(s) of a if the length of
1
𝐴𝐵 is twice that of 𝐴𝐶. Ans: 2 𝑜𝑟 5 3[2009 MCQ 11]

3. Given the distance of point M(𝑚 + 1,3𝑚 − 5) from the y-axis is half that of the distance of point M
from the x-axis. Find the values of m. Ans: 7 or 3/5

4. Given that the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0 intersects the x-axis at two points, A and B. Find the
5
midpoint of the line segment AB. [UEC2022 Q7] Ans:(2 , 0)

5. Given that a chord of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 100 lies on the line 5𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 34 = 0, find the mid-point of
the chord. [UEC 2017 Q4]Ans: (5, −3)
6. Given A,B,C three points lies on a straight line 2𝑦 + 𝑥 = 8, A divide BC internally in ratio 1: 4. If
B(−2,5) and C lies on the x-axis. Find the coordinates of A. [ans: (0,4) UEC2014Q9a]
7. Find the ratio in which the line joining the points (0,1) ,(3,2) is divided by the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2. Ans . 1:3

8. Prove that (0,3), (4,5), (−8, −1) are collinear.

9. The vertices of a pentagon ABCDE are A(2,4), 𝐵(−2, 4), 𝐶(−2, −4), 𝐷(2, −4) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸(𝑝, 0). Given that
the area of the pentagon is 44 square units, find the value(s) of 𝑥. Ans: 5
10. Given the two of the vertices of 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 𝐴(1, −3) and 𝐵(−2,1), and the vertex C lies on the line 𝑦 =
3𝑥 − 2. If the area of 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 32 square units, find the coordinates of 𝐶. [2015 9b]
63 215
Ans: (− 13 , − ) , (5,13)
13

11. If the line 3𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 − 2 = 0 and the two coordinate axes form a triangle with area 9, find the possible
2
values of 𝑎. Ans: 𝑎 = ± 27 [UEC2020 9b]

12. Find the co-ordinates of the points of intersection of the curves 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 and 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥. Deduce the length
of the common chord. Ans:(1,2), (0,0), √5
13. Given that the two straight lines, 2𝑘𝑥 + (𝑘 + 1)𝑦 − 6 = 0 and (2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑘 = 0 intersect at a
point on the positive y-axis. Find k. Ans: 1 [UEC2022 Q14]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 4a (Distance and Midpoint between 2 points)

1. The distance between the points 𝐴(𝑚, 5) and 𝐵(3, −5) is 2√29, find the values of m. Ans:-1or7

2. If the points 𝐴(2𝑡, 𝑡) and 𝐵(𝑡 + 1, 2𝑡 − 3) are equidistant from the origin, find the value of t.
Ans:1 [2010 MCQ 14]

3. Given the point P is a point on the x-axis and equidistance from 𝐴(3,4),𝐵(2,9).Find the coordinates of P.
Ans: (-30,0)

4. Prove that the triangle whose vertices are the points 𝐴(1,2), 𝐵(0, −1), 𝐶(3, −2) is an isosceles, right-
angled triangle.

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5. If one of the extremities of line is (−1,2), mid-point is (2,1). Find the other extremity. Ans:(5,0)

6. Given 𝐴(1,1), 𝐵(−2,0), 𝐶(−1,3) are three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD, find the coordinates of
vertex D. Ans: (2,4)

7. Given 𝐴(−6, −11), 𝐵(7,15) are two vertices of a parallelogram ABCD, and the diagonals intersect at
M(9,6), find the coordinates of vertex C and D. Ans: 𝐶(24,23)𝐷(11, −3)

8. Let 𝑃 and 𝑄 be the points of intersection of the line 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 12 = 0 with the two coordinates axes.
Find the coordinates of the mid-point of 𝑃𝑄. [UEC2008 Q3] Ans:(−3,2)

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Exercise 4b (Internal and External Division)

1. Given 2 points 𝐴(−1,2) and 𝐵(−9,14). If C divide AB internally in the ratio 1:3, find the coordinates of
C. [ans: (−3,5), UEC2005Q12]

2. Given 3 points 𝑃(2, −2𝑚), 𝑄(𝑛, −𝑛) and 𝑅(3𝑚, 1) lies on a straight line, Q divide PR internally in ratio
2: 5. Find the values of m and n. [ans: 𝑚 = 3, 𝑛 = 4 UEC2015Q3]

3. Given origin O lies on the line AB and 𝐴𝑂: 𝑂𝐵 = 2: 3, if the coordinates of B is (4, −1), find the
8 2
coordinates of A. [ans: (− 3 , 3) , UEC2018Q14]

4. Given 2 points 𝐴(−4,9) and 𝐵(−6,3). If AB is extended to C such that 𝐴𝐵: 𝐵𝐶 = 2: 3, find the
coordinates of C. [ans: (−9, −6), UEC2007Q12]

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5. Given 2 points 𝐴(2, −1) and 𝐵(7,3). If BA is extended to P such that 𝐴𝑃: 𝐵𝑃 = 2: 3, find the
coordinates of P. [ans: (−8, −9), UEC2010Q12]

6. Given 3 points 𝐴(2, ℎ), 𝐵(𝑘, −1) and 𝐶(8,0). If C divide AB externally in ratio 3:1, find the value of
ℎ + 𝑘. [ans: 3, UEC2015Q13]

7. Given that A is a point on the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 2 and the coordinates of the point B is (2, −3). If 𝑃(8, 𝑝)
divides AB externally in the ratio 3:2, find the value of p. [ans: −11, UEC2015Q13]

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Exercise 4c (Area of polygon)

1. Find the area of pentagon with vertices (0,0), (6,1), (4,3), (2,7), (−1,1). Ans:22.5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠²

2. Find the area of pentagon with vertices (1,5), (−2, −4), (−4,0), (5,3), (5,0). Ans: 46.5 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 2

3. If (𝑝 + 1,1), (2𝑝 + 1,3) and (2𝑝 + 2,2𝑝) are collinear, find the values of P. Ans:-0.5,2

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4. Given the coordinates of the three vertices of 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 𝐴(1, −5), 𝐵(−3, 7) and 𝐶(𝑎, 𝑎 + 1)
respectively. If the area of 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 30 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠², find the possible value(s) of 𝑎. [2010 9b]
1
Ans: 3 𝑜𝑟 − 4 2

5. Given that 𝐴(𝑘 + 1, 6), 𝐵(3, 2) and 𝐶(−𝑘, 0) are the vertices of 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶. If the area of 𝛥𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 10 units
square, find the values of 𝑘. [2013 MCQ 13] Ans: 2 𝑜𝑟 − 18

6. The vertices of a convex pentagon are (𝑥, 0), (0, −7), (3, 5), (−2, 4), (−6, 0). Given that the area of the
pentagon is 68 square units, find the value(s) of 𝑥. [2014 MCQ 13] Ans: 4

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Exercise 4d (Point of intersection)

1. Find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of the straight lines whose equations are 3y − x =
11 2
1, 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 4. Does the line 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1 pass through this point? Ans: (− , − 5) , 𝑛𝑜
5

2. Three lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 6, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2 and 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 𝑘 are concurrent, find the value of k. Ans: 8

3. Find the length of the chord cut off on the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 by the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1. Ans: √2

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 6 7
4. Given the point of intersection of the lines 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 − 5 = 0 and 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 + 3 = 0 is (5 , 5), find the

value of a. Ans:3

5. Given the point of intersection of the lines 2𝑘𝑥 + (𝑘 + 1)𝑦 − 9 = 0 and (2𝑘 − 1)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 = 0 lies on
the y-axis. Find the value(s) of k. Ans:2

6. Given the point of intersection of the lines 𝑘𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑘 = 0 and (𝑘 + 1)𝑥 − 𝑘𝑦 + 6 = 0 lies on the x-
axis. Find the value(s) of k. Ans: 0 or 2

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 Chapter 5 The Straight Line
Gradient
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚𝐴𝐵 = = tan 𝜃
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
1.𝑚 > 0 2. 𝑚 < 0
0° < 𝜃 < 90°
Y 90° < 𝜃 < 180° Y
𝜃 is acute angle 𝜃 is obtuse angle
 
O X
O X
3. 𝑚 = 0
𝜃 = 0° Y 4. 𝑚 is undefined
𝜃 = 90°
Y
The line is parallel to x-axis The line is parallel to y-axis

X 
X
O O
Equation of straight line
1. General form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 = 0
2. Gradient-intercept form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑦
3. Double-intercept form +𝑏 =1
𝑎
4. Point gradient form 𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑦−𝑦1 𝑦 −𝑦
5. Two point form = 𝑥2−𝑥1
𝑥−𝑥1 2 1

Parallel and perpendicular lines

𝑙1 //𝑙2 ⇔ 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 𝑙1 ⊥ 𝑙2 ⇔ 𝑚1 𝑚2 = -1

A median joins a vertex to the midpoint of the opposite side.

An altitude passes through a vertex and is at right-angles to the opposite side.
A perpendicular bisector passes through the midpoint of a side and at right-angles to that side.

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UEC and other Questions
1. Find the equations of the straight line that the sum of x and y-intercept is 12, passing through (-3,4)
Ans: 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 9 = 0, 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 16 = 0
2. Given that the line 𝑘𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑘 + 6 = 0 does not pass through the first quadrant. Find the range of k.
Ans: 𝑘 ≥ 0 [UEC 2020 Q14]
1
3. If the two lines 𝑥 + 2𝑎𝑦 − 1 = 0 and (3𝑎 − 1)𝑥 − 𝑎𝑦 − 1 = 0 are parallel, find the value of a. Ans: 6 , 0

4. If the two lines 𝑚𝑥 + 10𝑦 = 2 and 3𝑥 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑦 = −1 are coincident, find the values of m and n.
Ans: 𝑚 = −6, 𝑛 = −4
1
5. Given that two points 𝑃(1, −2) and 𝑄(𝑏, 𝑐), P lies on a line 𝑙 with gradient 2. If 𝑙 is perpendicular to PQ,

find the relation between b and c. Ans:c=-2b [UEC2021 Q15]

6. Prove that the quadrilateral with vertices (2,1), (2,3), (5,6), (5,4) is a parallelogram and find the point of
intersection of its diagonal.
7. Given three points 𝐴(4,6), 𝐵(−3,5) and 𝐶(9, −4). The point P is the foot of the perpendicular from A to
BC. Find (a) the coordinates of P (b) BP:PC. [UEC2020 Q3] Ans: (1,2),1:2
8. Given that the vertices of triangle ABC are 𝐴(8,5), 𝐵(4, −1) and 𝐶(10,2), D is a point on BC such that
𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐶. If D divides BC internally in the ratio 𝑟: 1, find the value of r. [ans:14][UEC2014Q9c]
9. The coordinates of A,B,C are (1,2), (4,1), (3,4) respectively. 𝑃, 𝑄 are two points lie on 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶
respectively and 𝑃𝑄//𝐵𝐶. If the area of ∆APQ:the area of ∆ABC= 1: 9
(a) find 𝐴𝑃: 𝑃𝐵 Ans. 1:2
(b) and hence or otherwise ,find the equation of the line 𝑃𝑄. Ans. 9𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 23
10. Figure shows a trapezium 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷. The point 𝐷 lies on the y-axis, where
∠𝐷𝐶𝐵 = ∠𝐶𝐷𝐴 = 90° and 𝐴𝐷//𝐵𝐶. Suppose the respective coordinates
of 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are (6, 𝑘), (5, 2) and (2, 4), find the value of 𝑘. [2007 MCQ 13] Ans: −3
11. Given that the points 𝐴(1,0), 𝐵(2,5) and 𝐶(3,3),
(a) Find an equation of the line which is parallel to BC and passes through the point A.
(b) Ignoring the order of vertices, find all the point(s) P on the line in (a) such that the points A, B, C, nd
P form a parallelogram. [UEC2019 Q3] Ans: 2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2, (2, −2), (0,2)
12. If the two lines 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑦 + 8 = 0 and 4𝑥 + (𝑘 − 3)𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 do not intersect, find the value of 𝑘.
[2011 3] Ans: 4 𝑜𝑟 − 1
13. Given the two sides of parallelogram are 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4 = 0, the point of intersection of
diagonal of parallelogram is M(3,3). Find the other two sides. Ans:𝑥 + 𝑦 + 11 = 0,3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 16 = 0
14. In a kite ABCD, B lies on the x-axis, M is the midpoint of AC and BD. Given that 𝐴(6,1), 𝐶(1,3) and
2𝐵𝐷 = 7𝐵𝑀. Find (a) the equation of the line BD (b) the coordinates of D.
11
[UEC2020, Q10] [ans: 10𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 27 = 0, ( 2 , 7)]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 5a (Equation of the straight line)

1. Given the points (−2, −3), (0,2), (4, 𝑎) are collinear, find the value of 𝑎. Ans: 12

2. Find the equations of the following straight lines:

1 b. Gradient -5, passing through (2,-3)
a. Gradient , passing through (−2,3)
3
Ans: 5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 7 = 0
Ans: 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 11 = 0

c. Gradient is undefined, passing through (-3,0) d. x-intercept is -3, y-intercept is 2

Ans: 𝑥 = −3 Ans: 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 6 = 0

e. joining the points (−2,0) , (1, −3) f. joining the points (−1,3), (6, −7)
Ans: 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 Ans: 10𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 11 = 0

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3. Suppose three straight line 𝑙, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 and 2𝑦 = 𝑥 − 3 have a common point. Given that the gradient of 𝑙
is −1, find the equation of 𝑙. Ans:𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 0[UEC2007 Q9a]

1
4. Given that the line 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 = 2 has gradient − 2 and passes through the point (−4,1). Find the value of
a. Ans:−1 [UEC2018 Q15]

5. A straight line L passes through point P(-4,3) and intersect the x-axis and the y-axis at point A and point
B respectively. If AP:PB=5:3, find the equation of the line L. Ans . 9𝑥 − 20𝑦 + 96 = 0

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 5b (Parallel and Perpendicular)

1. Prove that the quadrilateral with vertices (2, −2), (8,4), (5,7), (−1,1) is a rectangle.

2. Given two lines: 𝑙1 : (3 + 𝑚)𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 5 − 3𝑚, 𝑙2 : 2𝑥 + (5 + 𝑚)𝑦 = 8. Find the values of m when two
lines are (a) parallel (b) coincident (c) intersect. Ans: (a) -7 (b) -1 (c) ≠ −7, −1

3. If the two lines (3𝑎 + 2)𝑥 + (1 − 4𝑎)𝑦 + 8 = 0 and (5𝑎 − 2)𝑥 + (𝑎 + 4)𝑦 − 7 = 0 are perpendicular,
find the values of a. Ans: 0 or 1

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4. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point 𝑃(−1,5) and parallel to the line 3𝑥 −
2𝑦 − 6 = 0. Ans: 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 13 = 0

5. Find the equation of the straight line passing through the point 𝑃(9, −8) and perpendicular to the
line 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 23 = 0. [2010 MCQ 13] Ans: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6 = 0

6. Given that the two lines 𝑙1 : (2𝑘 + 1)𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2 = 0 and 𝑙2 : (1 − 𝑘)𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0 are parallel to
each other. There is another line 𝑙3 which passes through the origin and is perpendicular to 𝑙2 .
Find (a) the value of 𝑘 (b) the equation of 𝑙3 [2012 4] Ans: −5, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 0

7. Given points 𝐴(7, 10), 𝐵(6, 2) and 𝐶(−1, −2), find the coordinates of foot of perpendicular from point
𝐵 to the straight line 𝐴𝐶. [2007 3] Ans: (3,4)

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 5c (Median, Altitidue and Perpendicular Bisector)

1. The vertices of a triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 𝐴(1,1), 𝐵(−2,2) and 𝐶(0,5). Find the equation of the altitude of the
triangle passing through 𝐴. Ans: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5 = 0

2. The co-ordinates of the points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 are (−3, −1), (11,13), (−1, −3) respectively. Find the equations
of the medians of the triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶.
Ans: 9𝑥 − 5𝑦 − 6 = 0,15𝑥 − 13𝑦 + 4 = 0,3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5 = 0

3. Given that A(3, −1) and B(−5,5), find the perpendicular bisector of AB. If point (𝑘, 1) lies on the
7
perpendicular bisector, find the values of k. Ans:4𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 10 = 0, 𝑘 = −
4

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4. Find the radius and centre of the circumcircle of the triangle whose vertices are
5√5 7
(−1,8), (−1, −2), (2,4). Ans: , (− 2 , 3)
2

5. Given that 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0 is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment connecting the points
𝐴(5, 9)and 𝐵. Without using graphical method, find (i) the equation of 𝐴𝐵 (ii) the coordinates of the
point 𝐵. [2013 9a] Ans: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0, 𝐵(−1, −3)

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 Chapter 6 The perpendicular to a line
Perpendicular distance from a point to a line
𝐴𝑥0 + 𝐵𝑦0 + 𝐶
𝑑=| |
√𝐴2 + 𝐵 2

Perpendicular distance between 2 parallel lines

𝐶1 − 𝐶2
𝑑=| |
√𝐴2 + 𝐵 2

Loci
When a point moves in a plane according to some given conditions the path along which it moves is called a
locus.

