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Online Instructor’s Solutions Manual

for

Mathematics for Business

Tenth Edition

Stanley A. Salzman
American River College

Gary Clendenen
Sienna College
 Prepared by
Deana Richmond

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 Chapter 1 Problem Solving and Operations with Fractions

1.1 Problem Solving 14. $625-$75 = $550

$550´4 = $2200
1. 80 + 75 +135 + 40 + 52 = 382 The amount saved is $2200.
Beth rode 382 miles.
15. (6´$1256) + (15´$895) = $20, 961
2. 325 + 75 +137 + 495 +105 = 1137 The total cost is $20,961.
1137 pounds of these coffees were sold.
16. (23´$479 ) + (8´$247 ) = $12,993
3. 1815-1348 = 467
467 passengers remain on the ship. The total cost is $12,993.

4. $250, 000 -$15, 000 = $235, 000 17. 1250 -(30´25) = 500
There is $235,000 more in the large There are 500 balcony seats
machines than in the small machines. 500 ¸ 25 = 20
There must be 20 seats in each row.
5. 2.5- 0.8 = 1.7

The required reduction is 1.7 billion tons.

18. (24´30) ¸ 6 = 120
6. 397, 012 -364, 383 = 32, 629 A total of 120 boxes of wreaths are shipped.
The decrease in the rate at which world 120 ¸ 5 = 24
population is growing is 32,629 people Each shop will receive 24 boxes.
per day.
19. 4.4´8 = 35.2
7. 2425-582 + 634 = 2477 35.2 hours would be needed.
The car will weigh 2477 pounds.
20. $2679.99´14 = $37, 519.86
8. $2324 -$734 + $568 = $2158 The cost is $37,519.86.
The balance in the account is $2158.
21. 38 ¸ 0.58 » 65.5
9. 24, 000, 000 -7000 = 23,993, 000 There are 65.5 million shares.
There are 23,993,000 small and midsize
businesses. 22. 42 ¸ 0.65 » 64.6 » 65
There are 65 million shares (rounded).
10. 21,375-9250 =12,125
The weight of the firewood is 12,125 pounds. 23. 221  8.359  26
26 coins can be produced.
11. 900´365 = 328,500
328,500 World War II veterans are projected to 24. 57.13 1.62  35
die in the next year. 35 dosages can be made.

12. $30, 000´12, 600 = 378, 000, 000 25. (a) 100  0.0043  0.43
The total cost would be $378,000,000. The pile is 0.43 inch high.
(b) 1000  0.0043  4.3
13. $239 -$89 = $150 The pile is 4.3 inches high.
$150´5 = $750
The amount saved is $750.
3
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 T P G B T
M :B 1891
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most other
parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may
copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in
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located before using this eBook.

Title: The ruined cities of Mashonaland: Being a record of excavation and

exploration in 1891

Author: J. Theodore Bent

Contributor: R. M. W. Swan

Release date: September 29, 2022 [eBook #69067]

Language: English

Original publication: United Kingdom: Longmans, Green and Co, 1892

Credits: Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RUINED CITIES OF

MASHONALAND: BEING A RECORD OF EXCAVATION AND EXPLORATION IN
1891 ***
[Contents]

[Contents]

MASHONALAND

[Contents]

W P C 10 M Z

[Contents]
 THE RUINED CITIES
OF
MASHONALAND
BEING A RECORD OF
EXCAVATION AND EXPLORATION IN 1891

BY
J. THEODORE BENT, F.S.A. F.R.G.S.
AUTHOR OF ‘THE CYCLADES, OR LIFE AMONGST THE INSULAR GREEKS’ ETC.

WITH A CHAPTER ON THE

ORIENTATION AND MENSURATION OF THE TEMPLES
BY R. M. W. SWAN

NEW EDITION
LONDON
LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.
AND NEW YORK: 15 EAST 16th STREET
1895
All rights reserved
[Contents]
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE.
First Edition, 8vo. November 1892; New and Cheaper Edition, with additional
Appendix, crown 8vo. August 1893; Reprinted, with additions, January 1895. [vii]

[Contents]
 PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
Since the appearance of the second edition of this book I have received many
communications about the Mashonaland ruins, considerable additional work in
excavation has been done, and many more ruins have come to light as the country has
been opened out. Of this material I have set down the chief points of interest.

Professor D. H. Müller.—Professor D. H. Müller, of Vienna, the great Austrian authority

on Southern Arabian archæology, wrote to me on the subject, and kindly drew my
attention to passages in his work on the towers and castles of South Arabia which bore
on the question, and from which I now quote. Marib, the Mariaba of Greek and Roman
geographers, was the capital of the old Sabæan kingdom of Southern Arabia, and
celebrated more especially for its gigantic dam and irrigation system, the ruin of which
was practically the ruin of the country. East-north-east of Marib, half an hour’s ride
brings one to the great [viii]ruin called by the Arabs the Haram of Bilkis or the Queen of
Sheba. It is an elliptical building with a circuit of 300 feet, and the plan given by the
French traveller, M. Arnaud, shows a remarkable likeness to the great circular temple at
Zimbabwe.