Angle bisector

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2
= || ||
√𝑎1 2 + 𝑏1 2 √𝑎2 2 + 𝑏2 2

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UEC and other Questions
1. Given that 𝑃 is a point on the line 𝑙1 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 = 0, and the distance from 𝑃 to the line
12 14 2 6
𝑙2 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3 = 0 is √5, find the coordinates of point 𝑃. [2015 3] Ans: ( 5 , 5 ) , (5 , − 5)

2. The equation of a straight line 𝑙 is 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑦 + 4 = 0. If the distance from origin to the straight line is
equal to the distance from 𝐴(2, −1) to the straight line. Find the possible value(s) of 𝑎.
[Add. Math II 1999 MCQ 11 ] Ans:±2,4
3. Determine whether the points (3,2), (−1,0) are on the same or opposite sides of the line 4𝑦 − 𝑥 = 3.
Ans: Opposite sides
4. Find the locus of the point P which moves such that Its distances from the points (0,0), (3,1) are in the
ratio 2: 1. Ans:3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 24𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 40 = 0
5. A point moves such that its distance from the point (2,0) is three times its distance from the line 𝑥 = 0.
Find the locus of the point. Ans:𝑦 2 − 8𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4 = 0
6. Given the points 𝐴(1,2) and 𝐵(11,6). If P is a point on the plane such that 3𝐴𝑃 = 𝑃𝐵, find the locus of
point P. [2016 MCQ13] Ans: 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 6𝑦 − 28 = 0
7. A variable point 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)moves so that 𝑃 is equidistance from a fixed point 𝐹(−2,0) and the line 𝑥 = 2.
Find the locus of 𝑃. [Add. Math II 2007 MCQ 12 ] Ans: 𝑦 2 = −8𝑥
8. 𝑃 is a point on the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4. If 𝑀 is the mid-point of the line joining 𝑄(0,4) and 𝑃, find the
equation of the locus of 𝑀. [Add. Math II 2008 8a] Ans: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 + 3 = 0
9. Given that the three vertices of the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 are 𝐴(3,8), 𝐵(−5,2) and 𝐶(7,5). If the angle bisector of ∠𝐴
intersects BC at the point D, find the coordinates of the point D. Ans: (3,4) [UEC2017 Q9b]
10. Find the relationship between 𝑥, 𝑦, where (𝑥, 𝑦) is a moving point on a curve. Hence write down the
locus of the points as 𝑡 varies.
(a) 𝑥 = 3𝑡 + 2, 𝑦 = 𝑡 + 1 Ans: 𝑥 = 3𝑦 − 1
(b) 𝑥 = 2𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 4𝑡 Ans: 8𝑥 = 𝑦 2
1
(c) x = 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 2𝑡 Ans: 𝑥𝑦 = 1
1 1
(d) 𝑥 = 𝑡 + , 𝑦=𝑡− Ans: 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 4
𝑡 𝑡

(e) 𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑡 , 𝑦 = 4𝑡 2 − 𝑡 + 1 Ans: 2𝑦 = 3 − 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 2

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 6a (Perpendicular distance from a point to a line)

1. Find the distance of the point (3, −5) from the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 1 = 0. Ans:6

2. Given that the distance from the point (2,1) to the line 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 𝑐 is 5. Find the value of c.
[2022 MCQ 16] Ans: 27 𝑜𝑟 − 23

3. Given that the distance from the point 𝑃(𝛼, 𝛼 + 2) to the straight line 𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 4 = 0 is √10, find the
value of 𝛼. [2012 MCQ 13] Ans: 0 𝑜𝑟 − 10

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4. If the distance from a point on the y-axis to the line 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 5 = 0 is 5, find the possible
35
coordinates of the point. [2011 MCQ 13] Ans:(0, −5), (0, 6 )

11√5
5. Find the distance from A(−1,4) to the straight line joining B(4,1) and C(8,3). Ans: 5

6. Find the distance between two parallel straight lines

(a) 𝑙1 : 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 8 = 0 and 𝑙2 : 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 18 = 0
5
(b) 𝑙1 : 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 10 = 0 and 𝑙2 : 6𝑥 − 8𝑦 + 5 = 0 Ans: 2√13, 2

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 6b (Loci)
1. Find the locus of the point P which moves such that
(a) its distance from the origin is constant and equal to 2. Ans:𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4

(b) Its distance from the point (2,1) is constant and equal to 4. Ans:𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 11 = 0

(c) It is equidistant from the points (−2, −3), (1,4). Ans:3𝑥 + 7𝑦 = 2

2. If the distance of a point from the fixed line 𝑥 = −1 is twice its distance from the point(1,0). Find the
locus of the point. Ans:3𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 10𝑥 + 3 = 0

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3. Given that the coordinates of point 𝐴 and point 𝐵 are (−1,4) and (3,5) respectively. If 𝑃 is a moving
point such that 𝐴𝑃: 𝑃𝐵 = 1: 2, find the equation of the locus of point 𝑃. [2015 MCQ 12]
Ans: 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 14𝑥 − 22𝑦 + 34 = 0

4. Find the equation of the bisector of the acute angle between the lines 3𝑥 − 4𝑦 = 2 and
4𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −1. Ans: 7𝑥 − 7𝑦 − 1 = 0

5. Find the equation of the bisector of the obtuse angle between the lines 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 1 and 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 4.
Ans: 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0

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 Chapter 7 Circular Measure
Degrees and Radians

Arc length
𝑙 = 𝑟𝜃

Area of sector
1 1
𝑆 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑙
2 2

Area of segment
1 2
𝑟 (𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
2

UEC and other Questions

1. Convert each radian measure into degrees.
5𝜋 3𝜋
a) b) c) 0.1𝜋 d) 1.32 𝜋 [Ans: 150°, 67.5°,18°, 237.6°]
6 8

2. Convert each radian measure into degrees and minutes.

a) 1.32 b) 0.74 c) 0.33 d) 2.094 [Ans: 75°38’, 42°24’, 18°54’, 119°59’]

3. Convert each degree measure into radians, giving your answer to 4 decimal places.
a) 25° b) 137.11° c) 22°12’ d) 241°39’ [Ans: 0.4363, 2.3930, 0.3875, 4.2176]

4. Convert each degree measure into radians, giving your answer in terms of 𝜋.
5𝜋 3𝜋 11𝜋 17𝜋
a) 75° b) 135° c) 247.5° d) 42°30’ [Ans: , , , ]
12 4 8 72

5. Find the area of a sector of a circle, radius 5cm, bounded by an arc of length 8cm. [Ans: 20 cm2]

6. Find the area enclosed by two concentric circles of radii 10cm and 6cm, and two radii inclined at an
angle of 50°.[Ans: 27.93 cm2]

7. 3 circular discs, each of radius 6cm, touch each other. Find the area enclosed between them. [Ans: 5.8]

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8. If the perimeter of region P and the perimeter of region Q are in the ratio 6: 5 , find the
value of 𝑟. Ans: 24 [2001 MCQ8]

9. In the diagram, AOD is a straight line and OABC is a sector of a circle with centre O.
Given that CD = 3cm , ∠ODC = 45° , ∠OCD = 90° and the arc
length BC is 𝜋 cm , find the area of the shaded region.
15
Ans: 𝜋 cm2 [2007 MCQ8]
8

10. As shown in Figure, ABE and ACD are two sectors centred at A. Suppose the area of
sector ABE is 4 cm2 , and AB: BC = 2: 3 , find the area of the shaded region BCDE.
Ans: 21 cm2 [2008 Q10(a)]

11. As shown in Fig, OAB and OCD are sectors with centre at O. If the area of sector
OAB is 90𝑐𝑚2 and 𝑂𝐴: 𝐴𝐶 = 3: 2, find the area of the shaded region.
Ans:160𝑐𝑚2 [UEC2022 Q11]

12. Fig shows two sectors centred at O, OAC and OBD are two straight lines,
𝑂𝐴: 𝑂𝐶 = 1: 2. If 𝑂𝐴 = 1𝑐𝑚 and the perimeter of sector OAB is 4cm, find the
area of the shaded region. Ans: 3𝑐𝑚2 [UEC2018 Q2]

13. As shown in figure, OPQ is a sector with centre O, PR ⊥ OQ , PQ = 4√5 cm

and PR = 8 cm. Find
(a) the radius of the sector
(b) ∠POR , answer in radians and corrected to 2 decimal places
(c) the perimeter of the shaded region
(d) the area of the shaded region
Ans: (a) 10 cm (b) 0.93 rad (c) 21.3 cm (d) 22.5 cm2 [2009 Q7]
14. In Diagram, AOBC is a semicircle with centre O and radius 4 cm. APD is a
sector of a circle with centre P and radius 6 cm. It is given that OC is
perpendicular to AOB. [Use 𝜋 = 3.142] Calculate
(a) the value of 𝜃, in radians. [Answer correct to 3 decimal places]
(b) the perimeter, in cm, of the shaded region.
(c) the area, in cm2 , of the shaded region.
Ans: (a) 1.107 rad (b) 14.453 cm (c) 3.360 cm2 [SPM 2011 P2 Q9]
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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 7a (Arc length and Area of sector)

1. Find the arc lengths, perimeter and area of the following sectors (correct to 2 decimal places)
(a) Radius 9 cm, Angle at centre 120° (b) Radius 4cm, Angle at centre 0.35 radians.
[Ans:(a)18.85 cm, 36.85 cm, 84.82 cm2 (b)1.4 cm, 9.4 cm, 2.8 cm2]

2. In the diagram of a circle centre O, the arc length is 𝑙 and the area of the shaded area is 𝑆
a) Find 𝜃 when 𝑟 = 6 cm and 𝑆 = 5𝜋 cm
2
b) Find 𝑟 when 𝜃 = 3 𝜋 rad and 𝑆 = 130 cm
5𝜋
[Ans: a) rad b)11.14 cm ]
18

3. OPQ is a sector of a circle with centre O. Given the ∠POQ = 0.8 rad and the perimeter of the sector is
42 cm, calculate the area of the sector. Ans: 90 cm2 [2017 Q8]

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4. ̂ = 𝜋 cm, find the area
OPQR is a quarter of a circle, and ∆OQP is an equilateral triangle. Given that PQ
3
of the shaded region. Ans: 4 𝜋 cm2 [2016 Q8]

5. If OAB and OCD is two sector with centre O, the radius of them are 20cm and 10cm respectively. If the
area of the sector OAB is 40𝜋 cm2 , find the perimeter of the shaded region.
Ans: (20 + 6𝜋)cm [2012 MCQ11]

6. Circle with radius 4cm, AOD and COD is straight line. If the sector OAB with angle at centre 1.5
radians, radius 2cm, find the area of the shaded region.
Ans: (16𝜋 − 15)cm2 [2013 MCQ9]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 7b (Area of segment)

1. Find the area of the segments into which a circle, radius 8cm, is divided by a chord of length 12cm.
[Ans: 22.5 cm2, 178.48cm2]

2. Tangents TA, TB are drawn from a point T to a circle, centre O, radius 10cm. If OT=15cm, find (a) the
length of the minor arc AB; (b) the area of the minor segment AB. [Ans: 16.8cm, 34.4 cm2]

3. A, P, B and C are four points lies on the circle with centre O, and ∆ABC is an
equilateral triangle, AC = 12 cm. Find the area of the shaded region.
Ans: (16𝜋 − 12√3)cm2 [2015 MCQ10]

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4. Diagram shows a sector BAC with centre A and sector AOB with centre O. It is
given that OA = 17 cm and AB = 8.8 cm.[Use 𝜋 = 3.142] Find
(a) ∠OAB , in radians [Answer correct to 3 decimal places]
(b) the perimeter, in cm, of sector BAC.
(c) the area, in cm2 , of the shaded region.
Ans: (a) 1.309 rad (b) 29.119 cm (c) 54.117 cm2 [SPM 2016 P2 Q7]

5. Fig shows a sector OADB centered at O. ACB is a semi-circle with diameter

AB. Given that 𝑂𝐵 = 4 and ∠𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 1.75 rad. Find
(a) The length of straight-line AB;
(b) The area of shaded region. (Give your answers correct to 0.01)
Ans: 6.14, 8.67 [UEC2021 Q3]

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 Chapter 8 Angles of any magnitude
Right-angled Triangle Reciprocal Identities Quotient Identities Complementary angle
1
Opposite side cosec A = sin 𝐴 identities
sin 𝐴 = sin 𝐴 tan 𝐴 =
Hypotenuse cos 𝐴 sin(90° − 𝐴) = cos 𝐴
1
Adjacent side sec 𝐴 = cos 𝐴 tan(90° − 𝐴) = tan 𝐴
cos 𝐴 = cos 𝐴 cot 𝐴 =
Hypotenuse sin 𝐴
sec(90° − 𝐴) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝐴
1
Opposite side cot 𝐴 =
tan 𝐴 = tan 𝐴
Adjacent side

Special angle Sign of Trigo

Definition in rectangular coordinates Negative angle

𝑦 𝑟
sin 𝜃 = cosec 𝜃 = 𝑦 sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃
𝑟
𝑥 𝑟
cos 𝜃 = 𝑟 sec 𝜃 = 𝑥 cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃
𝑦 𝑥
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 cot 𝜃 = 𝑦 tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃

Induction formula
奇变偶不变 符号看象限

Graph of trigonometric function

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UEC and other Questions
1. Determine the quadrant when the terminal side of the angle 𝜃 lies according to the following conditions:
sin 𝜃
a) sin 𝜃 > 0 and cos 𝜃 < 0 b) sec 𝜃 < 0 and tan 𝜃 > 0 c) cot 𝜃 > 0 d) sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 > 0
Ans: a) 2nd quadrant b) 3rd quadrant c) 1st or 4th quadrants d) 1st or 3rd quadrants
2. State an equivalent expression in terms of related acute angle for each angle
23 59
a) cosec 186° b) cot −505° c) sin 7.6𝜋 d) tan(− 𝜋) e) sec 940° f) cos(− 17 𝜋)
4
𝜋 8
Ans: a) −cosec 6° b) cot 35° c) − sin 0.4𝜋 d) tan( 4 ) e) − sec 40° f) −cos(17 𝜋)
1 2√2 √2
3. If sin 𝛼 = − 3 , 180° < 𝛼 < 270°, find cos 𝛼 and tan 𝛼. Ans:− , 4
3
3 −3√5 −2√5
4. If sec α = 2 , tan α < 0, find cosec α and cot α. Ans: ,
5 5
5. Without using calculator, determine the values of the following trigonometric functions.
5π 17π 13π
(a) sin(−210°) (b) cos 300 ° (c) tan 150 (d) cot(− ) (e) sec(− ) (f) cosec
4 6 4
1 1 √3 −2√3
Ans: a) 2 b) 2 c) −3 d) −1 e) f) −√2
3
6. Without using calculator, calculate the value of each of the following
a) sin 135° + cos 225° + sec 180° + cosec 90°
b) 2 sin 0° + 3 cos 0° + 2 tan 0° + cot 90° + 2 sec 180° + cosec 270°
𝜋 3𝜋 7𝜋
c) sin 2𝜋 + cos 2 + sec 𝜋 + cosec 2 + tan 4
7𝜋 9𝜋 25𝜋 9𝜋
d) 5 sin + 3 tan − 7 cos − 2 sin
3 4 6 2
Ans: a) 0 b) 0 c) −3 d) 1 − √3
3+𝑘 2
7. If √3 cot 𝜃 = 𝑘, where 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 < 2𝜋, find cosec 𝜃. Ans:−√ [2012 Q11]
3
2√5
8. If sin 𝜃 + 2 cos 𝜃 = 0, where 180° < 𝜃 < 360°, find sin 𝜃. Ans:− [2013 Q11]
5
1 √5 38
9. Given that cot 𝜃 = √𝑡 2 , where 𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. If sin 𝜃 = − , find the value of t. Ans:±√11 [2016 Q8]
−3 4
√3 11
10. If cot 𝛼 = , find the value of sec 2 𝛼 + tan2 𝛼. Ans: 3 [2013 Q8]
2
𝑘
11. If 𝛼 is an angle in second quadrant and tan 𝛼 = 𝑘, find sin(𝜋 − 𝛼). Ans:− √1+𝑘 2 [2019 Q12]
𝑏 𝑏
12. Given that tan 40° = 𝑎, 𝑎, 𝑏 > 0. Express sin 2020° in terms of a and b. Ans:− √𝑎2 [2020 Q13]
+𝑏 2
cot(−𝛼−𝜋) sin(𝜋+𝛼)
13. Prove that = cot 𝛼
cos(−𝛼) tan(2𝜋+𝛼)
sin 𝑥+cos 𝑥 5
14. Given that tan 𝑥 = 4, find the value of sin 𝑥−cos 𝑥 without using calculator. [ans:3][2018Q8b]

15. If A, B and C are interior angles of triangle ABC, prove that

a. sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) = sin 𝐶
b. cos(𝐵 + 𝐶) = − cos 𝐴
c. tan(𝐴 + 𝐶) = − tan 𝐵

16. If 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°,Solve the following equations,

a. sin 𝜃 = 0.5 Ans:30°, 150°
b. cos 𝜃 = 0.766 Ans:40°, 320°
c. tan 𝜃 = 1.5 Ans:56°19′, 236°19′
d. sin 𝜃 = −0.5 Ans:210°, 330°
e. cos 𝜃 = −0.663 Ans:131°35′, 228°25′
f. tan 𝜃 = −1.732 Ans:120°, 300°

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 8a (Angle of any magnitude)

1. The following points are on the terminal side of an angle 𝛼. Find sin 𝛼 , sec 𝛼 and tan 𝛼.
a) (−8,6) b) (√3, −1)
3 5 3 1 2 √3
Ans: a) sin 𝛼 = 5 , sec 𝛼 = − 4 , tan 𝛼 = − 4 b) sin 𝛼 = − 2 , sec 𝛼 = 3 √3 , tan 𝛼 = − 3

8 15 17
2. If tan θ = 15 , θ lies on third quadrant. Find cos θ and cosec θ. Ans:− 17 , − 8

13 −12 12
3. If cosec 𝐴 = − 12 , sec 𝐴 < 0, find sin 𝐴 and tan 𝐴. Ans: ,
13 5

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 √29 5
4. If sec 𝜃 = ,where 𝜋 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋, find the value of cos 𝜃 cosec 𝜃. Ans:− 2 [2011 Q11]
5

−𝑎
5. If 90° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 180° and si𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑎. Find the value of ta𝑛 𝜃. Ans: √1−𝑎2 [2014 Q11]

𝑘 −𝑘
6. If sin 𝜃 = 3 and 𝜃 lies in third quadrant. Find the value of tan 𝜃. Ans:√9−𝑘 2 [2015 Q9]

𝑎 𝑏
7. If tan 𝜃 = 𝑏 , 𝑏 < 0 and 𝜃 lies in second quadrant. Find the value of cos 𝜃. Ans:√𝑎2 [2017 Q12]
+𝑏 2

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 8b (Angle of any magnitude)