Again, the long inscription on this building is in two rows, and runs round a fourth of its
circumference; this corresponds to the position of the two rows of chevron pattern which
run round a fourth part of the temple at Zimbabwe. Furthermore, one half of the elliptical
wall on the side of the inscription is well built and well preserved, whereas that on the
opposite side is badly built and partly ruined. This is also the case in the Zimbabwe ruin,
where all the care possible has been lavished on the side where the pattern and the round
tower are, and the other portion has been either more roughly finished or constructed
later by inferior workmen.

From the inscriptions on the building at Marib we learn that it was a temple dedicated to
the goddess Almaqah. Professor Müller writes as follows:—

There is absolutely no doubt that the Haram of Bilkis is an old temple in which sacred inscriptions to the
deities were set up on stylæ. The elliptically formed wall appears to have been always used in temple
buildings; also at Sirwah, the Almaqah temple, which is decidedly very much older than the Haram of
Bilkis, was also built in an oval form. Also these temples, as the inscriptions show, were dedicated to
Almaqah. Arabian archæologists also identify Bilkis with Almaqah, and, therefore, make the temple of
Almaqah into a female apartment (haram).

[ix]

From Hamdani, the Arabian geographer, we learn that Ialmaqah was the star Venus; for
the star Venus is called in the Himyaritic tongue Ialmaqah or Almaq, ‘illuminating,’ and
hence we see the curious connection arising between the original female goddess of the
earlier star-worshipping Sabæans and the later myth of the wonderful Queen Bilkis, who
was supposed to have constructed these buildings.

It seems to me highly probable that in the temple of Zimbabwe we have a Sabæan

Almaqah temple; the points of comparison are so very strong, and there is furthermore a
strong connection between the star-worshipping Sabæans and the temple with its points
orientated to the sun, and built on such definite mathematical principles.

Professor Sayce called my attention to the fact that the elliptical form of temple and the
construction on a system of curves is further paralleled by the curious temples at Malta,
which all seemed to have been constructed on the same principle.

Mr. W. St. Chad Boscawen’s interesting communication to the preface of the second
edition receives confirmation from details concerning the worship of Sopt at Saft-el-
Henneh, published by Herr Brugsch in the Proceedings of Biblical Archæology. Sopt, he
tells us, was the feudal god of the Arabian nome, the nome of Sopt. At Saft-el-Henneh
this god is described upon the monuments as ‘Sopt the Spirit of the East, the Hawk, the
Horus of the East’ (Naville’s ‘Goshen,’ p. 10), and as also connected with Tum, the
rising [x]and setting sun (p. 13). M. Naville believes that this bird represents not the
rising sun, but one of the planets, Venus, the morning star; that is to say, that Sopt was
the herald of the sun, not the sun itself. Herr Brugsch, however, believes that it was
really the god of the zodiacal light, the previous and the after glow. If M. Naville’s
theory is correct, we have at once a strong connection between Almaqah, the Venus star
of the Sabæans, and the goddess worshipped at Marib and probably at Zimbabwe, and
the hawk of Sopt, the feudal god of the Arabian nome, which was closely connected with
the worship of Hathor, ‘the queen of heaven and earth.’

Sir John Willoughby conducted further excavations at Zimbabwe, which lasted over a
period of five weeks. He brought to light a great number of miscellaneous articles, but
unfortunately none of the finds are different from those which we discovered. He
obtained a number of crucibles, phalli, and bits of excellent pottery, fragments of
soapstone bowls. One object only may be of interest, which he thus describes:—

This was a piece of copper about six inches in length, a quarter of an inch wide, and an eighth of an inch
thick, covered with a green substance (whether enamel, paint, or lacquer, I am unable to determine), and
inlaid with one of the triangular Zimbabwe designs. It was buried some five feet below the surface, almost
in contact with the east side of the wall itself.

Sir John also found some very fine pieces of [xi]pottery which would not disgrace a
classical period in Greece or Egypt. Furthermore, he made it abundantly clear that the
buildings are of many different periods, for they show more recent walls superposed on
older ones.

Mr. R. W. M. Swan, who was with us on our expedition as cartographer and surveyor,
has this year returned to Mashonaland, and has visited and taken the plans of no less than
thirteen sets of ruins of minor importance, but of the same period as Zimbabwe, on his
way up from the Limpopo river to Fort Victoria. The results of these investigations have
been eminently satisfactory, and in every case confirming the theory of the construction
of the great Zimbabwe temple.

At the junction of the Lotsani river with the Limpopo he found two sets of ruins and
several shapeless masses of stones, not far from a well-known spot where the Limpopo
is fordable. Both of these are of the same workmanship as the Zimbabwe buildings,
though not quite so carefully constructed as the big temple; the courses are regular, and
the battering back of each successive course and the rounding of the ends of the walls
are very cleverly done. The walls are built of the same kind of granite and with holes at
the doorways for stakes as at Zimbabwe. But what is most important, Mr. Swan
ascertained that the length of the radius of the curves of which they are built is equal to
the diameter of the Lundi temple or the circumference of the great round tower [xii]at
Zimbabwe. He then proceeded to orientate the temple, and as the sun was nearly setting
he sat on the centre of the arc, and was delighted to find that the sun descended nearly in
a line with the main doorway; and as it was only seventeen days past the winter solstice,
on allowing for the difference in the sun’s declination for that time, he found that a line
from the centre of the arc through the middle of the doorway pointed exactly to the sun’s
centre when it set at the winter solstice. The orientation of the other ruin he found was
also to the setting sun. ‘This,’ writes Mr. Swan, ‘places our theories regarding
orientation and geometrical construction beyond a doubt.’