1. Simplify the following trigonometric function.
7𝜋
(a) sin(450° − θ) (b) cos(𝜃 − 270°) (c) cosec ( 2 − 𝜃) (d) sec(−450° + 𝜃) (e) cot(−5𝜋 − 𝜃)

Ans: a) cos 𝜃 b) − sin 𝜃 c) − sec 𝜃 d) cosec 𝜃 e)− cot 𝜃

2. If cos(−100°) = 𝑘, find sin 10°. Ans:−𝑘[2003 Q9]

3𝜋 3 3
3. If sin ( 2 + 𝜃) = 5, find the value of cos(2𝜋 + 𝜃) Ans:− 5 [2004 Q9]

−𝑘
4. If tan 65° = 𝑘, find sin 245° Ans:√1+𝑘 2 [2012 Q11]

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 3𝜋 1
5. If cosec 𝐴 = 𝑎, find sin2 ( 2 − 𝐴). Ans:1 − 𝑎2 [2011 Q9]

3𝜋 −1
6. If sin ( 2 + 𝐴) = 2𝑎, find sec(2𝜋 + 𝐴). Ans: 2𝑎 [2012 Q12]

5𝜋
7. If 𝜃 lies in second quadrant and cos 𝜃 = 𝑎, find cos (𝜃 + ). Ans:−√1 − 𝑎2 [2014 Q9]
2

𝑘
8. Given that cos(−110°) = 𝑘, find cot 1150°. Ans:− √1−𝑘 2[2019 Q1]

𝜋 3
9. Given that sin(𝜋 − 𝑥) = 𝑘, 𝑥𝜖 (0, 2 ). Find tan (2 𝜋 − 𝑥) sin(2𝜋 − 𝑥). Ans:−√1 − 𝑘 2 [2022 Q10]

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 Chapter 9 Solution of Triangles
Sine Rule
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 𝑎: b: c = sin A : sin B : sin C
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴

Cosine Rule
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 𝑏 2 +𝑐 2 −𝑎2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐴 = 2𝑏𝑐
𝑏 2 = 𝑐 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐵 =
𝑐 2 +𝑎2 −𝑏 2
2𝑐𝑎

𝑎2 +𝑏 2 −𝑐 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝐶 =
2𝑎𝑏

Area of triangle
(Given 2 sides + 1 angle included) Heron's Formula (Given 3 sides)
1 1 1 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 = 2 𝑏𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 2 𝑎𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐) , where 𝑠 = 2

Radius of circumscribed circle Radius of inscribed circle

𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 = 2𝑅 𝑟= 𝑠
, where 𝑠 = 2

Angle of elevation and depression Angle between line and planes

The angle between the line and its projection into this plane

Angle between two planes

The angle between lines in each plane that are perpendicular to
the line formed by the intersection

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Chapter 9 Problem in 3 Dimensions
1. Find the length of the diagonal of a cube of side 12cm. Find also
a. The angle made by diagonal with an adjacent face
b. The angle between diagonal and an adjacent edge
[Ans: 35°16′ , 54°44′]

2. ABCDPQRS is a rectangular block(cuboid), fixed with the base

ABCD horizontal. Length is 12cm, width is 8cm, and height is
6cm. X is the middle point of PS. Find the length BX, CX and
the angle between them. Also find
a. The inclination of BX and CX to the horizon.
b. Angle between the line BX and the plane PQAB
c. Angle between the plane XBC and the horizon.
d. Angle between the plane PRCA and the plane SRCD.
[Ans:14cm,33°12′ , 25°22′,16°36′,26°34′,33°41′]

3. The lid of a desk is 96cm long and 54cm wide. It slopes at 32° to the
horizon with its length horizontal. Find the inclination of its diagonal
to the horizon. [Ans:15°3′] (triangular prism)

4. A regular pyramid OABCD has a square base ABCD. O is

vertically above the centre of the square ABCD. If AB=8cm and
OA=12cm, find
a. the height of the pyramid;
b. the inclination of OA to the base ABCD;
c. the angle between a sloping face and the base;
d. the angle between adjacent sloping faces.
e. the angle between opposite sloping faces.
[Ans: 10.58𝑐𝑚, 61°51′ , 69°17′ , 97°10′ , 41°25′]

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5. The legs of a tripod are 1m long. The upper ends of the legs meet in a point
and the feet are at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 50cm. Find
the height of the tripod and the inclination of a leg to the ground.[Ans:
95.7𝑐𝑚, 73°13] (tetrahedron)(triangular pyramid)

6. The legs of a tripod OP, OQ, OR are 25cm in length, and they are opened
so that P,Q,R are on a horizontal plane with PQ=PR=12cm and
QR=9cm. Find the height of the tripod and the inclinations of the legs
to the horizon.
[Ans: 24.15𝑐𝑚, 75°]

7. A and B are two points on a horizontal plane and C is a point 250m

above the plane. A is due south, and B is south-west of C; the angles of
depression of A and B from C are 22° and 12°respectively. Find the
distance AB and the bearing of A from B. [Ans:858𝑚, 75.64°]

8. A point B is due west of A and AB=80m. A tower which stands on

the same horizontal plane as A and C is due south of A. The angles
of elevation of top of the tower from A, B are 32°30’ and 19°22’
respectively. Find the height of the tower. [Ans:33.7m]

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UEC and other Questions
1. Solve the following triangles (angles correct to minutes, sides correct to 2 decimal places)
a. 𝑏 = 13cm, 𝑐 = 16cm, B = 50° Ans: A = 59°28′, C = 70°32′, 𝑎 = 14.62cm or
A = 20°32′, C = 109°28′, 𝑎 = 5.95cm
b. 𝑏 = 11cm, 𝑎 = 25cm, B = 30° Ans: No solution
2. The sides of a parallelogram are 60cm and 45𝑐𝑚, the shorter diagonal is 30𝑐𝑚. Find the length of the
other diagonal. Ans:101.73 cm
3. In the parallelogram PQRS, the diagonal 𝑃𝑅 = 66𝑐𝑚, ∠𝑆𝑃𝑅 = 42°, ∠𝑄𝑃𝑅 = 51°. Find the length of the
diagonal QS. Ans: 69.5cm [2019Q1(a)]
4. In ∆ABC, M is the midpoint of AC. Given that AB=5, BC=7, AC=8, find the length of the median BM.
Ans: √21[2019 Q4]
5. In fig. , AD is the bisector of ∠A. Given that AB = 4cm, ∠BAC = 80° and
∠C = 30°, find the length of CD. Ans:5.14cm [2016 Q4]

6. Find the smallest angle of the triangle whose sides are in the ratio 2: 3: 4. Ans: 60°
7. Given that in ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶, (sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐵): (sin 𝐵 + sin 𝐶): (sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐴) = 6: 4: 5. Find the angle A.
Ans: 21.79° [2021 2a]
8. In ∆ABC, If A: B: C = 1: 2: 3, find 𝑎: 𝑏: 𝑐. Ans:1: √3: 2 [1985Q6]
9. In ∆ABC, (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑏 + 𝑐 − 𝑎) = (√2 + 2)𝑏𝑐, find the values of A. Ans:45°[2013Q4]
10. Given that in ∆ABC, (𝑎 + 𝑐)(sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐶) = 𝑏(sin 𝐵 − sin 𝐶). Find ∠𝐴. Ans:60° [2020 Q1b]
11. The perimeter of ∆ABC is 40𝑐𝑚, If A: B: C = 1: 2: 6, find 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. Ans: 7.39,13.89,18.72
12. In ∆ABC, If 𝑏 + 𝑐: 𝑐 + 𝑎: 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 7: 8: 9, find sin A : sin B : sin C. Ans:5: 4: 3 [2009Q10]
3
13. Find the area of the triangle 𝑐 = 2, 𝑎 = 1, cos 𝐵 = 5 Ans:0.80𝑐𝑚2[2018Q8a]

14. A 100cm long wire is bent to form a sector AOB with radius 35cm. Find the area of ∆AOB.
Ans: 463.03 𝑐𝑚2 [UEC2020 Q11]
15. Given that the centre of the circumcircle of ∆ABC is O, and the radius is 10cm. If the ratio of the central
angles is 3: 3: 2. Find the area of ∆ABC. Ans: 50(1 + √2)cm2 [2012Q2]

16. In ∆ABC, 6𝑏 + 𝑐: 3𝑏 + 𝑎: 2𝑐 − 𝑎 = 4: 2: 1. If the area of ∆ABC is 8√14 , find the values of 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐 .
Ans:𝑎 = 6, 𝑏 = 10, 𝑐 = 12[2007Q2a]
7
17. Given that the perimeter of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 is 9, 𝐵𝐶 = 2 and cos 𝐴 = 8 . Find

(i) the lengths of the remaining two sides; (ii) the area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶. [Ans: (i) 4,3 (ii) 2.9] [2022 1a]
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
18. In ∆ABC, if sin 𝐴+sin 𝐵+sin 𝐶 = 6, find the radius of the circumcircle of ∆ABC. Ans:3 [2018 Q9]

19. In ∆ABC, BC = 1cm, sin A and sin B is the roots of equation 8𝑥 2 − 4√3𝑥 + 1 = 0, sin A < sin B. Find
the radius of the circumcircle ∆ABC. Ans:(√3 + 1)cm [2010Q9]
Page 90 of 188
20. In ∆ABC, AB = 8cm, BC = 5cm andB = 60° . Find the radius of the inscribed circle. Ans:√3cm[2008
Q20]
21. A tower, 50m high, stands on the top of a mound. From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of
the top and bottom of the tower are 74°30′ and 43°30′ respectively. Find the height of the mound.
Ans:17.86m
22. A tower subtends an angle 𝛼 at a point on the same level as the foot of the tower, and at a second point,
ℎ m above the first, the angle of depression on the foot of the tower is 𝛽. Prove that the height of the tower
is ℎ tan 𝛼 cot 𝛽.
23. From a point A on a ground, Kumar measures angle of elevation of
the top T of a flagpole to be 60°. He walks backward horizontally
by 10m to a point B, where the angle of elevation of T is measured
to be 45°. How much farther must he walk backward from B to get
a 30° angle of elevation of T?
Ans: 10√3[2020𝑄8𝑐]

24. As shown in Fig. A, B, C represent a school, DONGZONG and a food

court respectively. During a fund raising walk, Xiao Hua walks from A to
B, 4km away on a bearing of 120°. Then, he walks from B to C, on a
bearing of 340°, which is 5km away from B.
(a) Find the distance between A and C.
(b) Find the bearing of B from C.
(c) A rest station D is set on the path BC and is nearest to A, find the
distance between A and D.
(d) A helicopter H is hovering at an altitude of 3000m vertically above A. Find the angle of elevation of
the helicopter from B.
(e) A health officer wants to sanitize the region within the circumscribed circle of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶. Find the radius
of the sanitized region. (Correct your answers to 0.01)
Ans: 3.22𝑘𝑚, 160°, 2.57𝑘𝑚, 36.87°, 2.50𝑘𝑚 [UEC 2021 Q8]

25. ABCDSPQR is a cuboid box with length 20cm, width 12cm and height
18cm. MNRS is a square mirror placed in the box at an angle. When the
mirror is completely inside the box, find the largest angle between the
mirror and the base of the box. Ans:64.16° [2021 Q9]

Page 91 of 188
26. The figure shows a right rectangular pyramid VABCD whose base ABCD is 4 m long
and 3 m wide. If the lateral edge VA and the base form a 60° angle, find
(i) The height of the pyramid; (Give your answer correct to two decimal places.)
(ii)The angle between the planes VAB and VCD.(Give your answer correct to 1°)
ans: (i)4.33m ii) 50° [UEC2012 Q1c]

27. The right pyramid VABCD in figure represents the famous landmark in Paris, the Louvre Pyramid. The
base ABCD is a square with side length 34m, M is the intersection of AC
and BD, the height of the pyramid 𝑉𝑀 = 21.6𝑚. Find
(a) The length of the lateral edge VA;
(b) The area of the triangular lateral face VAB;
(c) The angle between the two adjacent lateral faces VAB and VBC.
(Give all your answers correct to two decimal places)
Ans: 32.32,467.29,112.49° [2018 Q1]

28. Fig. 2 shows a right pyramid, its base is a regular hexagon ABCDEF centred at
O and having sides length of 10cm. Given that VA=13cm, find the angle
between the planes VAB and VBC. Ans:139.5° [2020 Q2b]
Q
29. As shown in Fig, the regular hexagonal prism had edge 𝑎 and height 2𝑎.
Find the angle between the line segment 𝑃𝑄 and the base. Ans: 49.1°
[2022 Q9]

P
30. As shown in Fig 1, A, B, C are 3 points on the ground lying on the same line. Q is another point on the
ground not on the same line as A , B , C ,if a vertical wooded pole of length h m is erected at Q , then the
angles of elevation measured form A, B, C to the top of the pole P are 30°, 60°, 45°respectively.
Given that AB = 1 m ,BC = 2 m,
(i)express AQ , BQ and CQ in terms of h.
(ii)hence, using the cosine rule or other methods, find the value of h. Ans: i)AQ =
1
√3h , BQ = √3 h , CQ = h (ii) 1 [UEC2010Q2a]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 9a (Sine and Cosine rule)

1. Solve the following triangles (angles correct to minutes, sides correct to 2 decimal places)
a. 𝑐 = 8.65cm, A = 60°, B = 36° Ans: C = 84°, 𝑎 = 7.53cm, 𝑏 = 5.11cm

b. 𝑎 = 60cm, 𝑐 = 50cm, A = 38° Ans: B = 111°8′, C = 30°52′ , 𝑏 = 90.90 cm

c. 𝑎 = 32cm, 𝑐 = 27cm, C = 52° Ans: A = 69°3′, B = 58°57′, 𝑏 = 29.35cm or

A = 110°57′, B = 17°3′, 𝑏 = 10.05cm

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 d. 𝑏 = 3 cm, 𝑐 = 8cm, A = 60° Ans: B = 21°47′ , C = 98°13′, 𝑎 = 7cm

e. 𝑎 = 2.73cm, 𝑏 = 3.7cm, 𝑐 = 4.3cm Ans: A = 39°, B = 58°32′, C = 82°28′

2. A diagonal of parallelogram is 76cm, the angle included between this diagonal and two sides are 40° and
52°. Find the sides of the parallelogram. Ans:48.88 cm, 59.93 cm

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 9b (Sine and Cosine rule)

1. Find the largest angle of the triangle whose sides are 3m, 4m, 6m. Ans: 117°17′

2. Find the shortest altitude of the triangle whose sides are 6cm, 7cm, 8cm. Ans: 5.08cm2

3. In ∆ABC, If a: b: c = √3 + 1: 2: √2, find the smallest interior angle of this triangle. Ans:30° [2020Q12]

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 1
4. In ∆ABC, sin 𝐴 : sin 𝐵 : sin 𝐶 = 7: 3: 5, find the cosine value of its largest angle. Ans:− 2[2016 Q9]

5. In ∆ABC, If 𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 0, 3𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑐 = 0, find sin A : sin B Ans:3: 5[2010Q9]

6. In ∆ABC, (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)(𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐) = 𝑎𝑏, find the values of C. Ans:120°[2008Q8b]

7. Given that in ∆ABC, 2 sin 𝐵 = sin 𝐴 + sin 𝐶 and 𝑎 + 𝑐 = 40. Find b. Ans:20 [2019 Q11]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 9c (Area of triangle + Radius of circle )

1. Find the area of the following triangle (answer correct to 2 decimal places)
(a)𝑏 = 7cm, 𝑐 = 4cm, A = 60° Ans: 12.12cm2 (b) 𝑎 = 8cm, 𝑏 = 9cm, B = 75° Ans: 25.83cm2

(c) 𝑐 = 7cm, A = 55°, C = 50° Ans: 25.31cm2 (d) 𝑎 = 3cm, 𝑏 = 8cm, 𝑐 = 10cm Ans: 9.92cm2

2. The area of ∆ABC is 6 cm2 , If AB = 3cm, AC = 5cm, find BC. Ans:4,2√13[2006Q6]

3. The length of legs of an isosceles triangle is 2𝑐𝑚, area is 1𝑐𝑚2 , find the vertex angle and the length of
base of the triangle. Ans:30°, 1.04𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑟 150°, 3.86𝑐𝑚

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4. If the lengths of sides of triangle are 6,8,10, find the radius of the circumscribed circle. Ans:5 [1977Q9]

5. In ∆ABC, AC = 6 cm, AB = 5cm and A = 45°. Find the radius of the circumscribed circle of ∆ABC.
Ans:3.05 cm[2017 Q9]

6. If the lengths of sides of triangle are 5,7,8, find the radius of the inscribed circle. Ans:√3 [2014Q1]

2√21
7. In ∆ABC, 𝑎 = 𝑏 = 5, 𝑐 = 4, find the radius of the inscribed circle. Ans: [2018Q11]
7

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 9d (Angle of elevation and Depression )

1. As shown in Fig., A and B are two points on the ground at the same side of a
tall building CD. These two points are 500m apart and form a straight line with
the building. The angles of elevation from A and B to the top of the building
are 32° and 66° respectively. Calculate the height of the building. (Give your
answer correct to the nearest m.) Ans: 433m [UEC2016 Q1a]

2. Point A, B and bottom of tower lies on the straight line on the ground, the angles
of elevation of the top of Leaning Tower of Pisa are 80° and 72°. The length
between point A and the bottom of tower is 15.27 m, AB = 8.32 m. Find the
height and inclination angle of the tower. Ans: 56.26 m, 5°33′

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3. As shown in Fig., the distance between a telecommunication tower and
an apartment is 150m. From the rooftop of the apartment, the angle of
elevation to the top of the telecommunication tower is 17°, and the angle
of depression to the base of the telecommunication tower is 11°. Find the
height of the telecommunication tower.
Ans: 75m [UEC2019Q2]