Continuing his journey northwards, Mr. Swan found two sets of ruins in the Lipokole
hills, four near Semalali, and one actually 300 yards from the mess-room of the
Bechuanaland Border Police at Macloutsie camp. Owing to stress of time Mr. Swan was
not able to visit all the ruins that he heard of in this locality, but he was able to fix the
radii of two curves at the Macloutsie ruin, and four curves at those near Semalali, and he
found them all constructed on the system used at Zimbabwe. The two ruins on the
Lipokole hills he found to be fortresses only, and not built on the plan of the temples.
The temples consist generally of two curves only, and are of half-moon shape, and seem
never to have been complete enclosures; they are all built of rough stone, for no good
stone is obtainable, yet the curves [xiii]are extremely well executed, and are generally true
in their whole length to within one or two inches.

Further up country, on the ’Msingwani river, Mr. Swan found seven sets of ruins, three
of which were built during the best period of Zimbabwe work. He measured three of the
curves here, and found them to agree precisely with the curve system used in the
construction of the round temple at Zimbabwe, and all of them were laid off with
wonderful accuracy.

Another important piece of work done by Mr. Swan on his way up to Fort Victoria was
to take accurate measurements of the small circular temple about 200 yards from the
Lundi river. This we had visited on our way up; but as we had not then formed any
theory with regard to the construction of these buildings, we did not measure the
building with sufficient accuracy to be quite sure of our data.

With regard to this ruin, Mr. Swan writes:—

One door is to the north and the other 128° and a fraction from it; so that the line from the centre to the sun
rising at mid-winter bisects the arc between the doorways. If one could measure the circumference of this
arc with sufficient accuracy, we could deduce the obliquity of the ecliptic when the temple was built. I
made an attempt, and arrived at about 2000 . .; but really it is impossible to measure with sufficient
accuracy to arrive at anything definite by this method, although from it we may get useful corroborative
evidence.

From this mass of fresh evidence as to the curves and orientation of the Mashonaland
ruins we may [xiv]safely consider that the builders of these mysterious structures were
well versed in geometry, and studied carefully the heavens. Beyond this nothing, of
course, can really be proved until an enormous amount of careful study has been devoted
to the subject. It is, however, very valuable confirmatory evidence when taken with the
other points, that the builders were of a Semitic race and of Arabian origin, and quite
excludes the possibility of any negroid race having had more to do with their
construction than as the slaves of a race of higher cultivation; for it is a well-accepted
fact that the negroid brain never could be capable of taking the initiative in work of such
intricate nature.

Mr. Cecil Rhodes also had another excavation done outside the walls of the great circular
ruin, and the soil carefully sifted. In it were discovered a large number of gold beads,
gold in thin sheets, and 2½ ounces of small and beautifully made gold tacks; also a
fragment of wood about the tenth of an inch square, covered with a brown colouring
matter and a gilt herring-bone pattern.

Mr. Swan thus describes these finds:—

Very many gold beads have been found; also leaf gold and wedge-shaped tacks of gold for fixing it on
wood. Finely twisted gold wire and bits of gilt pottery, also some silver. The pottery is the most
interesting; it is very thin, only about one-fifteenth of an inch thick, and had been coated with some
pigment, on which the gilt is laid. On the last fragment found the gilding is in waving lines, but on a
former piece there is a herring-bone pattern. The work is [xv]so fine that to see it easily one has to use a
magnifying glass. The most remarkable point about the gold ornaments is the quantity in which they are
found. Almost every panful of stuff taken from anywhere about the ruins will show some gold. Just at the
fountain the ground is particularly rich. I have tested some of the things from Zimbabwe, and, in addition
to gold, find alloy of silver and copper, and gold and silver.

One of the most interesting of the later finds in Mashonaland is a wooden platter found
in a cave about 10 miles distant from Zimbabwe, a reproduction of which forms the
frontispiece to this edition. Mr. Noble, clerk of the Cape Houses of Parliament, to whom
I am indebted for the photograph of this object, thus describes it:—

In the centre of the dish, which is about 38 inches in circumference, there is carved the figure of a
crocodile (which was probably regarded as a sacred animal) or an Egyptian turtle, and on the rim of the
plate is a very primitive representation of the zodiacal characters, such as Aquarius, Pisces, Cancer,
 Sagittarius, Gemini, as well as Taurus and Scorpio. Besides these there occur the figures of the sun and
moon, a group of three stars, a triangle, and four slabs with triangular punctures (two of them being in
reversed positions), all carved in relief, and displaying the same rude style of art which marked the
decorated bowl found by Mr. Bent in the temple at Zimbabwe. A portion of the rim of the plate has been
eroded by insects, probably from resting on damp ground. Altogether, the relic presents to the eye an
unquestionable specimen of rare archaism, which has been remarkably preserved through many centuries,
probably dating back even before the Christian era. Previous observation [xvi]and measurements of
Zimbabwe, by Mr. R. Swan, established the presumption that the builders of it used astronomical methods
and observed the zodiacal and other stars; and this plate shows that the ancient people, whether Phœnician,
Sabæan, or Mineans—all of Arabian origin—were familiar with the stellar grouping and signs said to have
been first developed by the Chaldeans and dwellers in Mesopotamia.

Another interesting find in connection with this early civilisation is a Roman coin of the
Emperor Antoninus Pius ( . . 138); it was found in an ancient shaft near Umtali at a
depth of 70 feet, and forms a valuable link in the chain of evidence as to the antiquity of
the gold mines in Mashonaland.

Concerning the more recent ruins discovered in Matabeleland, north of Buluwayo, we

have not much definite detail to hand at present. Mr. Swan writes that he has seen
photographs of them, and that ‘many of the ruins are of great size. One can clearly see
that in most cases the mason work is at least as good as that at Zimbabwe, and the
decorations on the wall are at least as well constructed and are more lavishly used. In
one ruin you have the chevron, the herring-bone, and the chessboard patterns.’

J. THEODORE BENT

13 G C P :
October 31, 1894. [xvii]

[Contents]
 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
In looking over this work for a second edition, I find little to add to the material as it
appeared in the first, and next to nothing to alter. Sir John Willoughby has kindly
supplied me with details concerning five weeks’ excavation which he carried on the
summer following the one which we spent there, the results of which, however, appear
only to have produced additional specimens of the objects we found—namely, crucibles
with traces of gold, fragments of decorated bowls, phalli, &c.—but no further object to
assist us in unravelling the mystery of the primitive race which built the ruins.

No one of the many reviewers of my work has criticised adversely my archæological

standpoint with regard to these South African remains: on the contrary, I continue to
have letters on the subject from all sides which make me more than ever convinced that
the authors of these ruins were a northern [xviii]race coming from Arabia—a race which
spread more extensively over the world than we have at present any conception of, a
race closely akin to the Phœnician and the Egyptian, strongly commercial, and
eventually developing into the more civilised races of the ancient world.

Professor D. H. Müller, of Vienna, endorses our statements concerning the form and
nature of the buildings themselves in his work ‘Burgen und Schlösser’ (ii. 20), to which
he kindly called my attention; and Mr. W. St. Chad Boscawen has also favoured me with
the following remarks on certain analogous points that have struck him during an
archæological tour in Egypt this last winter:—

The Hawks Gods over the Mines in Mashonaland.

A curious parallel and possible explanation to the birds found in Mashonaland over the works at
Zimbabwe seems to me to be afforded by the study of the mines and quarries of the ancient Egyptians.
During my explorations in Egypt this winter I visited a large number of quarries, and was much struck by
noticing that in those of an early period the hawk nearly always occurs as a guardian emblem.

Of this we have several examples.

In the Wady Magharah, the mines of which were worked for copper and turquoise by the ancient
Egyptians of the period of the Third and Fourth Dynasties, especially by Senefru, Kufu, and Kephren, the
figure of the hawk is found sculptured upon the rocks as the special emblem of the god of the mines.
Another striking example of this connection of the hawk with the mines is afforded by a quarry worked
[xix]for alabaster, which I visited in February of this year. The quarry is situated in the Gebel-Kiawleh, to
the east of the Siut road. It is a large natural cave, which has been worked into a quarry yielding a rich
yellow alabaster, such as was used for making vases and toilet vessels. Over the door were sculptured the
cartouches of Teta, the first king of the Sixth Dynasty, but, as may be seen from the accompanying sketch,
in the centre of the lintel was a panel on which is sculptured the figure of a hawk. This quarry was only
worked during the Sixth and Twelfth Dynasties, as in the interior were found inscriptions of Amen-em-hat
II. and Usortesen III. A third example of this association of the hawk and the mines is afforded by a quarry
of the period of the Eighteenth Dynasty. In the mountains at the back of the plain of Tel-el-Amarna is a
large limestone quarry. On one pillar of this great excavation extending far into the hill is sculptured the
cartouche of Queen Tii. On another column we have the hawk and emblems of the goddess Hathor,
 , to whom all mines were sacred. This seems to show that the hawk was the emblem of the
goddess Hathor, to whom all mines were sacred, as we know from the inscription at Denderah, where the
king says, ‘I bestow upon thee the mountains, to produce for thee the stones to be a delight to see.’ And it
must be remembered that the region of Sinai was especially sacred to the goddess Hathor. This association
of mines with Hathor especially explains the birds, as, according to Sinaitic inscriptions, she was in this
region particularly worshipped. Here were temples to her where she was worshipped as ‘the sublime
Hathor, queen of heaven and earth and the dark depths below’; and here she was also associated with the
sparrow-hawk of Supt, ‘the lord of the East.’ This association with Sinai, and also with Arabia and Punt,
which is attached to the goddess Hathor, and her connection with the [xx]mines in Egypt, seems to me to
be most important in connection with the emblem of the hawk in the mines at Zimbabwe.