4. As shown in Fig, a telecommunication tower

is built on a slope that makes a 19° angle to
the ground level. After walking 120m uphill
along the slope from the base, the top of the
tower measures an angle of depression of 7°.
Find the height of the tower.
Ans: 25.1m [UEC2022 Q2]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 9e (Problems in 3D )
1. The figure shows a cuboid. T is a point on PQ. Given that PT = 2cm ,
TQ = 3cm, QR = 3cm and CR = 4cm
(a) Find the angle between the line DT and the plane PQRS
(b) Find the angle between the plane TDC and the plane CDSR. (Give all your answer correct to 0.01°)
Ans: (a)47.97° (b)36.87° [2016. No. 2]

2. The figure shows a right-angled triangular pyramid, its base BCD is a right-angled isosceles triangle,
BD = CD , M is the midpoint of BC. Given that AD = 17 cm, BC = 10 cm , find (UEC2012Q3)
(a) the length of MD
(b) the angle between the plane ABC and the base BCD.
(Give your answer correct to the nearest degree) ans: (a) 5 (b)74°

3. The figure shows a regular pyramid of height 12 cm. Its base is a square of side length 10 cm. Find the
angle between the slanted VAB and the base ABCD with answer correct to 1° .
Ans: 67°[2013 Q10]

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4. Fig. shows a pyramid. The base ABCD is a rectangle, the point V is right on
top of the point O. Given that AB = 24cm, BC = 18cm, VA = 17cm, find
(a) the height of the pyramid;
(b) the angle between VA and the plane ABCD.
Ans: 8cm, 28.07° [2017 Q2]

5. As shown in Figure, the base of a tetrahedron is an equilateral triangle with AB = BC = CA = 2a . The

length of the slanted edges is VA = VB = VC = 3a . Determine the angle between the face VAB and the
base ABC.
Ans: 78.22° [UEC2010 Q13]

6. As shown in the figure, the angle of the elevation from a point A on the ground to the top of an observation
tower, which is located north of A, is 45°. If the angle of depression from the top of the tower to the point B,
which is 400 m east of point A, is 30° , find the height of the tower. (give your answer correct to two
decimal places ) Ans: 282.84 m[UEC2011 Q2c]

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 Chapter 10 Trigonometric Function

Fundamental identities

sin2 𝜃 + cos 2 𝜃 = 1
tan2 𝜃 + 1 = sec 2 𝜃
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = cosec 2 𝜃

Sum and Difference of angles Double angles

sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 2𝐴 = 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴
cos 2A = cos2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴
cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
= 2 cos2 A − 1
tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵 = 1 − 2sin2 A
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = 2 tan A
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
tan 2A =
1 − tan2 𝐴

Product to Sum identities Sum to Product identities

1 𝑆+𝑇 𝑆−𝑇
sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)] sin 𝑆 + sin 𝑇 = 2 sin cos
2 2 2
1 𝑆+𝑇 𝑆−𝑇
cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = [sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)] sin 𝑆 − sin 𝑇 = 2 cos sin
2 2 2
1 𝑆+𝑇 𝑆−𝑇
cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)] cos 𝑆 + cos 𝑇 = 2 cos cos
2 2 2
1 𝑆+𝑇 𝑆−𝑇
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = − [cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)] cos 𝑆 − cos 𝑇 = −2 sin sin
2 2 2

R formula
𝑎 sin 𝑥 ± 𝑏 cos 𝑥 = 𝑅 sin(𝑥 ± 𝛼)
𝑎 cos 𝑥 ± 𝑏 sin 𝑥 = 𝑅 cos(𝑥 ∓ 𝛼)
𝑏
where 𝑅 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 , 𝛼 = tan−1 𝑎

General Solution of trigonometric function

sin 𝜃 = 𝑘 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)𝑛 sin−1 𝑘 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
cos 𝜃 = 𝑘 𝜃 = 2𝑛𝜋 ± cos−1 𝑘 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
tan 𝜃 = 𝑘 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜋 + tan−1 𝑘 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

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UEC and other Questions
1
1. Simplify (sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃)(sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃). Hence, if sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃 = 3, find sec 𝜃 − tan 𝜃. Ans: 3
2. Prove the following identities:
a. (1 + tan 𝐴 + sec 𝐴)2 = 2(1 + sec 𝐴)(sec 𝐴 + tan 𝐴). [UEC 2006 Q8]
1+cos 𝜃
b. (cot 𝜃 + cosec 𝜃)2 = 1−cos 𝜃 [UEC 2020 Q8]
sin 𝜃 1+cos 𝜃
3. Simplify 1+cos 𝜃 + Ans: 2 cosec 𝜃 [2007 Q10]
sin 𝜃

4. If 270° < 𝜃 < 360°, simplify √1 − 2 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃. Ans: cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 [2011 Q11]
𝜋 𝜋 2 √5
5. Given that 4 < 𝛼 < and sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 = 9, find the value of cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼. Ans:− [2018 Q10]
2 3
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 1
6. Given that 1+sin 𝑥 = 2, find the value of 1−sin 𝑥. Ans:2 [2014 Q1]
1 3𝜋 7
7. Given that sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 = 5, 𝜋 < 𝑥 < , find the values of sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥. Ans:− 5[2000 Q7]
2

8. Given that sin 𝐴 + cos 𝐴 = 𝛼, A is acute angle, find the following in terms of 𝛼
1
(a) sin 𝐴 cos 𝐴 Ans: 2 (𝛼 2 − 1)
1
(b) sin3 𝐴 + cos 3 𝐴 Ans:2 (3𝑎 − 𝑎3 )
1
(c) sin6 𝐴 + cos 6 𝐴 Ans:4 (1 + 6𝛼 2 − 3𝛼 4 )[2010 Q1]

9. Prove the following identities:

cos(30°−𝐴) sin(𝐴+30°)+cos(30°+𝐴) sin(𝐴−30°)
a. = 2 cos 𝐴 [UEC2020 Q1a]
sin 𝐴
sin(𝐴−𝐵) 5 𝜋
10. If = 7 and tan 𝐴 = 2, find the value of tan ( 2 + 𝐵). Ans: −3 [2004 Q9b]
sin(𝐴+𝐵)

11. Given tan 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 = 12 and cot 𝑥 + cot 𝑦 = 20, find tan(𝑥 + 𝑦). Ans: 30 [2015 Q1]
3 1 11
12. Given sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑦 = 4 and cos 𝑥 − cos 𝑦 = − 4, find cos(𝑥 − 𝑦). Ans: 16 [2019 Q2a]
3 117 44
13. If sin A = 5, A lies on 2nd quadrant, find the values of sin 3A ,cos 3A Ans: 125 , 125

14. Express sin 3𝑥 , cos 3𝑥 , tan 3𝑥 in terms of sin 𝑥.

3 tan 𝑥−tan3 𝑥
Ans:3 sin 𝑥 − 4 sin3 𝑥 , 4 cos 3 𝑥 − 3 cos 𝑥 , 1−3 tan2 𝑥
1
15. If sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 = 𝑎, find the value of cos 4𝛼. Ans: 1 − 2𝑎2 [2004 Q10]
2

16. If cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑎, cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑏, find the values of sin 2𝛼 sin 2𝛽. Ans: 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 [2010 Q10]
1 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 2 1
17. If sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 2, find the value of sin2 2 (cos 2 − sin 2) . Ans:16[2016 Q3]

18. In ∆ABC, prove that:

a. sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C = 4 sin A sin B sin C
A B C
b. sin A + sin B + sin C = 4 cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
A B C
c. cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 + 4 sin 2 sin 2 sin 2

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 d. tan A + tan B + tan C = tan A tan B tan C
√2
19. Prove that sin4 𝜃 + cos4 𝜃 = 1 − 2 sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃. Hence if cos 2𝜃 = , find the value of sin4 𝜃 +
3
11
cos 4 𝜃 without using a calculator. [ans:18][2014Q8a]
𝜋 5𝜋
20. Solve the equation 3 tan 𝑥 = 2 sin 2𝑥, where 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋. [ans:0, 𝜋, 6 , ][2014Q8c]
6
𝜋
21. Find the maximum value of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 cos ( 3 − 𝑥) − 2 cos 𝑥 − 3 [ans:−1][2014Q3]

22. Find the sum of all solutions of the equation 2 cos 2 𝑥 − 2 sin2 𝑥 = 1 in the interval 0° < 𝑥 < 360°
[ans:720°][2015Q11]
2 tan 𝐴 3𝜋 3
23. Prove that sin 2𝐴 = 1+tan2 𝐴. Given that < 𝜃 < 𝜋 and sin 2𝜃 = − 5. Find the value of tan 𝜃 without
4
1
using calculator. [ans:− 3][2015Q8a]
𝜃 2 𝜃 𝜃
24. If 𝑓 (tan2 2) = 1+cos 𝜃, find 𝑓 (sin 2) [ans:sin 2 + 1][2015Q2]
sin 𝐵 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵−sin 𝐶
25. If 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180° and 𝐴 ≠ 90°, prove that sin 𝐶 = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐶−sin 𝐵. [2015Q1b]
𝑥 𝜋 13
26. Given that 𝑦 = 4 − 5 sin (2 + 3 ) where −𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝜋, find the largest value of x. [ans: 2 ][2016Q10]

27. Prove that sin 𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 − 1)(1 + 2 cos 𝑥) = sin 3𝑥. [2016Q8a]
28. Solve the equation cos 2𝜃 + 3 sin 𝜃 + 1 = 0, where 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°. [ans:210°, 330°][2016Q8c]
𝜋 𝜋
29. If 𝑦 = 2 cos (2 + 𝜃) − cos 2 (2 − 𝜃) , 0° ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 360°, find the range of y. [ans: −3 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1][16 Q1]
sin 𝐴+sin 𝐵 𝐴+𝐵
30. Prove that = tan ; Hence, without using calculator by letting 𝐴 = 30° and taking a suitable
cos 𝐴+cos 𝐵 2

value for B, prove that tan 37.5° = √3 + √6 − √2 − 2. [2016 Q1b]

31. In ∆ABC, Given that tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + √3 = √3 tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵.
(i) Find ∠𝐶; (ii) If 𝑎 = 8 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 10, find b and c.
7
(iii) Find the radius of the circumcircle of ∆ABC. [ans:60°, 3,7, ][2016Q2a]
√3
𝑛𝜋
32. Find the general solution of the equation sin 5𝑥 = sin 𝑥 [ans:5−(−1)𝑛][2016Q2b]
3𝛼−4
33. Given that tan 𝐴 = 𝛼, tan 𝐵 = 2, find tan(𝐴 + 2𝐵) [ans:4𝛼+3][2017Q9]
sin 5𝜃
34. Prove that 4 cos 𝜃 cos 3𝜃 + 1 = . Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation
sin 𝜃
1 𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
35. cos 𝜃 cos 3𝜃 = − 2 , −𝜋 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋. [ans:± 4 , ± 3 , ± ,± ][2017Q1b]
3 4

36. Find the range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 sin2 𝑥 + 6 sin 𝑥 + 3. [ans:[−1,11]][2017Q2a]
7 7
37. If cos 𝜃 + sin 𝜃 = 5, find the value of cos 2𝜃. [ans:± 25][2018Q13]

38. Prove that cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 + cos 5𝜃 − cos 7𝜃 = 4 sin 4𝜃 cos 2𝜃 sin 𝜃 . Hence, or otherwise, find the
𝑛𝜋
general solution of the equation cos 𝜃 − cos 3𝜃 + cos 5𝜃 − cos 7𝜃 = 0. [ans: 4 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍][2018Q2]

39. How many solution(s) does the equation 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = cos 2𝜃 have on the interval [0,2𝜋][ans:3][19Q13]

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40. Solve the equation sin 4𝑥 + 3 sin 2𝑥 = 0, −180° < 𝑥 ≤ 180° [ans:−90°, 0°, 90°, 180°][2019Q8b]
𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2𝜋
41. Find the general solution of sin (3𝑥 + 6 ) = −1. [ans: − , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍][2019Q3]
3 9
1 1 3
42. Prove that 8 cos 4𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + 8 = cos4 𝑥.
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
43. Hence, or otherwise, solve the equation cos 4𝑥 + 4 cos 2𝑥 = −1, 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.[ans: 4 ][19Q1b]
4 4 4

44. Let √2 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 ≡ 𝑅 cos(𝜃 + 𝛼), where 𝑅 > 0 and 0° < 𝛼 < 180°. Find the values of R and 𝛼.
45. Hence, solve the equation 2 cos 𝜃 − √2 sin 𝜃 = √2, where 0° < 𝜃 < 360°
[ans:√3, 35.26°, 19.48°, 305.26°][2020Q8a]
2 tan 4𝜃 √3 𝑛𝜋 𝜋
46. Find the general solution of 1+tan2 4𝜃 = . [ans: 𝜃 = + (−1)𝑛 24 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 ][2020Q8]
2 8
𝛼+𝛽 𝑎
47. Given sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 = 𝑎, cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 𝑏 and 𝑎𝑏 ≠ 0, find tan . [ans:𝑏][2020Q9]
2
𝑥
48. How many solution(s) does the equation tan2 5 = 1 have on the interval [0,2𝜋]. [ans:1][2020Q10]

49. Given that in ∆ABC, (𝑎 + 𝑐)(sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐶) = 𝑏(sin 𝐵 − sin 𝐶). Find ∠𝐴.
3√3 1
When 𝑎 = 3, prove that the area of ∆ABC is [2 + cos(𝐵 − 𝐶)].
2

9√3
Hence, find the largest area of ∆ABC. [ans:60°, [2020 Q1b]
4

50. Find the obtuse angle between the lines √3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 11 and √3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 12 [ans:120°][2020Q9]
51. Given that the points 𝐴(0,2), 𝐵(0,5) and a variable point 𝑃(𝑥, 0) on the positive x-axis.
3𝑥
Let ∠𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 𝜃, prove that tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 2 +10. [UEC2020, Q11]
3 1 1 1 1 25
52. Given that sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 4, find 2 + 2 sin 2𝜃 + 4 sin2 2𝜃 + ⋯ + 2𝑛 sinn 2𝜃 + ⋯ [ans;78 , 2021𝑄11]
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
53. Find the general solution of the equation cos 2𝑥 cos 4𝑥 = cos 6𝑥 cos 8𝑥. [Ans: 4 , 10 , 2021 Q1a]
𝜋 𝜋 3
54. Show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝜃 + 6 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝜃 + 6 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 4.
3
Hence, find the value of 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 870 + 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 570 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 870 𝑐𝑜𝑠 330 . [Ans:2 , 2021 𝑄1𝑏]
1
55. Find the largest value of 2(sin 𝜃 cos3 𝜃 − sin3 𝜃 cos 𝜃). [ans:2 , 2021 Q11]
5𝜋
56. Given that 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = √3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 2 − 𝑥), find tan 𝑥. [ans: √3 − 1, 2021 Q13]
7
57. Given that 12 sin 𝐴 − 5 cos 𝐵 = 9, 12 cos 𝐴 + 5 sin 𝐵 = 2, find the value of sin(𝐴 − 𝐵). [Ans:10 ,22]

58. Show that 6 sin 𝐴 − 8 cos(𝐴 + 30°) = 10 sin 𝐴 − 4√3 cos 𝐴. Hence, find the general solution of
6 sin 𝐴 − 8 cos(𝐴 + 30°) = 1. [Ans: 180°𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 4.7° + 34.72°, 2022 𝑄2𝑏]
59. Solve the equation 0° < 𝜃 < 360°, 2 cos2 𝜃 + 3 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − 3 sin2 𝜃 = 1.
[ans: 45°,225°,165.96°, 345.96° 2022 Q8a]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 10a (Fundamental Identities )

5 12
1. Given cos 𝜃 = 13, find the possible values of sin 𝜃. Ans: ± 13

3 4
2. Given tan 𝜃 = 4, find the possible values of cos 𝜃. Ans: ± 5

3. Prove the following identities:

a. sin2 𝜃 − cos 2 𝜃 = 2 sin2 𝜃 − 1 b. (sin 𝜃 − cos 𝜃)2 = 1 − 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

c. sec 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜃 tan 𝜃 d. sec 2 𝜃 + cosec 2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 cosec 2 𝜃

Page 107 of 188

 e. sec 2 𝜃 + cosec 2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 cosec 2 𝜃 f. sin4 𝜃 − cos4 𝜃 = 2 sin2 𝜃 − 1

sin 𝐴+cot 𝐴 tan2 𝐴−cot2 𝐴

g. tan 𝐴+cosec 𝐴
= cos 𝐴 h. = sec 2 𝐴 cosec 2 𝐴
sin2 𝐴−cos2 𝐴

√3 11
4. If cot 𝛼 = , find the value of sec 2 𝛼 + tan2 𝛼. Ans: [2013 Q8]
2 3

tan 𝑥 tan 𝑥 1
5. Given that 1−sec 𝑥 = −5, find the value of 1+sec 𝑥. Ans:5 [2018 Q11]

Page 108 of 188

 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 10b (Sum and difference of angles)

1. Without using calculator, simplify the following
√6+√2 7𝜋
a. sin 105° Ans: (b) tan (− 12 ) Ans: 2 + √3
4

5 3
2. If tan 𝛼 = − 12 , cos 𝛽 = 5 , 𝛼 and 𝛽 lies on same quadrant. Find the value of
16 65
a. cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) b. cosec(𝛼 − 𝛽) Ans: ,
65 33

3. Prove the following identities:

sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) cos(𝛼 − 𝛽)
(𝑎) = tan 𝛼 − tan 𝛽 (𝑏) tan 𝛼 + cot 𝛽 =
cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽

(𝑐) cos 4𝛼 cos 𝛼 + sin 4𝛼 sin 𝛼 = cos 2𝛼 cos 𝛼 − sin 2𝛼 sin 𝛼 (𝑑)1 + tan 2𝛼 tan 𝛼 = sec 2𝛼

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 cos 2𝛼 sin 2𝛼 (𝑓) sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 2 𝛽 − cos2 𝛼
(𝑒) − = cos 3𝛼
sec 𝛼 cosec 𝛼

4. Find the angles between the following pairs of straight line

a. 2𝑦 − 𝑥 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 Ans: 8°8′ , 171°52′
b. 2𝑦 + 𝑥 − 3 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 Ans: 81°54′ , 98°6′