According to the oldest traditions of the Egyptians there was a close association between Hathor, the
goddess of Ta-Netu, ‘the Holy Land,’ and Punt. She was called the ‘Queen and Ruler of Punt.’ Now, Punt
was the Somali coast, the Ophir of the Egyptians; but, at the same time, there was undoubtedly a close
association between it and Arabia, and indeed, as Brugsch remarks, there is no need to limit it to Somali
land, but to embrace in it the coasts of Yemen and Hydramaut. ‘Here in these regions,’ he says (‘Hist. Eg.’
p. 117), ‘we ought to seek, as it appears to us, for those mysterious places which in the fore ages of all
history the wonder-loving Cushite races, like swarms of locusts, left in passing from Arabia and across the
sea to set foot on the rich and blessed Punt and the “Holy Land,” and to continue their wanderings into the
interior in a northerly and western direction. We may also bring this connection between Punt, Sinai, and
Egypt more close in the time of the Eighteenth Dynasty, when we see on a rock-cut tablet at Sinai, in the
Wady Magharah, the dual inscription of Hatsepsu and Thothmes III., who present their offerings to the
“lord of the East, the sparrow-hawk Supt, and the heavenly Hathor.” ’

With all these facts before us there seems little doubt that the association between the hawks and the mines
and miners is a very ancient one, and may be attributed to either ancient Egyptian, or rather, I think, to
very ancient Arabian times; for, as we know from the inscriptions of Senefru, the builder of the Pyramid of
Medum, the mines in Sinai were worked by ‘foreigners,’ who may have been Chaldeans or ancient
Arabians.

Another point which seems to me to throw some additional light upon this subject, and again imply a
possible [xxi]Arabian connection, is the remarkable ingot mould discovered at Zimbabwe. The shape is
exactly that of the curious objects, possibly ingots of some kind, which are represented as being brought
by the Amu in the tomb of Khemmhotep at Beni Hasan, an event which took place in the ninth year of the
reign of King Usortesen II., of the Twelfth Dynasty. The shape is very interesting, as it has evidently been
chosen for the purposes of being tied on to donkeys or carried by slaves. The curious phalli found at
Zimbabwe may also resemble the same emblems found in large numbers near the Speos Artemidos, the
shrine of Pasht, near to Beni Hasan, and may have been associated with the goddess Hathor. There are
many other features which seem to me to bear out a distinctly Arabo-Egyptian theory as to the working of
this ancient gold-field, and future study will no doubt bring these in greater prominence.

W. S . C. B .

Certain critics from South Africa have attacked my derivations of words. I admit that the
subject is open to criticism; almost anyone could state a derivation for such words as
Zimbabwe, Makalanga, Mashona, and they would all have about the same degree of
plausibility. Some people write and tell me that they are quite sure I am right; others,
again, write and tell me that they are quite sure I am wrong. Such being the case, I prefer
to let the derivations stand as I originally put them until positive proof be brought before
me, and for that I feel sure I shall have to wait a long time.
 J. THEODORE BENT.

13 G C P :
May 26, 1893. [xxiii]

[Contents]
 CONTENTS
PART I

ON THE ROAD TO THE RUINS

CHAP. PAGE

I. T J K D R 3
II. F I M 31
III. C L W Z 60

PART II

DEVOTED TO THE ARCHÆOLOGY OF THE RUINED CITIES

IV. D R 95
V. O O M Z R , R. M. W.
S 141
VI. T F G Z R 179
VII. T G E M R 223

[xxiv]

PART III

EXPLORATION JOURNEYS IN MASHONALAND

VIII. D S R M R 247
IX. F S O W R M V 279
X. O E C ’M 301
XI. T R C M ’ ,C ’, M ’
C 336
XII. T J C 361

APPENDICES

A. N G M M ,
R. M. W. S 389
B. L S M A O ,
A , R. M. W. S 398
C. A C V., R. M. W. S 401
D. P M N 1891 M 1893 405
INDEX 413 [xxv]