3 1 tan 𝛼 1
5. If cos(𝛼 + 𝛽) = 4 and sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = − 4, find the value of . Ans: − 2 [2004 Q2]
cot 𝛽

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 10c (Double angle)

4 24 25 24
1. If cos A = 5, 270° ≤ A ≤ 360°, find the values of sin 2A ,sec 2A and tan 2A. Ans: − 25 , ,−
7 7

2. Prove the following identities:

sin 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥
a. = cot 𝑥 b. = tan 𝑥
1−cos 2𝑥 1+sec 2𝑥

c. tan A + cot A = 2 cosec 2A sin 3A cos 3A

d. − =2
sin A cos A

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 cos A−sin A 1+sin 2A−cos 2A
e. = sec 2A − tan 2A f. = tan A
cos A+sin A 1+sin 2A+cos 2A

cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 2
3. If 𝜃 is acute angle and cos 2𝜃 = 6, find the value of sin 2𝜃. Ans:3 [2014 Q4]

1
4. If cos 2𝑥 = 𝑎, find the value of sin4 𝑥 + cos4 𝑥. Ans:2 (1 + 𝑎2 )[2007 Q2]

𝜋 3𝜋
5. Given that sin ( 2 + 𝜃) = 𝑘, find sin ( 2 + 2𝜃). Ans:1 − 2𝑘 2 [2018 Q8]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 10d (Half angle)

4 A A A 2√5 √5
1. If tan A = 3, 180° ≤ A ≤ 270°, find the values of sin 2 , cos 2 , tan 2 . Ans: ,− , −2
5 5

√6−√2
2. Without using calculator, prove that(a) tan 22.5° = √2 − 1 (b) sin 165° = 4

𝑥 7
3. If sin 𝑥 : sin 2 = 6: 5, find the values of cos 𝑥. Ans: − 25[2011 Q9]

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4. Prove the following identities:
1+cos A A 1+cos A A
a. = cot 2 b. = cot 2 2
sin A 1−cos A

sin
A
+sin A sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑥
c. 2
= tan
A d. ∙ 1+cos 𝑥 = tan 2
A 1+cos 2𝑥
1+cos +cos A 2
2

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 10e (Factor theorems)

1. Without using calculator, simplify the following
√3
a. sin 20° sin 40° sin 80° Ans: 𝑏. sin 20° + sin 40° − sin 80° Ans: 0
8

2. Prove the following identities:

7𝑥 3𝑥 cos 𝑥−cos 3𝑥
a. cos 2𝑥 cos 5𝑥 = cos2 − sin2 𝑏. sin 3𝑥−sin 𝑥 = tan 2𝑥
2 2

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3. In ∆ABC, prove that:
a. cos 2A + cos 2B + cos 2C = −1 − 4 cos A cos B cos C

1 1 24
4. If sin 𝛼 + sin 𝛽 = 4 , cos 𝛼 + cos 𝛽 = 3, find the value of tan(𝛼 + 𝛽). Ans: [2005 Q2a]
7

1 1 12
5. If sin 𝐴 − sin 𝐵 = 2 , cos 𝐴 − cos 𝐵 = − 3, find the value of sin(𝐴 + 𝐵). Ans: 13 [1990 Q2a]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 10f (R form)

1. Express 3 cos 𝑥 + √3 sin 𝑥 in the form 𝑅 cos(𝑥 − 𝛼). Also find the maximum and minimum value.
Ans: ±2√3

2. Express 5 cos 𝑥 − 12 sin 𝑥 in the form 𝑅 cos(𝑥 + 𝛼). Also find the maximum and minimum value.
Ans: ±13

3. Express √3 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥 in the form 𝑅 sin(𝑥 − 𝛼). Also find the maximum and minimum value.
Ans:±√19

4. Given that the largest value of 𝑦 = 3 sin 𝑥 + 𝑚 cos 𝑥 is 5, find all the possible values of m.
[ans: ±4, 2021 Q8]

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5. Given that 𝑦 = (3 sin 𝑥 − 4 cos 𝑥 + 6)2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋. Find the smallest value of y. [ans:1][2015Q4]

6. Let 3 sin 𝜃 − 4 cos 𝜃 ≡ 𝑅 sin(𝜃 − 𝛼), where 𝑅 > 0 and 0° < 𝛼 < 90°. Find the values of R and 𝛼.
1 1 1
Hence, find the range of 𝑔(𝜃) = 3 sin 𝜃−4 cos 𝜃−8 [ans:5,53.13°, [− 3 , − 13][2019Q2b]

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 10g (Trigonometric Equation)

If 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, solve the following equation
1 5𝜋 7𝜋 1 𝜋 7𝜋
1. sin 𝑥 = − Ans: 4 , 2. cos 𝑥 = Ans: 4 ,
√2 4 √2 4

2𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 4𝜋
3. tan 𝑥 = −√3 Ans: 3 , 4. 2 sin 𝑥 = √12 cos 𝑥 Ans: 3 ,
3 3

Page 119 of 188

 If 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 360°, solve the following equation
2𝑥
5. 2 sin =1 Ans:45°, 225° 6. 4 sin2 2𝑥 = 3
3
Ans:30°, 60°, 120°, 150°, 210°, 240°, 300°, 330°

1
7. cos(2𝑥 + 30°) = 2 Ans:15°, 135°, 195°, 315° 8. tan(60° − 𝑥) = 2 Ans:176°34′ , 356°34′

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 10h (Trigonometric Equation)

If 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋, solve the following equation
𝜋
1. cos2 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 + 2 = 0 Ans: 2 2. sin 2𝑥 − 2 tan 𝑥 = 0 Ans: 0, 𝜋

3. sin 3𝑥 + sin 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 4. cos 3𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 0

𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
Ans:0, 3 , 2 , 𝜋, , , 2𝜋 Ans: 4 , , 𝜋, ,
2 3 4 4 4

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 If −180° ≤ 𝑥 < 180°, solve the following equation
5. cot 2 𝑥 + cosec 2 𝑥 = 3 6. 12 sin2 𝑥 − 4 sin 𝑥 − 1 = 0
Ans: −135°, −45°, 45,135° Ans:−170°24′ , −9°36′ , 30°, 150°

7. 4 cos 𝑥 − 3 sin 𝑥 = 1 8. sin 2𝑥 − √3 cos 2𝑥 = 1

Ans:41.59°, −120.05° Ans:−135°, −75,45°, 105°

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 10i (General Solution of Trigonometric Equation)

Find the general solutions (express in radian) of the following equations

𝜋 3𝑥
1. √2 cos (3𝑥 + 6 ) − 1 = 0 2. 2 sin +1=0
4
2𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 4𝑛𝜋 2𝜋
Ans: ± 12 − 18 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 Ans: + (−1)𝑛+1 ,𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
3 3 9

𝑥 𝜋 𝑥 2𝜋
3. tan (4 + 3 ) = √3 Ans: 4𝑛𝜋, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 4. sin 𝑥 = sin 2 Ans: 2𝑛𝜋, 4𝑛𝜋 ± ,𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
3

Page 123 of 188

 (4𝑛+1)𝜋 (4𝑛−1)𝜋 6. 5 cos 2𝑥 + 8 sin 𝑥 = 3
5. cos 3𝑥 = sin 𝑥 Ans: , ,𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
8 4 𝜋
Ans: 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)𝑛+1 0.2014, 2𝑛𝜋 + 2 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍

7. 2 cos 2 𝑥 + √3 sin 𝑥 + 1 = 0 8. sin 5𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 = sin 8𝑥

𝑛+1 𝜋 𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋
Ans: 𝑛𝜋 + (−1) ,𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 Ans: , , ,𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
3 4 5 3

9. 3 sin 7𝑥 − 2 sin 4𝑥 + 3 sin 𝑥 = 0 10. √3 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = √3

𝑛𝜋 2𝑛𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Ans: , ± 0.4103, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍 Ans: 𝑛𝜋 + (−1)𝑛 3 − 6 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑍
4 3

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 Chapter 11 Differentiation
Differentiation from first principle
𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦 𝑓(𝑥+∆𝑥)−𝑓(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
= lim ; 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥

Basic differentiation rule

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
1. (𝑐) = 0 (c is constant) 4. 𝑑𝑥 (𝑢 ± 𝑣) = 𝑑𝑥 ± 𝑑𝑥 (u,v are functions)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 5. (𝑢𝑣) = 𝑢 +𝑣 (u,v are functions)
2. (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 , 𝑛 ∈ 𝑅 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 𝑢 𝑣 −𝑢
3. (𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐 (c is constant)(u is function) 6. ( ) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (u,v are functions)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2

Chain rule
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑑
= 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑔(𝑥))𝑔′(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Higher derivative
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑𝑛 𝑦
= 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) ; 𝑑𝑥 3 = 𝑓 ′′′ (𝑥); … = 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑛

Differentiation of trigonometric function

𝑑 𝑑
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 (cosec 𝑥) = − cosec 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥) = − cosec 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥

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UEC and other Questions
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. If 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 , show that 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0
1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 , verify that 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12𝑥 2

𝑥 = 𝑡2 + 𝑡 𝑑2 𝑦 6𝑡(𝑡+1)
3. Given that { 3 , find 𝑑𝑥 2 . [Ans: (2𝑡+1)3][UEC2014 Q15]
𝑦=𝑡
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
4. If 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2 , prove that 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2. (UEC math1 2007 Q12(b))
𝑑2 𝑦 (2𝑥+𝑦−1)(𝑦+1)
5. If 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 = 3 , prove that 𝑑𝑥 2 = (UEC math2 1986 Q12(a))
(𝑥+𝑦)3

𝑑2 𝑦 16
6. If 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 16, find 𝑑𝑥 2 at the point (5,3). Ans:− 27 (UEC math2 2016 Q18)
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑧
7. If + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 3 . Let 𝑧 = , show that − 2𝑧 = −2𝑥. (UEC math2 2019 Q11(a))
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 1 4+𝜋
8. Given that 𝑦 = 2+cos 𝑥, find the value of 𝑑𝑥 when 𝑥 = 0, 2 𝜋 and 𝜋. (Ans: 3 , , 1)
8
𝑑2 𝑟 𝜋 −7√2
9. If 𝑟 = sin 3𝑡 − 2 cos 𝑡, find the value of 𝑑𝑡 2 when 𝑡 = . (Ans: )
4 2
𝑑2 𝑦 1
10. If 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 = 2 cos 𝑥 , find the value of 𝑑𝑥 2 at the point (0,1). (Ans:− 2) (UEC 2007 math2 MCQ20)
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2 −1
11. If 𝑦 2 = 1 + sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 + (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑎𝑦 2 + 𝑏 = 0 , find the value of 𝑏. (Ans: ) (2012 m2 MCQ17)
2
𝜋
12. If the equation 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝜋 sin 𝑦 = 2𝜋 defines 𝑦 as a differentiable function of 𝑥. When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2 , find
𝑑𝑦 𝜋
the value of 𝑑𝑥 . (Ans:− 2 ) (UEC 2008 math2 MCQ5)
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
13. Given that 𝑥𝑦 = cos 𝑥, prove that 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 + 3 𝑑𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 (UEC 2016 math1 Q11c)
𝑥 = cos 𝑡 + 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑2 𝑦 1
14. Given that { , find 𝑑𝑥 2 . [Ans: 𝑡 cos3 𝑡 ][UEC2015 Q15]
𝑦 = sin 𝑡 − 𝑡 cos 𝑡
𝜋 𝑑𝑦 cos 𝑥
15. Given that cos 𝑦 = √sin 𝑥 , 0 < 𝑥 < 2 . Find 𝑑𝑥 [Ans: − 2√sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 [UEC2020 Q9b]

Page 126 of 188

 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 11a (Differentiation from first principle and Basic rule)

𝑑𝑦 ∆𝑦
1. Differentiate the following functions from first principle = lim .
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Hence, find the value of when 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥
1 1
a) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 (Ans: 2𝑥, 2) b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 (Ans: − 𝑥 2 , −1)

2. Find the first derivative of the following functions by using first principle
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = lim .
∆𝑥→0 ∆𝑥
Hence, find the value of 𝑓 ′ (1) and 𝑓 ′ (2).
1 2 1
a)𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (Ans: − 𝑥 3 ,-2, − 4)

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3. Find
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑 3
a) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 3 + ) b) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) c) 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + √𝑥 + √𝑥)
√𝑥

3
1 2 1 1
Ans: a)3𝑥 2 − 2 𝑥 −2 b)1 + 𝑥 3 c)1 + 2 + 3
√ 𝑥 3 √𝑥 2

𝑑𝑦
4. Find 𝑑𝑥 in each case.
3 1 1 3 1
a) 𝑦 = 4 𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 b) 𝑦 = 5 𝑥10 − 𝑥 c) 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2

1 3 2
Ans: a)3𝑥 3 − 5 b)2𝑥 9 + 𝑥 2 c)4𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 11b (Product and Quotient Rule )

𝑑𝑦
1. Find 𝑑𝑥 in each case.

a) 𝑦 = (2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 2) b) 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4)

c) 𝑦 = (3𝑥 2 + 1)(2 − 𝑥) d) 𝑦 = (1 − 2𝑥 3 )(𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 )

Ans: a)12𝑥 + 1 b)3𝑥 2 − 4 c)−9𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 − 1 d)30𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 + 1

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2. Find 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) in each case.
3𝑥−5 𝑥 2 −3
a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 7𝑥+2 b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+1

1+𝑥 3𝑥 2 −5𝑥−7
c) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3−𝑥 2 d) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥−1

41 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3 6𝑥 2 −6𝑥+19

Ans: a) (7𝑥+2)2 b) c) d)
(𝑥+1)2 (3−𝑥 2 )2 (2𝑥−1)2
Page 130 of 188
 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 11c (Chain Rule )

1. Find the first derivative with respect to 𝑥 for each of the following functions.
a) 2(3𝑥 − 1)7 b) (2𝑥 3 − 1)3 c) √3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1

3𝑥−1
Ans: a) 42(3𝑥 − 1)6 b) 18𝑥 2 (2𝑥 3 − 1)2 c) √3𝑥 2
−2𝑥+1

2. Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝑥.

a) (1 − 𝑥 2 )(𝑥 + 2)3 b) (𝑥 − 2)√1 − 𝑥 2 c)
3𝑥−1
√2𝑥+1

1+2𝑥−2𝑥 2 3𝑥+4
Ans: a) (𝑥 + 2)2 (3 − 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 2 ) b) √1−𝑥2
c)
√(2𝑥+1)3

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 𝑑𝑦
3. Find 𝑑𝑥 in the following cases, express answer in terms of 𝑡.

𝑥 = 1 − 𝑡2 𝑥=
𝑡
𝑥 = √1 + 𝑡
a) { c){
𝑦 = 𝑡 − 𝑡3 b) { 1+𝑡
1−𝑡 𝑦 = √1 − 𝑡
𝑦 = 1+𝑡

3𝑡 2 −1 1+𝑡
Ans: a) b)−2 c) −√1−𝑡
2𝑡

𝑑𝑉
4. In the following cases find , when 𝑟 = 4
𝑑𝑡

𝑉 = 6𝑟 2 4
𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 𝑉 = 10𝜋𝑟 2
a) { 𝑑𝑟 b){ c){ 𝑑𝑟 1
=6 𝑑𝑟 =𝜋
𝑑𝑡 = −2 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Ans: a) 288 b)−128𝜋 c) 80

Page 132 of 188
 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 11d (Higher derivatives + Implicit differentiation )

1. Find the second derivative with respect to 𝑥 for each of the following functions.
𝑥
a) 𝑦 = (1 + 𝑥 2 )2 b) 𝑦 = √1 + 𝑥 2 c) 𝑦 = √1−𝑥2

1 3𝑥
Ans: a) 12𝑥 2 + 4 b) c)
(1+𝑥 2 )√1+𝑥 2 (1−𝑥 2 )2 √1−𝑥 2

2. Find the first, second and third derivative of each functions.

a) 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 b) 𝑦 = 𝑥
2
c) 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑥

−2 4 −12
Ans: a) 12𝑥 3 , 36𝑥 2 , 72𝑥 b) 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 3 , c) 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3,6𝑥 − 6,6
𝑥4
Page 133 of 188
 𝑑𝑦
3. Find 𝑑𝑥 of the following equations.

a) 𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 = 0 b) 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 = 𝑦 2 c)
𝑥2
+
𝑦2
=1
4 9

1
d) 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 e) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 2 = 2𝑥 f) 𝑦 2 (𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 2

2 3𝑥 9𝑥 −1−𝑥 2 𝑦 1−𝑥−𝑦 2𝑥−𝑦 2

Ans: a) 𝑦 b) 𝑦+1 c) − 4𝑦 d) 𝑥 2 (𝑥−2𝑦) e) f)2𝑦(𝑥+1)
𝑥−𝑦
Page 134 of 188
 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 11e (Differentiation of Trigonometric Function)

1. Differentiate the following functions with respect to 𝑥.
1
a) 2 cot 3 𝑥
𝜋
b) tan (4 − 2)
𝑥 c) cos4 𝑥

d) cosec 2 2𝑥 e) √sin 4𝑥
3
f) √sec 4𝑥

2 1 1 𝜋 𝑥
Ans: a) − 3 cosec 2 3 𝑥 b) − 2 sec 2 ( 4 − 2) c) −4 cos3 𝑥 sin 𝑥
2 cos 4𝑥 4 3
d) −4 cosec 2 2𝑥 cot 2𝑥 e) f) 3 tan 4𝑥 √sec 4𝑥
√sin 4𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. Find 𝑑𝑥 of the following functions.

a) 𝑦 = cos 3 (𝑥 2 ) b) 𝑦 = cos √𝑥 c) 𝑦 = sin(sin 𝑥)

Page 135 of 188

 d) 𝑓(𝑥) = sin2 𝑥 sin 8𝑥 e) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1+cos 𝑥
1 1+cos 𝑥
f) 𝑓(𝑥) = 1−cos 𝑥

1
Ans: a) −6𝑥 cos2 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 2 b) − 2 sin √𝑥 c) cos 𝑥 cos (sin 𝑥)
√𝑥
sin 𝑥 −2 sin 𝑥
d) sin 8𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 8 cos 8𝑥 sin2 𝑥 e) (1+cos 𝑥)2 f) (1−cos 𝑥)2

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. Given that 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 2𝑥, where 𝑎 is a constant. Show that 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥𝑦 = 0

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
4. Given that 𝑦 2 = 1 + cos 𝑥, prove that 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2 + 2 (𝑑𝑥 ) + 𝑦 2 = 1

Page 136 of 188

 Chapter 12 Application of differentiation
Tangents and Normals

Equation of tangent at P(𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = 𝑓′(𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎)

1
Equation of normal at P(𝑎, 𝑓(𝑎)) on 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is 𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑎) = − 𝑓′(𝑎) (𝑥 − 𝑎)

Increasing and Decreasing function

Let 𝑓(𝑥) is differentiable in (𝑎, 𝑏) and continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏]
𝑑𝑦
When (𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑑𝑥 > 0, y is an increasing function on [𝑎, 𝑏].
𝑑𝑦
When (𝑎, 𝑏), 𝑑𝑥 < 0, y is a decreasing function on [𝑎, 𝑏].