[Contents]
 ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE

W P C T M Z Frontispiece
M .T B 3
M T O - 19
W P 36
A E P B M 37
W D D T 38
B D 39
G B W 40
W M ,B , P B 41
W ’ G , C C ,S - ,
M P 44
W H C ,C ’ C 45
G D B F P 46
W P H F 47
I S - , N C 48
M .T B 61
U I 67
H 70
C K 71
B O 72
W S - 74
B D [xxvi] 77
D D ‘B F ’P , P
D 78
P P 80
M P 81
H U ’ K E 89
A C ’ K 91
R L R 97
G V Z 101
M E C R Z 106
L C R ,Z 107
P L C R Z 109
L R T C R ,Z 113
R T M D F 123
Z
A A 125
T P M , ., F Z 127
A F C ,Z 133
B T M R 136
W - E P M R 137
M Z D 143
T T 149
C B R T 150
T T W Z 153
W D W ,Z 171
S B P 180
S B P 181
F B B S B P 183
B P 184
B P Z D 185
M B P 187
O P ,Z ; P C L
[xxvii] 188
L D S B P 190
D S B 191, 192
C S S 193
F B P B 194
F B H S 195
B Z 196
F S B P 197
F S B E C L 198
L P -A A 199
L R B , M . A. A. A 199
S B 200, 201
F B K 202
S C Z 202
O T P ,C 203
G B ,C P ,P P , A G 205
F B G P 206
F P 207
T P B ,P S , W 208, 209
W 210
I B B S - 211, 212
B - A 213, 214
G S - 216
T 217
A S 218
S I M ,Z 218
I T F H 219
S O 219
B E G F [xxviii] 220
C S G Z 221
F P B - F 222
M 249
C ’ I S , I R 253
R M P S 254
K B 255
L T 256
R S - G - 257
D H D 259
S H 260
D H 262
C ’ T 271
I H 274
H S G , N D 275
N D 276
N B M V 286
R M V 293
T V B ; C B ; W
V B ;B W ,M P , B
O 297
T W C ’ ,G ’, K ’ C 304
W B M ’ K 305
M I S F 308
G B B - I S 309
W ’ D W B F 310
B 313
W P L 316
E ,S L , B - 320
P - 321
AC C 322
W S .L [xxix] 328
B D ’M ’ K 332, 333
M ’ K 338
 B D N R 345
C ’ K 349
D P 358

[1]
PART I
 ON THE ROAD TO THE RUINS
[3]

[Contents]
CHAPTER I
 THE JOURNEY UP BY THE KALAHARI DESERT ROUTE
In a volume devoted to the ruined cities of Mashonaland I am loth to
introduce remarks in narrative form relating how we got to them and
how we got away. Still, however, the incidents of our journeyings to
and fro offer certain features which may be interesting from an
anthropological point of view. The study of the natives and their
customs occupied our leisure moments when not digging at
Zimbabwe or travelling too fast, and a record of what we saw
amongst them, comes legitimately, I think, within the scope of our
expedition. [4]

For the absence of narrative of sport in these pages I feel it hardly

necessary to apologise. So much has been done in this line by the
colossal Nimrods who have visited South Africa that any trifling
experiences we may have had in this direction are not worth the
telling. My narrative is, therefore, entirely confined to the ruins and
the people; on other South African subjects I do not pretend to speak
with any authority whatsoever.

Three societies subscribed liberally to our expedition—namely, the

Royal Geographical Society, the British Chartered Company of
South Africa, and the British Association for the Advancement of
Science—without which aid I could never have undertaken a
journey of such proportions; and to the officers of the Chartered
Company, with whom we naturally came much in contact, I cannot
tender thanks commensurate with their kindness; to their assistance,
especially in the latter part of our journey, when we had parted
company with our waggons and our comforts, we owe the fact that
we were able to penetrate into unexplored parts of the country
without let or hindrance, and without more discomforts than
naturally arise from incidents of travel.

MR. THEODORE BENT Serious doubts as to the advisability of a lady undertaking such a
journey were frequently brought before us at the outset; fortified,
however, by previous experience in Persia, Asia Minor, and the
Greek Islands, we hardly gave these doubts more than a passing thought, and the event proved that they
were [5]wholly unnecessary. My wife was the only one of our party who escaped fever, never having a
day’s illness during the whole year that we were away from home. She was able to take a good many
photographs under circumstances of exceptional difficulty, and instead of being, as was prophesied, a
burden to the expedition, she furthered its interests and contributed to its ultimate success in more ways
than one.

Mr. Robert McNair Wilson Swan accompanied us in the capacity of cartographer; to him I owe not only
the plans which illustrate this volume, but also much kindly assistance in all times of difficulty.

We three left England at the end of January 1891, and returned to it again at the end of January 1892,
having accomplished a record rare in African travel, and of which we are justly proud—namely, that no
root of bitterness sprang up amongst us.
We bought two waggons, thirty-six oxen, and heaps of tinned provisions at Kimberley. These we
conveyed by train to Vryberg, in Bechuanaland, which place we left on March 6. An uninteresting and
uneventful ‘trek’ of a week brought us to Mafeking, where we had to wait some time, owing to a deluge
of rain, and from this point I propose to commence the narrative of my observations.

Bechuanaland is about as big as France, and a country which has been gradually coming under the
sphere of British influence since Sir Charles Warren’s campaign, and which in a very few years must of
[6]necessity be absorbed into the embryo empire which Mr. Cecil Rhodes hopes to build up from the
Lakes to Cape Town. At present there are three degrees of intensity of British influence in Bechuanaland
in proportion to the proximity to headquarters—firstly, the Crown colony to the south, with its railway,
its well-to-do settlements at Taungs, Vryberg, and Mafeking, and with its native chiefs confined within
certain limits; secondly, the British protectorate to the north of this over such chiefs as Batuen, Pilan,
Linchwe, and Sechele, extending vaguely to the west into the Kalahari Desert, and bounded by the
Limpopo River and the Dutchmen on the east; thirdly, the independent dominions of the native chief
Khama, who rules over a vast territory to the north, and whose interests are entirely British, for with their
assistance only can he hope to resist the attacks of his inveterate foe King Lobengula of Matabeleland.