Local Maximum/ Minimum

𝑑𝑦
The points with 𝑑𝑥 = 0 are called the stationary points

The points with ordinates greater than any neighbouring ordinate is called local maximum point.
The points with ordinates less than any neighbouring ordinate is called local minimum point.
First derivative test
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑑𝑥 changes from positive to negative at the given point, then the point is local maximum point.
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑑𝑥 changes from negative to positive at the given point, then the point is local minimum point.
𝑑𝑦
If 𝑑𝑥 does not change at the given point, then the point is neither local maximum nor minimum point.

Second derivative test

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
If 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 2 < 0, then the point is local maximum point.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
If 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 2 > 0, then the point is local minimum point.

𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
When 𝑑𝑥 = 0 and 𝑑𝑥 2 = 0, the test fails. Use first derivative test.

Global Maximum/ Minimum

The maximum or minimum over the entire domain of the function.
Compare the ordinates of the end-point and local max/min point to
determine.

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Concavity and Inflexion point
𝑑2 𝑦
y is concave up when 𝑑𝑥 2 > 0
Concave Inflexion
𝑑2 𝑦
y is concave down when 𝑑𝑥 2 < 0 down Point

Inflexion point is a point where the graph changes

concavity. Concave
up
𝑑2 𝑦
If 𝑑𝑥 2 changes from positive to negative or from negative to
positive at the given point, then the point is inflexion point.

Velocity and Acceleration

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
𝑣= ;𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Rate of change
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑡
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

Approximation
dy
Δy ≈ dx Δx

𝑑𝑦
𝑦 + 𝛥𝑦 ≈ 𝑦 + 𝛥𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)𝛥𝑥

UEC and other Questions

1. Given that the tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 𝑏 at the point (1,0) is perpendicular to the line
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5, find the values of b. [Ans:−2] [UEC2018Q17]
2. The tangents of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐 at 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 1 parallel to x-axis, and the curve pass through
(1,0) and (0,1). Find the values of a,b and c. [Ans:𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −3, 𝑐 = 1]
3. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 is the tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 at 𝑥 = 1. Find the values of a and b.
[Ans:𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = −5]
4. Given that the equation of the tangent to the curve 2𝑥 2 + 𝑚𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 4 at the point (−1,2) is
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 8 = 0. Find the value of 𝑚. [Ans:1] [UEC2022Q17]
1
5. Show that 𝑚2 𝑦 = 8𝑚𝑥 − 4 is the equation of tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 at the point where 𝑥 = 𝑚.

Hence find the coordinates of the two points on the curve, the tangents at which pass through the point
3 2
(8 , −1). [Ans:0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3]
Page 138 of 188
 𝑥 = 𝑡 4 + 4𝑡 2 − 9𝑡
6. A curve is given by the parametric equations { . Find the value(s) of 𝑡 when the curve
𝑦 = 𝑡3 − 𝑡2 − 2
1
has a horizontal tangent. [Ans: 3 , 27] [UEC 2022, Q17]

7. Find the interval(s) of x on which y is increasing or decreasing?

y = 2x + cos 𝑥 [Ans: 𝑅(increasing)] [UEC2019 Q10a(i)]
8. Given that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑎𝑥 3 − 9𝑎𝑥 2 + 12𝑥, 𝑎 ≠ 0. If 𝑓(𝑥) is increasing on [1.2] , find the
possible values of 𝑎. [Ans: 𝑎 < 0][UEC2022 Q18]
9. Determine the stationary points of the following curves, and discriminate between the maximum and
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
minimum points 𝑦 = 3cos 𝑥 − cos 3𝑥 , − 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ [Ans: (0,2) 𝑚𝑖𝑛, (− 4 , 2√2) (4 , 2√2) 𝑚𝑎𝑥]
3
4 2
10. If (2,0) is the stationary point of 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 6𝑥 + 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏. Find the values of a and b. [Ans:−8,24]
11. Find the maximum values of 3𝑥(4 − 𝑥) [Ans: 12]
1
12. Find the minimum values of (1 − 2𝑥)(1 − 𝑥) [Ans: − 8]

13. If the maximum and minimum values of 𝑥 3 − 3𝑎2 𝑥 + 2 differ by 4, Find the values of a. [Ans: 1]
14. If 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10, find the greatest value of 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 . [Ans: 3456]
15. Find the global maximum value and global minimum value of the following function
𝑥 1 1
a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥2 +4 on the closed interval [−1,3] [Ans:4 , − 5, UEC2016Q12a]
𝑥
16. If the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 +𝑎2 has a extreme point at 𝑥 = 3, find the value(s) of a and determine whether the

extreme point is maximum or minimum point. [Ans:±3, max] UEC2019 Q5

1
17. Given that (− 2 , 𝑏) is a local extreme point to the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 − 1. Find the values of a
27
and b. [Ans: 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = − 16] UEC2021 Q11a

18. One side of a rectangular enclosure is formed by a hedge; the total length of fencing available for the other
three sides is 200m. Find the length and width which makes the area a maximum and hence deduce the
maximum area of the enclosure. [Ans:5000𝑚2 ]
19. A square sheet of metal with sides 60cm. Equal squares of side xcm are cut from each corners and the
whole is folded up to formed an open square box of depth xcm. Find the values of x which makes the
volume a maximum and hence deduce the maximum volume. [Ans:10cm; 16000𝑐𝑚3 ]
20. A point P is taken on the circumference of a semicircle with variable bounding diameter AB. If p moves
such that 𝐴𝑃 + 𝑃𝐵 = 10𝑐𝑚, find the maximum area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝑃. [Ans:12.5𝑐𝑚2 ]
21. Find the nearest point from the point (4,1) to the curve 2𝑦 = 𝑥 2 . [Ans: (2,2)]
22. Find the shortest distance from the straight line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 7 to the curve 𝑦 2 = 3 − 4𝑥. [Ans:√5]
23. A closed rectangular box with length of box being twice its width. If the box has a capacity of 243 𝑐𝑚3 ,
9
obtain the dimensions of the box of least surface area. [Ans:9cmx 2cmx6cm]

Page 139 of 188

24. An open water tank is to be made with a capacity of 18𝑚3, 2𝑚 in depth, 𝑥𝑚 in length and 𝑦𝑚 in width.
Given that the process to make a square metre of the base and the wall are RM90 and RM60 respectively.
Find the values of x and y such the making cost of the tank is lowest possible and find this lower cost.
Ans:3,3, 𝑅𝑀2250[UEC2017]
25. An open cylindrical can has an area of surface equal to 100 𝑐𝑚2 . Find its maximum volume.
[Ans:108.6𝑐𝑚3 ]
26. An open cylindrical can has a capacity of 24𝜋 𝑐𝑚 3 . The cost of the material used for the base is three
times that of the curved surface. Find the radius of the base so that the manufacturing cost is minimized.
[Ans:2𝑐𝑚 ][UEC 2010 Q17]
27. The legs of a right angled triangle coincide with the positive x-axis and positive y-axis and its hypotenuse
passes through the point (2,3). Find the smallest area of the triangle. [Ans:12][UEC2010]
𝑠3
28. The running cost, C of a ship in RM per hour, is given by the formula 𝐶 = 4 + 1000 where s is the speed in

km/h. Write down the total cost for a passage of 500km and find the speed which makes this total cost a
minimum. [Ans:12.6 km/h] A
29. The distance between AB is 6km, BD is 11km. A person take a boat from A to C
with speed 4km/h and drive a car from C to D with speed 5km/h. Find the location
of C such that the time used from A to D is minimal. [UEC 2006Q10][Ans:BC=8]
B C D
30. The distance 𝑠 m travelled by a body in 𝑡 s is given by 𝑠 = 30𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 . Find:
1
(a) The velocity when 𝑡 = 𝑠 (b) The distance travelled in the first 2.5 s
2

(c) Prove that the body travelled with uniform acceleration [Ans: (a) 14𝑚𝑠 −1 ; (𝑏) − 25𝑚]
1
31. The velocity of a body at time 𝑡 s, is given by the formula 𝑣 = 3𝑡 − 4 𝑡 2 𝑚𝑠 −1 . Find the acceleration of

the body when 𝑡 = 4𝑠. What is the maximum velocity? [Ans: 1𝑚𝑠 −2; 9𝑚𝑠 −1 ]
32. An object moves along a straight line. The displacement of the object at time t is given by
𝑠(𝑡) = (𝑡 − 1)(𝑡 − 3)(𝑡 − 6). Find the time when this object changes its direction for the last time.
10+√19
[Ans: ][UEC 2018 Q18]
3

33. The radius of a sphere is increasing at a rate of 2𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 , find the rate of increase of the surface area of the
sphere when 𝑟 = 3𝑐𝑚 [Ans: 48𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1]
4
34. The volume of a metal ball with radius 𝑟 is 𝑉 = 3 𝜋𝑟 3 . When the metal ball is heated, its radius expands at

the rate 0.01 𝑚𝑚𝑠 −1 . Find the rate that the volume of the metal ball increases when its radius is 1cm.
[Maths I , 2017] [Ans: 4𝜋 𝑚𝑚3 𝑠 −1]
35. The surface area of a spherical ball increases at the rate of 5𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1, find the rate of increase of its volume
𝑑𝑉 35
when the radius is 7cm. [Maths I, 2015] [Ans: 𝑑𝑡 = 2
𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1]

Page 140 of 188

36. Air is leaking from a spherical balloon at a rate of 2 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1 . Find the rate of decrease of the radius and
1 2
the surface area, when the radius is equal to 10cm. [Ans: − 200𝜋 𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 ; − 5 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1]

37. If gas is being pumped into a spherical balloon at the rate of 100𝑐𝑚3 per second, find the rate at which the
1
radius of the balloon is increasing when the radius is 5cm.[Maths II,2016][Ans:𝜋 𝑐𝑚 𝑠 −1]

38. Water is poured into an open cylindrical tank of constant radius 2 m at a rate of 6𝑚3 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1. Find the
relation between the volume of water 𝑉 𝑚3 and its depth ℎ m, and find the rate at which the depth is
3
increasing. [Ans: 𝑉 = 4𝜋ℎ; 2𝜋 𝑚 𝑚𝑖𝑛−1]

39. The radius of a solid circular cylinder increases 0.1cm per hour. The height, h is always 3cm. Show that
the surface area 𝑆 of the circular cylinder is given by 𝑆 = (2𝜋𝑟 2 + 6𝜋𝑟) 𝑐𝑚2 when the radius is 𝑟 𝑐𝑚.
Hence, if the rate of increase of the surface area of the cylinder is 3𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 /ℎ when the radius is 𝑎 𝑐𝑚, find
the value of 𝑎 [Maths I, 2014] [Ans: 𝑎 = 6]
40. The height of a cylinder is three times its base-radius. If the total surface area of the cylinder is increasing
at the rate of 64𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1, find the rate of increase of its volume when 𝑟 = 18𝑐𝑚[Ans: 648 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1 ]
41. The point (𝑥, 𝑦) lies on the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 . If the abscissa 𝑥 is increasing at 2 units per second, find the
rate of increase of the ordinate 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 4 [Ans: 48 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑠 −1 ]
42. An inverted conical tank has a height of 10m and base diameter 12m. The tank is filled with water at a
1
constant rate of 0.2 𝑚3 𝑠 −1 so that the water level ℎ rises over time. At the instant ℎ = 6𝜋 m, find the rate

of change for the height of the water level. [Ans: 20𝜋 𝑚𝑠 −1]
1 1 1
43. Two variables 𝑢 and 𝑣 are related by the equation + 𝑣 = 𝑓 , where the constant 𝑓 = 10𝑐𝑚, and the rate
𝑢

of change of 𝑢 is 2cm/s.
𝑑𝑣
(i) find in terms of 𝑢; (ii) calculate the rate of change of 𝑣 when 𝑢 = 40𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑢
100 2
[Maths I, 2016] [Ans: (i) − (𝑢−10)2 (ii) − 9 𝑐𝑚/𝑠]

44. The volume of the water in a trough is (2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥) 𝑐𝑚3 when the depth of the water is 𝑥 cm. Water
is poured into the trough at a constant rate of 180𝑐𝑚3 per second. Find the rate of water level rise when
4
the depth of the water in the trough is 5cm. [Maths I, 2008] [Ans: 3 𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 ]
y
45. A line segment of fixed length 5 and the coordinate axes form a triangle.
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝐴
If the rate of change of s, 𝑑𝑡 = −0.5, find the rate of change of the area, when s=4.
𝑑𝑡
7
[Ans: 12] UEC2019 Q12b] O s x
46. Each side of a square increases from 4cm to 4.001cm, find the approximate increase in the area of the
square. [Ans: 0.008 𝑐𝑚2 ]
47. If the radius of a circle increases from 5cm to 5.1cm, find the increase in the area. [Ans: 𝜋 𝑐𝑚2]

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48. A solid cylinder has a constant height of 16cm. If the surface area of the cylinder is 𝐴 𝑐𝑚2 and radius of
𝑑𝐴
the cylinder is 𝑟 𝑐𝑚, (a) Prove that = 4𝜋(𝑟 + 8)
𝑑𝑟

(b) Hence, if the radius of the cylinder increases from 4cm to 4.02cm, find the increases in the surface
area. [Ans: 0.96𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 ]
49. Given 𝑦 = 3𝑥 5 . If 𝑥 increases 0.2% , find the approximate percentage increase in 𝑦 [Ans: 1%]
50. The radius of a sphere increases by 𝑃% , find the percentage increase in the volume of the sphere (express
in terms of 𝑃) [Ans: 3𝑃%]
51. After cooling, the radius of a metallic sphere decreases by 0.3% . Find the approximate percentage
decreases in the volume and the surface area of the sphere [Ans: −0.9% , −0.6%]
52. A solid cylinder with height ℎ and base-radius 𝑟, has a volume 𝑉 and surface area 𝐴. Prove that if the
(2𝑟+ℎ)𝑝
base radius increases 𝑝% , then the percentage increases in 𝑉 and 𝐴 are 2𝑝% and %
𝑟+ℎ
3 𝑑𝑦 3
53. Given that 𝑦 = 3 , find 𝑑𝑥 . Hence, find the approximate value of 3 (give your answer in fraction)
√𝑥 √997

Determine whether the approximate value has overestimated or underestimated the actual value.
3003
Ans:10000 [UEC2020 Q11b]

Page 142 of 188

 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 12a (Tangents and Normals)

1. Find the equation of tangents and normals to the following curves at the points where 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 2 −3𝑥+6
a. 𝑦 = [Ans: 𝑥 + 9𝑦 − 14 = 0, 27𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 50 = 0]
𝑥+1

b. 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 = −12 [Ans: 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 6 = 0, 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = −2]

2. Find the equation of tangents to the curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 1)(1 − 2𝑥) at its point of intersection with the x-axis.
[Ans: 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0, 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0]

3. The curve 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 2 pass through (1,0) and the gradient of tangent at the point is 0.5, find the values
of a and b. [Ans: 𝑎 = −0.5, 𝑏 = 0.5]

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 4
4. The gradient of curve 𝑦 = (1−𝑥)2 at the point P is 1, find the coordinates of P and the equation of tangent

at P. [Ans:(−1,1), 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0]

5. The tangent of the curve 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞at (−2,11) perpendicular to straight line 2𝑦 = 𝑥 + 7. Find the
values of p and q. [Ans:𝑝 = 6, 𝑞 = 15]

6. Show that 𝑦 − (3 − 6𝑎)𝑥 − 3𝑎2 = 0 is the equation of tangent to the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥(1 − 𝑥) at the point
where 𝑥 = 𝑎. Hence find the value of a if the tangents pass through the point (1,3). Hence write down
the equations of the tangents. [Ans:𝑎 = 0 𝑜𝑟 2;𝑦 = 3𝑥, 𝑦 + 9𝑥 − 12 = 0]

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 12b (Increasing and Decreasing)

1. Find the interval(s) of x on which y is increasing or decreasing?
a) y = −4x + 2[Ans: 𝑅(decreasing)] b) y = x 2 − 2x + 5
[Ans: 𝑥 ≤ 1 (decreasing); 𝑥 ≥ 1 (increasing)]

c)y = 3x − x 3 2
d) y = x [Ans: 𝑥 < 0,𝑥 > 0 (decreasing)]
[Ans: 𝑥 ≤ 1 (decreasing); 𝑥 ≥ 1 (increasing)]

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2. If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − x 2 , find the interval(s) of x on which
2
a. y is increasing? [Ans: 𝑥 ≤ 0, 𝑥 ≥ 3]
2
b. y is decreasing? [Ans: 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3]
𝑑𝑦 1
c. is increasing? [Ans: 𝑥 ≥ 3]
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
d. is decreasing? [Ans: 𝑥 ≤ 3]
𝑑𝑥

3. Given that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 − 5 is decreasing on the interval (2,5) and is
increasing on the intervals (−∞, 2) and (5, ∞). Find the values of a and b. [Ans: −21,60][2017 Q9a]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 12c (Local and Global Maximum and Minimum)