Two roads through Bechuanaland to Mashonaland were open to us from Mafeking: the shorter one is by
the river, which, after the rains, is muddy and fever-stricken; the other is longer and less frequented; it
passes through a corner of the Kalahari Desert, and had the additional attraction of taking us through the
capitals of all the principal chiefs: consequently, we unhesitatingly chose it, and it is this which I now
propose to describe.

We may dismiss the Crown colony of Bechuanaland with a few words. It differs little from any [7]other
such colony in South Africa, and the natives and their chiefs have little or no identity left to them. Even
the once famous Montsoia, chief of the Ba-rolongs of Mafeking, has sunk into the lowest depths of
servile submission; he receives a monthly pension of 25l., which said sum he always puts under his
pillow and sleeps upon; he is avaricious in his old age, and dropsical, and surrounded by women who
delight to wrap their swarthy frames in gaudy garments from Europe. He is nominally a Christian, and
has been made an F.O.S., or Friend of Ally Sloper, and, as the latter title is more in accordance with his
tastes, he points with pride to the diploma which hangs on the walls of his hut.

From Mafeking to Kanya, the capital of Batuen, chief of the Ba-Ngwatetse tribe, is about eighty miles.
At first the road is treeless, until the area is reached where terminates the cutting down of timber for the
support of the diamond mines at Kimberley, a process which has denuded all southern Bechuanaland of
trees, and is gradually creeping north. The rains were not over when we started, and we found the road
saturated with moisture; and in two days, near the Ramatlabama River, our progress was just one mile, in
which distance our waggons had to be unloaded and dug out six times. But Bechuanaland dries quickly,
and in a fortnight after this we had nothing to drink but concentrated mud, which made our tea and
coffee so similar that it was impossible to tell the difference. [8]

On one occasion during our midday halt we had all our oxen inoculated with the virus of the lung
sickness, for this fatal malady was then raging in Khama’s country. Our waggons were placed side by
side, and with an ingenious contrivance of thongs our conductor and driver managed to fasten the
plunging animals by the horns, whilst a string steeped in the virus was passed with a needle through their
tails. Sometimes after this process the tails swell and fall off; and up country a tailless ox has a value
peculiarly his own. It is always rather a sickly time for the poor beasts, but as we only lost two out of
thirty-six from this disease we voted inoculation successful.

I think Kanya is the first place where one realises that one is in savage Africa. Though it is under British
protection it is only nominally so, to prevent the Boers from appropriating it. Batuen, the chief, is still
supreme, and, like his father, Gasetsive, he is greatly under missionary influence. He has stuck up a
notice on the roadside at the entrance to the town in Sechuana, the language of the country, Dutch, and
English, which runs as follows: ‘I, Batuen, chief of Ba-Ngwatetse, hereby give notice to my people, and
all other people, that no waggons shall enter or leave Kanya on Sunday. Signed, September 28th, 1889.’
If any one transgresses this law Batuen takes an ox from each span, a transaction in which piety and
profit go conveniently hand in hand.

Kanya is pleasantly situated amongst low hills [9]well clad with trees. It is a collection of huts divided
into circular kraals hedged in with palisades, four to ten huts being contained in each enclosure. These
are again contained in larger enclosures, forming separate communities, each governed by its hereditary
sub-chief, with its kotla or parliament circle in its midst. On the summit of the hill many acres are
covered with these huts, and there are also many in the valley below. Certain roughly-constructed walls
run round the hill, erected when the Boers threatened an invasion; but now these little difficulties are
past, and Batuen limits his warlike tendencies to quarrelling with his neighbours on the question of a
border line, a subject which never entered their heads before the British influence came upon them.

All ordinary matters of government and justice are discussed in the large kotla before the chief’s own
hut; but big questions, such as the border question, are discussed at large tribal gatherings in the open
veldt. There was to be one of these gatherings of Batuen’s tribe near Kanya on the following Monday,
and we regretted not being able to stop and witness so interesting a ceremony.

The town is quite one of the largest in Bechuanaland, and presents a curious appearance on the summit
of the hill. The kotla is about 200 feet in diameter, with shady trees in it, beneath which the monarch sits
to dispense justice. We passed an idle afternoon therein, watching with interest the women [10]of
Batuen’s household, naked save for a skin loosely thrown around them, lying on rugs before the palace,
and teaching the children to dance to the sound of their weird music, and making the air ring with their
merry laughter. In one corner Batuen’s slaves were busy filling his granaries with maize just harvested.
His soldiers paraded in front of his house, and kept their suspicious eyes upon us as we sat; many of
them were quaintly dressed in red coats, which once had been worn by British troops, and soft hats with
ostrich feathers in them, whilst their black legs were bare.

Ma-Batuen, the chief’s mother, received us somewhat coldly when we penetrated into her hut; she is the
chief widow of old Gasetsive, Batuen’s father, a noted warrior in his day. The Sechuana tribes have very
funny ideas about death, and never, if possible, let a man die inside his hut; if he does accidentally
behave so indiscreetly they pull down the wall at the back to take the corpse out, as it must never go out
by the ordinary door, and the hut is usually abandoned. Gasetsive died in his own house, so the wall had
to be pulled down, and it has never been repaired, and is abandoned. Batuen built himself a new palace,
with a hut for his chief wife on his right, and a hut for his mother on the left. His father’s funeral was a
grand affair; all the tribe assembled to lament the loss of their warrior chief, and he was laid to rest in a
lead coffin in the midst of his kotla. The superstitious of the tribe did not approve of the coffin, [11]and
imagine that the soul may still be there making frantic efforts to escape.