1. Determine the stationary points of the following curves, and discriminate between the maximum and
minimum points
(𝑎)𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 (b)𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 2 − 12)

(𝑐)𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 7 (d) 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 2

1 2
Ans: (a)(3 , 3) 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (b) (−2,16) 𝑚𝑎𝑥, (2, −16) 𝑚𝑖𝑛] (c) (−1,0) 𝑚𝑎𝑥, (2, −27) 𝑚𝑖𝑛 (d) (0,2) 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Page 147 of 188
2. Find the maximum and minimum values of y if
3
(a) 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 18 = 0 [Ans: Max −3, Min 2]

3. If 𝑝 + 𝑞 = 6, what is the least value of 𝑝2 + 𝑞 2 ? [Ans: 18]

4. Find the global maximum value and global minimum value of the following function
(a) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 5 on the closed interval [−2,2] [Ans: 10, −17,UEC2021Q19]
(b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4 on the closed interval [−1,2] [Ans: 4, −2,UEC2022Q5]

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 12d (Concavity and Inflexion Point)

1. Determine the concavity of the following curves and identify any point of inflexion
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 2 [Ans: 𝑥 < 2 down ; 𝑥 > 2 up ;(2, −38)]

b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (4 − 𝑥) [Ans: 𝑥 < 0, 𝑥 > 2 down ; 0 < 𝑥 < 2 up ;(0,0), (2,16)]

c. 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2 [Ans: 𝑢𝑝, no]

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2. Determine the maximum, minimum and inflexion points of the following curves and sketch the graphs.
a. 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 (3 − 𝑥) [Ans:(2,4)𝑚𝑎𝑥; (0,0)𝑚𝑖𝑛; (1,2)𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑜𝑛]

b. 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 (4 − 𝑥) [Ans:(3,27)𝑚𝑎𝑥; (0,0), (2,16)inflexion]

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 12e (Application of Maximum and Minimum Values)

1. Separate 48 into 2 parts such that the sum of the square of the 1st part and the cube of 2nd part is
1 2
smallest. [Ans:53 , 42 3]

2. A skeleton rectangular box with a square base has the total length of wired used is 12m, find the
maximum volume of the box. [Ans: 1𝑚3 ]

3. A closed rectangular box with a square base has the area of its surface equal to 150 𝑐𝑚2, and the sides
of the base are each xcm long. Find the maximum volume of the block. [Ans:125 𝑐𝑚3 ]

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4. If the volume of a circular cylindrical bottle is 250𝜋𝑐𝑚3 , Find the height and radius of the bottle which
makes a least surface area. [Ans:10cm,5cm]

5. A rectangular piece of zinc with a perimeter of 25cm is used to build an open cylindrical at both ends.
25 25
Find the length and width of the piece of zinc that makes the volume is maximum. [Ans: 3 cm, 6 cm]

6. If the slant height of a right circular cone is 9cm, find the height of the cone when its volume is a
maximum. [𝐴𝑛𝑠: 3√3𝑐𝑚]

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 12f (Velocity and Acceleration)

1. If 𝑠 m, the distance travelled by a point moving on a straight line, is connected to the time taken, 𝑡 s ,
1
by the relation 𝑠 = 3𝑡 − 𝑡 3 , (a) find the velocity and acceleration of the point when 𝑡 = 2 𝑠.
9
(b)At what time is the point at rest? [Ans: 𝑣 = 4 𝑚𝑠 −1 ; 𝑎 = −3𝑚𝑠 −2] [Ans: 1s]

2. The distance 𝑠 m, which a body has travelled in 𝑡s, is given by 𝑠 = 4𝑡 3 − 15𝑡 2 − 18𝑡 + 12. Find
when the body is at rest, and the distance from the origin and the acceleration at this time.
[Ans: 3s, -69m, 42 𝑚𝑠 −2]

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3. A point P moves along a straight line so that its distance from a fixed point O is given by
𝑠 = 𝑡 − 𝑡 3 , where 𝑡 is the time from the start.
(a) How far will P move in the 3rd second? (b) At what instant will it be at rest?
1 1
(c) If 𝑣 is the velocity and 𝑎 is the acceleration, prove that 𝑣 = 1 + 2 𝑎𝑡 [Ans: (a) 18m; (b) 𝑠]
√3

4. A particle is moving in a straight line, and at the end of 𝑡 s is distant 𝑠 m from a fixed point on the
line. If 3𝑠 = 3 + 12𝑡 2 − 𝑡 3 ,
(a) Prove that the particle will be at rest at the end of 8𝑠
(b) Find the greatest velocity attained during the 8𝑠 [Ans: (b) 16𝑚𝑠 −1 ]

5. A particle starts to move from rest along a straight line. After 𝑡 seconds, the particle moves with a
velocity of 𝑣 𝑚𝑠 −1 where 𝑣 = 𝑡 3 − 10𝑡 2 + 25𝑡. Find:
(a) the velocity of the particle at the end of 2nd second; (b) the time when it is at rest again
5
(c) the time when its acceleration is 0 [Maths II , 2009][Ans: (a) 18𝑚𝑠 −1 (b) 5𝑠 (c) 𝑠 𝑜𝑟 5𝑠]
3

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 12g (Rate of change)

1. The area of a circular blot of ink is increasing at a rate of 2𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1 . Find the rate at which the radius
1
is increasing when the area is equal to 4𝑐𝑚2 [Ans: 2 𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 ]
√𝜋

2. After heating, the side of a cubical metal block is increasing at rate of 5𝑐𝑚/𝑠. Find the rate of increase
of the volume of the block when the side is equal to 4cm [Ans: 240𝑐𝑚3 /𝑠]

3. The radius of a sphere increases at a rate of 3𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 . Find the rate of change of the surface area of
the sphere when its radius is 5cm. [Maths I, 2010] [Ans: 120𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1]

4. The surface area of a sphere increases at a constant rate of 12𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 𝑠 −1 . Find the rate of change of the
3
radius of the sphere when the radius is cm. [Maths I, 2020][Ans: 2 𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 ]
4

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5. If the radius of a solid cylindrical block of constant height 20cm is decreasing at a rate of 0.04𝑐𝑚 per
second. Find the rate of change for the surface area of the block when r=2cm[Ans:−1.92𝜋𝑐𝑚2 /𝑠]

6. As shown in figure, a conical filter paper, semi-vertical angle 60o , is held with its
axis vertical and its vertex downwards. If the cone is filled with water which runs
out at the rate of 3𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1 , find the rate at which the level of water in the cone is
𝑑ℎ 4
falling when the depth is 3.5𝑐𝑚 [Ans: = 49𝜋 𝑐𝑚𝑠 −1 ]
𝑑𝑡

7. The figure shows an inverted conical container with radius 4m and height 10m. If
ℎ is the depth of water in the container, 𝑟 is the radius of the surface of water, find
the relationship between ℎ and 𝑟. Hence, if water flows out of the container at a
rate of 5𝑚3 per minute, find the rate of water level decline when the depth of water
2ℎ 125
is 6m.[Maths I, 2011][Ans: 𝑟 = ; 144𝜋 m/min]
5

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 12h (Approximation)

1. After heating, each of the side of a metallic cube increases from 2cm to 2.05cm, find the increases in
the surface area and the volume of the cube. [Ans: 1.2𝑐𝑚2 ; 0.6 𝑐𝑚3]

2. When the radius of a sphere decreases from 4cm to 3.95cm, find the decreases in the volume and the
surface area of the sphere [Ans: −3.2𝜋 𝑐𝑚3 ; −1.6𝜋 𝑐𝑚2 ]

3. If each sides of a cube decreases 1%, find the approximate percentage decrease in the surface area
of the cube. [Ans: 2%]

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4. If the radius of a circular cylinder of constant height increases by 0.2% , find the percentage
increases in the volume and the curved surface area [Ans: 0.4%; 0.2%]

5. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 3 .Use differential with an approximate x value to approximate √3.93 .
[Ans: 7.7] [UEC2022 Q11b]

1
6. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 3 , find 𝑓′(64) and use linear approximation to calculate the approximate value
√𝑥
1 95
of 3 and express your answer as fraction. Ans: 384 [UEC2018 Q11a]
√66

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 Chapter 13 Integration
Indefinite Integration
Indefinite integration is the reverse of differentiation.

Basic rules of indefinite Integration

1. ∫ 𝑘𝑢 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 (where k is constant, u is function)
2. ∫(𝑢 ± 𝑣) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 +∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 (where u,v are functions)
𝑥 𝑛+1
3. ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐, 𝑛 ≠ 1
𝑛+1

4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶 7. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 + 𝐶

5. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶 8. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 + 𝐶
6. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + 𝐶 9. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑐𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑚𝑥
10. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 12. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑚 𝑚
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑚𝑥
11. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑚
+𝐶 13. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑐 2 𝑚𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − +𝐶
𝑚

Definite Integration
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎)where 𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥)

Linear motion
𝑣 = ∫ 𝑎 𝑑𝑡 ; 𝑠 = ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡

UEC and other Questions

𝑑𝑦
1. = 𝑥 3 + (𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 2 + 2) and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2. Find y in terms of x.[Ans:𝑥 4 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3]
𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥+𝑎 9 69
2. ∫1 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 2. Find the values of a. [Ans: 8 ]
𝑑𝑦 4(1+𝑥 2 ) 4 ( 1+𝑥 2 )
3. If 𝑦 = 𝑥√4 + 2𝑥 , prove that
2 = √4+2𝑥 2
. Hence evaluate the integral ∫0 √4+2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥. [Ans:6]
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
4. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑡√𝑡 + 1 𝑑𝑡1 𝑥 ≥ −1, find 𝑓 ′ (3). [Ans:6][UEC2021 Q20]
0
𝑥 5 4
5. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = √2𝑥 2 . Find ∫1 2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥. [Ans:− 7][UEC2022 Q19]
−1

6. Find the equation of curve passing through (−1, −4) with gradient 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 1.
[Ans:𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 3]

7. Given that the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) is symmetric about the y-axis and the gradient of the curve at any point
(𝑥, 𝑦) is 2𝑥 + 𝑏. Find the value of b. [Ans:0]
8. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 and
Page 159 of 188
(a) the x-axis and the ordinates x=0, x=3;
7
(b) the y-axis and the abscissae y=1,y=4. [Ans(a) 36, (b) 3]
32
9. Find the area bounded by the curve 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 and the x-axis. [Ans: 3 ]
1
10. Find the area enclosed by the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥(4 − 𝑥), x-axis, and the ordinates 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 6.[21 3]

11. The velocity of a body moving in a straight line is given by 𝑣 = 4 − 𝑡 2 (𝑚𝑠 −1 ) after passing through O.
(a) Find the time, acceleration, displacement when the body stop instantaneously.
(b) Find the displacement after 3s and the total distance travelled by the point in the first 3 seconds.
1 2
[Ans:(a)𝑡 = 2, 𝑎 = −4𝑚𝑠 −2 , 𝑠 = 5 3 𝑚; (b)7 3 𝑚]

12. The velocity of a point moving on a straight line is given by 𝑣 = 𝑝𝑡 2 − 6𝑡 (𝑚𝑠 −1) after passing through
O. Acceleration of the particle is 18 𝑚𝑠 −2, when 𝑡 = 3𝑠. Find
(a) the value of P
(b) the time interval when the velocity of the particle is decreasing.
(c) the time when the particle stop instantaneously.
(d) the total distance travelled by the point in the first 3 seconds.
3 3
[Ans: (a) 4, (b) 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 4 (c) 𝑡 = 2s (d) 13.5𝑚]

13. The acceleration of a point moves along a straight line is given by a= 10 − 2𝑡 (𝑚𝑠 −2 ) after passing
through O. The initial velocity is −16𝑚𝑠 −1 . [Assume motion to the right is positive]
(a) Find the maximum velocity of the point.
(b) Find the range of t during the point moves to the right.
(c) Find the total distance travelled by the point in the first 6 seconds.
1
[Ans:(a)9𝑚𝑠 −1 ; (𝑏)2 < 𝑡 < 8; (c)41 3 𝑚]

14. A particle moves along a straight line. Its velocity 𝑡 seconds after passing through a fixed point O is given
by 𝑣 = 6 + 4𝑡 − 2𝑡 2 𝑚𝑠 −1.
(i) Suppose that the particle stops instantaneously at point R, find its acceleration at R.
(ii) Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 6 seconds.
[Ans:(i) −8𝑚𝑠 −2 ; (𝑖𝑖)72𝑚] [UEC2021 Q11a]

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 13a (Indefinite Integrals)

1. Evaluate the following integrals
a)∫(5𝑥 4 + 2√𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 b) ∫(𝑥 2 + 2)√𝑥 c)∫(𝑥 − 5)2 d𝑥

𝑥 4 −5 3
√x2 − 4√x 3 1
d) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 e)∫ dx f)∫ √𝑥 (√𝑥 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 √x

3 7 3
4 2 4 1 1 5
Ans: a) 𝑥 5 + 3 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 b) 7 𝑥 2 + 3 𝑥 2 + 𝐶 c) 3 𝑥 3 − 5𝑥 2 + 25𝑥 + 𝐶 d) 3 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
7 3 11 1
6 4 6
e) 𝑥 6 − 𝑥 4 + 𝐶 f) 𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 3 + 𝐶
7 3 11
Page 161 of 188
 𝑑𝑦
2. If = 4𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 1 and when 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 9. Express y in terms of x. [Ans:𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 + 7]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3 1 11
3. If 𝑑𝑥 2 = 9𝑥 2 − 1 and when 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 2. Express y in terms of x. [Ans:𝑦 = 4 𝑥 4 − 2 𝑥 2 + ]
4

Page 162 of 188

 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 13b (Indefinite Integrals of Trigonometric function)

1.Evaluate the following integrals
𝑥
a)∫(cos 3𝑥 − sin 5)𝑑𝑥 b)∫(sin 7𝑥 + cos 8𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

cos 2𝑥
c)∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 d) ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑥 1 1
Ans: a) sin 3𝑥 + 5 cos 5 + 𝐶 b)− 7 cos 7𝑥 + 8 sin 8𝑥 + 𝐶 c) − cot 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝐶 d)tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
3
Page 163 of 188
 e)∫ sin2 𝑥 d𝑥 f)∫ cos2 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥

g)∫ sin 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 h)∫ 2 sin 5𝑥 sin 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ans: e) 2 𝑥 − 4 sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶 f) 𝑥 + 16 sin 8𝑥 + 𝐶 g) − 6 cos 3𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 h) 2 sin 2𝑥 − 8 sin 8𝑥 + 𝐶
2

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 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 13c (Definite Integrals)

1. Evaluate the following definite integrals
3 1
a) ∫−2(𝑥 2 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 b)∫0 √𝑥(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥

9 1 4 2
c)∫1 (√𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥 d)∫0 (1 + √𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥

2 2𝑥 3 +3 2
e)∫1 𝑑𝑥 f)∫−1(3𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑥2

𝜋 𝜋
g) ∫02 2 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 h)∫ 2𝜋 4 cos 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−
2

2 11 1 2 1 1 1 8
Ans: a)26 3 b)1 15 c)21 3 d)22 3 e)4 2 f)16 2 g)2 h)3
Page 165 of 188
 𝑥2 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥(𝑥−1) 2 𝑥(𝑥−1) 1
2. If 𝑦 = 2𝑥−1, prove that 𝑑𝑥 = . Hence evaluate the integral ∫1 𝑑𝑥. [Ans:6]
(2𝑥−1)2 (2𝑥−1)2

𝜋
𝑑 cos 𝑥
3. Given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑑𝑥 (1+sin 𝑥), find ∫02 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 [Ans:−1] [UEC2015 Q19]

𝑑𝑦 3𝑥+3 4 𝑥+1 16
4. If 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)√2𝑥 + 1, prove that 𝑑𝑥 = . Hence, find ∫0 𝑑𝑥. [Ans: 3 ] [UEC2019 Q11b]
√2𝑥+1 √2𝑥+1

Page 166 of 188

 Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 13d (Application of Integration)

𝑑𝑦
1. Find the equation of curve passing through (2,3) and = 3𝑥 2 + 𝑥. [Ans:2𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 14]
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑘 𝑥2
2. If the gradient at (2,1) of curve is 3, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2. Find the equation of curve. [Ans: 𝑦 = + 𝑥 − 3]
2

3. The velocity of a body moving in a straight line is given by 𝑣 = 4𝑡 + 1(𝑚𝑠 −1 ) after passing through O.
(a) Find the displacement of the body after 2s.
(b) Find the total distance travelled by the body in the first 5s.
(c) Find the total distance travelled by the body in the 5th seconds. [Ans: (a)10m (b)55m (c)19m]

Page 167 of 188

4. The acceleration of a body moving in a straight line is given by 𝑎 = 3 − 15𝑡 2 (𝑚𝑠 −2 ) after passing through
O. Velocity of the body is 4 𝑚𝑠 −1 at O.
(a) Find the initial acceleration.
(b) Find the velocity after 2 seconds.
(c) Find the displacement of the body after 2s. [Ans(a) 3𝑚𝑠 −2 (b) −30𝑚𝑠 −1 (c)−6𝑚]

5. The acceleration of a body moving in a straight line is given by 𝑎 = 4 − 6𝑡(𝑚𝑠 −2 ). The body being at the
origin when t=0s.
(a) Find the velocity after 1s.
(b) Find the displacement after 4s.
10
(c) Find the total distance travelled in the first 4 seconds. [Ans(a) 1𝑚𝑠 −1 (b) −32𝑚 (c)34 27 𝑚]

Page 168 of 188

 CHAPTER 14 MATRICES
14.1 INTRODUCTION : MATRIX / MATRICES
1. A rectangular array of mn numbers (elements/entries) arranged in the form

 a11 a12  a1n 

 a 21 a 22  a2n 
   
 
 a m1 a m2  a mn 

is called a matrix. The number in the array are called the elements of the matrix.
We shall use capital letter A,B,C etc to denote matrices.
2. The horizontal lines of numbers of the arrays are called the rows of the matrix.
The vertical lines of numbers of the arrays are called the columns of the matrix.
If a matrix has m rows and n columns, it is said to be order mn.

A= 
2 3 4
e.g. is a 23 matrix and denoted by A23 .
 1 −8 5

2 2 0 3 6
e.g.  7  is a 31 matrix. e.g.  3 4 7 0 is a matrix of order 34.
−3  1 9 2 5
   

3. a 1
a 2  a n  is called a row matrix.

 b1 
b2 
4.    is called a column matrix.
 
bn 

2
e.g.  7  is a column matrix of order 31.
−3
 

e.g. −2 −3 −4 is a row matrix of order 13.

5. When m=n, it is called a square matrix of order n.

 1 0 −2 
e.g.  3 9  is a square matrix of order 2. ;  2 1 5  is a square matrix of order 3.
0 −2  −1 3 0 
 

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14.2 SOME SPECIAL MATRIX.
1. If all the elements are zero, the matrix is called a zero matrix denoted by O.

e.g.  0 0 is a 22 zero matrix

 0 0

2. A square matrix which all the elements are zero except all the elements on the leading
diagonal is called a diagonal matrix.

1 0 0
e.g.  0 −3 0 is a 3 x 3 diagonal matrix.
 0 0 4
 
3. A diagonal matrix which all elements on the leading diagonal are 1 is called an
identity matrix or a unit matrix, denoted by I.

1 0 0
1 0 , I 3 = 0 1 0
e.g. I2 = 
0 1 0 0 1
 
4. A diagonal matrix which all elements on the leading diagonal are equal is called an
scalar matrix.
k 0  1 0
e.g. 0 k  = k 0 1 = KI
   

5. The transpose of a matrix is an operator which flips a matrix over its diagonal, that is it
switches the row and column indices of the matrix by producing another matrix
denoted by 𝐴𝑇 , 𝐴′
𝑎 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑇
e.g. 𝐴=[ ]; 𝐴 = [𝑏 𝑒]
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
𝑐 𝑓

Page 170 of 188

14.3 ARITHMETRICS OF MATRICES.
1. Two matrices A and B are equal if and only if they are of the same order and their
corresponding elements are equal.
a 2 −1 c  a = −1, b = 1, c = 2, d = 4 .
 4 b =  d 1
e.g.

2. Addition or Subtraction of matrices is defined if matrices having the same order. The
sum is obtained by adding or subtracting corresponding elements.
2 3 −1 2 −4 3
e.g.1  + =
 1 0 4  2 −1 5

e.g.2 If A = 
1 2 3
and B = 
2 4 0

. Find -A and A-B.
−1 0 2 3 −1 1
Properties of Matrix Addition.
Let A, B, C be matrices of the same order and O be the zero matrix of the same order.
Then (a) A+B=B+A (Commutative law)
(b) (A+B)+C=A+(B+C) (Associative law)
(c) A+(-A)=(-A)+A=O (Inverse law)
(d) A+O=O+A (Identity law)
3. Scalar Multiplication of matrix is defined if k is a scalar and A is a matrix, then the
product of k and A is denoted by kA which can be obtained by multiplying every element of
A by k.
3 −2
e.g. If A =  ,
−5 6 
3
then -2A= ; A=
2

4. Multiplication of matrix of A and B, denoted by AB, is a matrix whose element in the

i row and jth column is the sum of the products formed by multiplying each element in the
th

ith row of A by the corresponding element in the jth column of B.

a b   e f ae + bg ef + bh
e.g.   = 
 c d   g h  ce + dg cf + dh

Note that
(a) If A is an 𝑚 × 𝑝 matrix and B is a 𝑝 × 𝑛 matrix, then AB is an 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix
(b) Matrix multiplication is possible only when the number of columns in the first matrix
is equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.
Page 171 of 188
  2 1
1 0 
e.g.1 Let A =  3 0 and B =  . Find AB and BA. Is AB=BA?
 2 1
− 1 4

AB≠BA, matrix multiplication not commutative

 2 1
2 3 − 1
e.g.2 Let A =  3 0 and B =  . Find AB and BA.
 1 0 4 
− 1 4

Properties of Matrix Multiplication.

(a) (AB)C = A(BC) (Associative law)
(b) A(B+C) = AB+AC (Distributive law)
(c) AA-1 = A-1A = I (Inverse law)
(d) IA = AI = A (Identity law)
5. Powers of matrices
For any square matrix A and any positive integer n, the symbol

An A 
denotes  A
  A

 A.
n factors
3 −2
e.g. If A =   , find A2,A3
 −5 6 

 a 0 0
A = 0 b 0 , find A ,A and induce A .
2 4 n
e.g. If
0 0 c 
Page 172 of 188
14.4 INVERSE OF A 2X2 MATRIX
Let A be a 2x2 matrix, If there exists a matrix B such that AB = BA = I. The matrix B is called
−1
the inverse of A, denoted by A
i.e. AA-1 = A-1A = I
a b  p q
If A=   and denote its inverse by A-1 = 
c d  r s 

a b   p q  1 0
Then   =
c d   r s  0 1

ap + br aq + bs  1 0
cp + dr cq + ds  = 0 1
   

Solve the simultaneous equation, we get

1  d − b
A-1 =
ad − bc − c a 

Note that
a b
(a) ad-bc = ∆ = = determinant of A = det A = |A|
c d
(b) A-1 doesn’t exist when ∆= 0
(c) ∆= 0 are known as Singular Matrices, A-1 doesn’t exist.
(d) ∆≠ 0 are known as Regular Matrices, A-1 exist.

e.g.1 Find the inverse matrix of

1 3 3 −3
𝐴=[ ]𝐵 =[ ]
−1 2 4 −4

2
𝑡
e.g.2 For what values of 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅 is the matrix [ 𝑡−1] singular?
1 1

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14.5 EQUATION OF 2X2 MATRICES
Given A,B are square matrices, Find X if
(a) AX=B (b)XA=B

2 −1 1 3
If A=[ ], B=[ ], find X.
1 3 4 −2

Solution of Simultaneous Equations in 2 unknowns

ax + by = e a b   x   e 
 c d   y =  f 
cx + dy = f     

3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 17 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7
e.g.1 { e.g.2 {
4𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 32 3𝑦 − 5𝑥 = −19

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8 2𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 8
e.g.3 { e.g.4 {
4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 32 4𝑥 − 10𝑦 = 16

Page 174 of 188

14.6 GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
Elementary Row Operation
Elementary row operation can transform an augmented matrix into a row-equivalent
matrix if any of the following row operations is performed.
Let Ri be the ith row of a matrix
1. Interchange two rows (R i ↔ R j ); 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
2. Multiply a row with nonzero constant c (𝑅𝑖 → cR i ); c ≠ 0
3. Add a multiple of one row to another row (𝑅𝑖 → cR j + R i ); 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

Solve simultaneous equation

Use elementary row operation to transform an augmented matrix into an upper triangular
matrix.
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 3
e.g.1 {2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −2
−2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7

Inverse matrix
Use elementary row operation to transform an augmented matrix into an identity matrix,
and an identity matrix is transformed into an inverse matrix

A I→ I  A −1 
1 2 −3
e.g.2 𝐴 = [ 2 −1 −4]
−2 5 1

Page 175 of 188

14.7 DETERMINANTS
Method 1 Laplace Expansion (Cofactor Expansion)
The minor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the determinant of the matrix that remains after delete
the ith row and the jth column.
The cofactor of 𝑎𝑖𝑗 denoted by 𝐶𝑖𝑗 is defined as (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗
 a11 a12 a13 
Let A = a 21 a 22 a 23 

a31 a32 a33 

𝑎21 𝑎23 1+2

𝑎21 𝑎23
e.g. 𝑀12 = |𝑎 𝑎33 | ; 𝐶12 = (−1) 𝑀12 = − |𝑎31 𝑎33 |
31

Theorem 1
Determinants is equal to the sum of the products of the elements in any row/column and
their cofactors
|𝐴| = 𝑎𝑖1 𝐶𝑗1 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝐶𝑗2 + 𝑎𝑖3 𝐶𝑗3 ; 𝑖 = 𝑗
= 𝑎1𝑖 𝐶1𝑗 + 𝑎2𝑖 𝐶2𝑗 + 𝑎3𝑖 𝐶3𝑗 ; 𝑖 = 𝑗
e.g. |𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13 (using 1st row)
|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎21 𝐶21 + 𝑎31 𝐶31 (using 1st column) etc.

Theorem 2
The sum of the products of the elements in any row/column and another row/column
cofactors is equal to 0.
0 = 𝑎𝑖1 𝐶𝑗1 + 𝑎𝑖2 𝐶𝑗2 + 𝑎𝑖3 𝐶𝑗3 ; 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗
= 𝑎1𝑖 𝐶1𝑗 + 𝑎2𝑖 𝐶2𝑗 + 𝑎3𝑖 𝐶3𝑗 ; 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗

e.g. 𝑎11 𝐶21 + 𝑎12 𝐶22 + 𝑎13 𝐶23 = 0 etc.

3 1 −2
If 𝐴 = [5 −2 7 ] find |A|.
3 4 2

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Method 2 Sarrus Method (only for 3x3 matrix)

|𝐴| = (𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎33 + 𝑎12 𝑎23 𝑎31 + 𝑎13 𝑎21 𝑎32 ) − (𝑎31 𝑎22 𝑎13 + 𝑎32 𝑎23 𝑎11 + 𝑎33 𝑎21 𝑎12 )

1 −2 3
If 𝐴 = [2 3 −4] find |A|.
3 −2 5

Page 177 of 188

14.8 INVERSE OF 3X3 MATRIX BY DETERMINANTS
 a11 a12 a13 
Let A = a 21 a 22 a 23 

a31 a32 a33 

C11 C12 C13 

 
The cofactor matrix of A is defined as C 21 C 22 C 23  .
C31 C32 C33 

The adjoint matrix of A is defined as transpose of cofactor matrix

C11 C 21 C31 
adj A = (cofactor of A) = C12
T
C 22 C32  .
C13 C 23 C33 

 a11 a12 a13  C11 C 21 C31 

A  adj A = a 21 a 22 a 23  C12 C 22 C32 
 a31 a32 a33  C13 C 23 C33 
A 0 0
 
=0 A 0= AI
 0 0 A 
A  adj A = A AA -1

adj A
∴ A−1 =
|A|
1 2 −3
e.g. Use the adjoint method to find the inverse of 𝐴 = [ 2 −1 −4]
−2 5 1

Page 178 of 188

14.9 SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS BY DETERMINANTS
Cramer’s Rule
Consider three equations in three unknowns, i.e.

 a1 x + b1 y + c1 z = d1

a2 x + b2 y + c2 z = d 2
a x + b y + c z = d
 3 3 3 3

a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1 a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
 = a2 b2 c2  x = d2 b2 c2  y = a2 d2 c2  z = a2 b2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3 a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑧
If ∆≠ 0, 𝑥 = , 𝑦= , 𝑧=
∆ ∆ ∆

𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 3
e.g. solve {2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −2
−2𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7

Page 179 of 188

UEC question

2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1
1. Use Cramer’s rule to solve {2𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 9𝑧 = −5 [Ans:𝑥 = −3, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑧 = −1] [2010 AM1 Paper 2 Q7b]
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 3

𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3
2. Use Cramer’s rule to solve {3𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 6 [Ans:𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑧 = −1] [2011 AM1 Paper 2 Q7a]
4𝑥 + 𝑧 = 11

2 −4 𝑥 + 1
3. Solve the equation |𝑥 − 1 1 𝑥 |=8 [Ans:1 𝑜𝑟 13] [2012 AM1 Paper 1 Q4]
0 −1 3

2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5
4. Given that { 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 5 where 𝑎 is an unknown coefficient. Use Cramer’s rule to solve 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 in terms
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 𝑎

10
of 𝑎.Hence, find the range of 𝑎 so that 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are all greater than 0.[Ans:0 < 𝑎 < 3
] [2012 AM1 Paper 2 11b]

4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 9
5. Use Cramer’s rule to solve { + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −4 Ans:𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = −2, 𝑧 = −1] [2015 AM1 Paper 2 Q7b]
3𝑥
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 13

1 1 −1 0 1 4
6. |1 2 3 | + |1 2 3| [Ans:0] [2015 AM1 Paper 1 Q3]
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

4 2 −1 4𝑝 + 2𝑞 − 𝑟 = 24
7. let A= [2 3 2 ], (i) Use adjoint method to find 𝐴−1 −1
(ii) Use 𝐴 to solve { 2𝑝 + 3𝑞 + 2𝑟 = 17
6 −5 7 6𝑝 − 5𝑞 + 7𝑟 = −21

[Ans:𝑝 = 3, 𝑞 = 5, 𝑟 = −2] [2016 AM1 Paper 2 Q6b]

−40 𝑢 𝑥 1 2 𝑎
8. Given that the inverse of the matrix [ 13 𝑣 𝑦] is [2 𝑏 3], find the value of b. [Ans:5][UEC2018]
5 𝑤 𝑧 𝑐 0 8

1 𝑥 𝑥2 1
9. Given that the determinant |1 2 4 | = 0. Find the value of x. [Ans:2 or 2] [UEC2019]
4 2 1

𝑥 − 10 38
10. Given that the inverse of the matrix [ ] exists. Find the range of x. [Ans:𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 ≠ −9,18] [2020]
4 𝑥+1

1 0 1 3 1 −2
−1 1
11. Given matrix 𝐴 = (2 2 −1 ) and its inverse 𝐴 = 3
(−3 𝑛 3 ).
1 1 1 0 −1 2

(i) Find the value of n. [Ans: 0]

𝑥+𝑧 =4
(ii) Use the result in (i) to solve the system of equations {2𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1 [Ans: (5, −6, −1)]UEC2022Q6a]
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −2

Page 180 of 188

Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 14a Arithmetic of Matrix

2 0 1 −1
1. Given A=( ) , 𝐵=( ) , calculate:
−3 5 2 −4
7 −1 (𝑏) 0 −4
(a) 3A+B (b) 4B-2A Ans: (𝑎) ( ); ( )
−7 11 14 −26

2. Find the products of the following matrices:

2 0
2 0 1 4 3 −1 1 3
(a) ( )( ) (c) (−1 3 ) ( )
4 1 −2 0 1 4 −2 1
1 −2
−2 2 6
2 8 6
Ans: a) ( ) (b) ( 13 −7 0)
2 16 13
−9 5 1

−2 0 (−2)𝑛 0
3. Given that A=( ). Find A2 , A4 .Hence, deduce An Ans: ( )
0 2 0 2𝑛

Page 181 of 188

 −3 2
4. If A=( ),find the values of m and n such that A2 + 𝑚A + n𝐈 =0 where I is the 2x2
1 −2
identity matrix and 0 is the 2x2 zero matrix Ans:m=5;n=4

5. In the each of the following matrix multiplication, state if AB or BA is defined, and evaluate these
products
2
2 3 1 −2 1
(a) A=(2 4 −5) B=(1) (b) A=( ) B=( )
1 −2 3 0 2
3
4 8 −10
11 −4 8
Ans: (a)AB=(-7); BA=(2 4 −5 ) (b)AB=( ); BA is not defined
−5 −2 −3
6 12 −15

1 1 2
6. Given matrix A=(1 2 1). Find matrix B so that B = A2 − 4A − 𝐈,where B is a 3x3 square matrix
2 1 1
and I is the 3x3 identity matrix. Hence, show that AB+4I=0 where 0 is the 3x3 zero matrix.
1 1 −3
Ans: B=( 1 −3 1 )
−3 1 1

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 14b Inverse and Equation of 2x2 matrix

1. Find the value(s) of 𝑥 if:
𝑥 𝑥 3
| |=6 Ans: − 2,2
−2𝑥 −1

𝑥+1 2
2. Find the value of x if the inverse of the matrix 𝐴 = ( ) does not exist. [Ans: -4]
−6 4
[UEC2021Q4]

1 2 8 5 4 3
3. If ( )𝐴 = ( ), find A. [Ans: ( )] [UEC2001Q1]
3 4 20 13 2 1

2 −1 −14 13 3 −4
4. Given 𝐴 = ( ) and 𝐵 = ( ). If 𝑋𝐴 = 𝐵, find 𝑋. [Ans: ( )]
5 −4 −11 10 2 −3

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 3 −5
5. Given A = ( ), find 𝐴−1
4 3
3𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 14
Hence, solve the simultaneous equation { Ans:(3, −1)
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 9

4 6
6. Given A = ( ), find 𝐴−1
3 5
4𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 10
Hence, solve the simultaneous equation { Ans:(−2,3)
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 9

1 3 2 0 1 −1 24 0
7. Given A=( ), B=( ), C=( ). If B −1X=3A+9C, find the matrix X Ans: ( )
2 4 1 1 2 0 36 12

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Class: . . Name: . . ( ) Teacher: . Date: . .

Exercise 14b Inverse and Equation of 3x3 matrix

1. Find the value(s) of 𝑥 if:
1 −1 0
|−3 𝑥 − 2 2 | = −5 ans: 2
0 −2 𝑥 + 1

2. By using adjoint method, find the inverse matrix of the following:

1 0 2 −3 2 −2
(4 1 3) ans: ( 6 −4 5 )
2 1 0 2 −1 1

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 1 2 −1
3. Given A=(0 1 1 ), find the inverse of A, A−1 . Hence, solve the system of equations below:
1 1 −3
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 2 4 −5 −3
{ 𝑦+𝑧 =1 ans: 𝐴−1 = (−1 2 1 ) , {(6,-1,2)}
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1 1 −1 −1

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4. Solve the systems of equations by using Cramer’s rule:
𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
a. {4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 ans:{(2,1,-3)}
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 5

𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −4
b. {3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −5 ans: {(9,-4,7)}
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = −5

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 1 1
0
2 −1 −2 6 6
2 2
5. Find the inverse matrix of (4 1 2 ) by using Gauss’ elimination Ans: 3
1 −3
8 −1 1 2 1 1
−3 −3
( 3 )

𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
6. Solve the system of equations by using Gauss’ elimination{ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ans: {(1,2,3)}
𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = −7

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