All the Ba-Ngwatetse are soldiers, and belong to certain regiments or years. When a lot of the youths are
initiated together into the tribal mysteries generally the son of a chief is amongst them, and he takes the
command of the regiment. In the old ostrich-feather days Kanya was an important trading station, but
now there is none of this, and inasmuch as it is off the main road north, it is not a place of much
importance from a white man’s point of view, and boasts only of one storekeeper and one missionary,
both men of great importance in the place.

After Kanya the character of the scenery alters, and you enter an undulating country thickly wooded, and
studded here and there with red granite kopjes, or gigantic boulders set in rich green vegetation, looking
for all the world like pre-Raphaelite Italian pictures. Beneath a long kopje, sixteen miles from Kanya,
nestles Masoupa, the capital of a young chief, the son of Pilan, who was an important man in his day, and
broke off from his own chief Linchwe, bringing his followers with him to settle in the Ba-Ngwatetse
country as a sort of sub-chief with nominal independence; it is a conglomeration of bee-hive huts, many
of them overgrown with gourds, difficult to distinguish from the mass of boulders around them. When
we arrived at Masoupa a dance was going on—a native Sechuana dance—in consequence of the full
moon and the rejoicings incident on an abundant [12]harvest. In the kotla some forty or more men had
formed a circle, and were jumping round and round to the sound of music. Evidently it was an old war
dance degenerated; the sugar-cane took the place of the assegai, many black legs were clothed in
trousers, and many black shoulders now wore coats; but there are still left as relics of the past the ostrich
feather in the hat, the fly whisk of horse, jackal, or other tail, the iron skin-scraper round the neck, which
represents the pocket-handkerchief amongst the Kaffirs with which to remove perspiration; the flute with
one or two holes, out of which each man seems to produce a different sound; and around the group of
dancing men old women still circulate, as of yore, clapping their withered hands and encouraging
festivity. It was a sight of considerable picturesqueness amid the bee-hive huts and tall overhanging
rocks.

Masoupa was once the residence of a missionary, but the church is now abandoned and falling into ruins,
because when asked to repair the edifice at their own expense the men of Masoupa waxed wroth, and
replied irreverently that God might repair His own house; and one old man who received a blanket for
his reward for attending divine service is reported to have remarked, when the dole was stopped, ‘No
more blanket, no more hallelujah.’ I fear me the men of Masoupa are wedded to heathendom.

The accession of Pilan to the chiefdom of Masoupa is a curious instance of the Sechuana marriage laws.
[13]A former chief’s heir was affianced young; he died at the age of eight, before succeeding his father,
and, according to custom, the next brother, Moshulilla, married the woman; their son was Pilan, who, on
coming of age, turned out his own father, being, as he said, the rightful heir of the boy of eight, for whom
he, Moshulilla, the younger brother, had been instrumental in raising up seed. There is a distinct touch of
Hebraic, probably Semitic, law in this, as there is in many another Sechuana custom.

The so-called purchase of a wife is curious enough in Bechuanaland. The intending husband brings with
him the number of bullocks he thinks the girl is worth; wisely, he does not offer all his stock at once,
leaving two or more, as the case may be, at a little distance, for he knows the father will haggle and ask
for an equivalent for the girl’s keep during childhood, whereupon he will send for another bullock; then
the mother will come forward and demand something for lactation and other maternal offices, and
another bullock will have to be produced before the contract can be ratified. In reality this apparent
purchase of the wife is not so barefaced a thing as it seems, for she is not a negotiable article and cannot
again be sold; in case of divorce her value has to be paid back, and her children, if the purchase is not
made, belong to her own family. Hence a woman who is not properly bought is in the condition of a
slave, whereas her purchased sister has rights which assure her a social standing. [14]

From Pilan’s the northward road becomes hideous again, and may henceforward be said to be in the
desert region of the Kalahari. This desert is not the waste of sand and rock we are accustomed to imagine
a desert should be, but a vast undulating expanse of country covered with timber—the mimosa, or camel
thorn, the mapani bush, and others which reach the water with their roots, though there are no ostensible
water sources above ground.

The Kalahari is inhabited sparsely by a wild tribe known as the Ba-kalahari, of kindred origin to the
bushmen, whom the Dutch term Vaal-pens, or ‘Fallow-paunches,’ to distinguish them from the darker
races. Their great skill is in finding water, and in dry seasons they obtain it by suction through a reed
inserted into the ground, the results being spat into a gourd and handed to the thirsty traveller to drink.
Khama, Sechele, and Batuen divide this vast desert between them; how far west it goes is unknown; wild
animals rapidly becoming extinct elsewhere abound therein. It is a vast limbo of uncertainty, which will
necessarily become British property when Bechuanaland is definitely annexed; possibly with a system of