i

DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICLEBOARD USING TETRA PAK BEVERAGE

CONTAINER AS RAW MATERIAL AND EPOXY RESIN AS BINDER

A Project Study

Presented to the Faculty of the

College of Industrial Technology
Technological University of the Philippines
Ayala, Blvd., Manila

by

GIAN PAUL T. EUGENIO

KRISTIAN DOMINIC IGNACIO F.
KANE MIGUEL S. SANCHEZ
JEAWIL JOSEPH B. SANDOVAL
KARL EEZEKEIL S. SORIANO
BRYAN RYLE A. TUMANENG

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Engineering Technology major in Construction Technology

July, 2023
 ii

Technological University of the Philippines

COLLEGE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Ayala Blvd., Ermita, Manila 1000
Telephone: (02)301-3001 loc. 201, Email Address: [email protected]

APPROVAL SHEET

The project study titled “DEVELOPMENT OF PARTICLEBOARD USING

TETRA PAK AS RAW MATERIAL AND EPOXY RESIN AS BINDER”, prepared
and submitted by GIAN PAUL T. EUGENIO, KRISTIAN DOMINIC F. IGNACIO,
KANE MIGUEL S. SANCHEZ, JEAWIL JOSEPH B. SANDOVAL, KARL
EZEKEIL S. SORIANO, AND BRYAN RYLE A. TUMANENG, in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of Engineering Technology major in
Construction Technology, is hereby approved and accepted.
ENGR. PROSPERO CABORNAY
Adviser
 iii

Table of Contents

PRELIMINARIES
A Project Study i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
Table of Contents iii
Chapter 1 1
Background of the Study 1
Objectives 5
Scope and Limitations 6
Chapter 2 Error! Bookmark not defined.
Review of Related Literature and Studies Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conceptual Model of the Study Error! Bookmark not defined.
Definition of Terms Error! Bookmark not defined.
Chapter 3 Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Design Error! Bookmark not defined.
Project Development Error! Bookmark not defined.
Operation and Testing Procedure Error! Bookmark not defined.
Evaluation Procedure Error! Bookmark not defined.
REFERENCES Error! Bookmark not defined.
 1

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Particleboard, also known as chipboard or low-density fiberboard, was made from

a combination of waste materials, such as planer shavings, offcuts, or sawdust, which

mechanically produced wood chips making it considerably more widely accessible

because of its numerous advantages for various applications, mainly in the production of

furniture, cabinets, and interior design. The small wood particles or chips are combined

with synthetic resin and then compressed into a desired board shape using a cold press.

Through these, particleboard has become popular due to its cost-effective alternative to

conventional wood while maintaining its excellent workability, durability, and design

adaptability. Specifically in situations where structural strength is not the primary

concern, such as internal walls, false ceilings, wall linings, and furniture components.

Particleboard, whether utilized as an essential component or a surface substrate,

continues to play an important role in the modern world of woodworking and

construction.

Tetra Pak Beverage container uses aseptic packaging technology, consisting of

75% cellulose paper, 20% low-density polyethylene (plastic), and 5% aluminum.

According to the study of thermal performance of tetra pak (Gabriel Viera, et al., n.d.).

They claim that tetra pak has the potential to be applied in the construction part of the

building. Tetra pak material has the same potential as other eco-friendly materials. These

are also lightweight, easy to carry, and have a long shelf life, protecting them from light,

air, and contamination. On the other hand, Particleboard is a form of engineered wood
 2

product manufactured from shredded wood and resin or binder, and it is extensively used

in furniture production and construction. However, its strengths lie in its economic value,

versatility, and ease of production. Tetra Pak's paper component can be recycled, yet the

other two layers cannot be separated during the recycling process and remain together as

waste (Hindawi, 2015).

In 2020, the global output of particleboard was 96.01 million cubic meters ( Lee, S.

H. et al., 2022). The ongoing rise in demand for these kinds of boards demands high

manufacturing. The high value of the finished product correlates to the strong demand for

wood raw material. However, because of the limited availability of wood from forests, a

growing amount of attention is being focused on alternative raw materials that might be

utilized in the particleboard sector. Tetra Pak, a type of so-called "layered package" for

liquid food, is among the most widely used packaging in the food business. The

significant problem of this type of packaging is the need to recycle raw materials after

use. Tetra pak waste as an alternative raw material in particleboard production can be

more challenging than any other raw material. to the point that the said raw material has a

potential approach as a source of cardboard, plastic, and aluminum but to process the

tetra Pak it needs to be cut into an accurate particle size which requires machines for

accurate cutting or shredding of the raw material to be used in the particle board

production. To make Tetra Pak Particleboard in a more environmentally friendly

approach since the raw materials that will be used are from waste products it requires a

safe and environmentally healthy approach since the Tetra Pak may contain chemicals or

other substances that may affect the quality of the particleboard and may cause potential

hazards to the people around production. Tetra Pak particleboard is also created to
 3

surpass the traditional one or at least meet the specific standards of particleboard since

particleboard manufactured from shredded wood weaknesses lie in its low resistance to

moisture damage, less durability than wood, and less impact and abrasion (Civil

Engineering). These hindrances serve as factors to consider and may contribute to the

overall production rates of particleboard.

According to (Cleaner Production, 2020), the feasibility of using Tetra Pak

cartons as a raw material for wood products may be quite difficult because of the unique

composition or structure of Tetra Pak cartons, because of the tetra pak’s multilayered

design the separation of carton, plastic, and aluminum will be difficult. bisphenol a solid

epoxy is the binder or resin that will be used in tetra pak particleboard production, and it

consists of highly flammable petroleum; since it was derived from petroleum and other

industrially produced chemical compounds, which is highly dangerous when people

inhale it for a lot of amounts of time. Tetra pak carton is a material that has high moisture

absorption and less dense material, which makes it harder to work with when creating a

particleboard.

There are numerous ways of cutting Tetra Pak according to the appropriate

particle size utilized in the production of particleboard one of which is directly shredding

the Tetra Pak beverage carton in 2 mm particle size, which cuts the Tetra Pak carton in

the appropriate particle dimension for particleboard production with little time. There is a

procedure that helps in molding the Tetra Pak and bisphenol a solid epoxy into a

particleboard called cold pressing, it is a process that is cost-effective, fills the gaps in

wood composite during the pressing, and helps in properly bonding the Resin and Raw

Materials in a short amount of time. (Shi,2017).

 4

Recycling engineering materials will help to ensure long-term viability as well as

the development of industrial processes and requirements. Maintaining the eco-friendly

way of tetra pak particleboard production will depend upon the utilization of recycling

tetra pak waste as well as the amount of resin or binder that will be used and performing

PPE if necessary. Reusing waste materials as a means of sustainability also benefits from

nonrenewable resource conservation and the depletion of reliable, trustworthy raw

material supplies. In this study, the effectiveness of Waste Tetra Pak as raw material in

making particleboard elaborated with bisphenol a solid epoxy resin will therefore be

emphasized and evaluated. It includes the mechanical and physical properties of the

expected product.
 5

Objectives of the Study

General Objective

The general objective of this study is to determine the Effectiveness of

particleboard using waste Tetra Pak as raw material and epoxy resin as Binder.

Specific Objectives:

1. To develop five (5) mix ratios for Tetra Pak as raw material and epoxy

resin as a binder.

2. To determine the physical properties of Tetra Pak Particleboard, such as

Thickness Swelling (TS), and Water Absorption (WA) using PNS

Standard 230:1989.

3. To determine the mechanical properties of Tetra Pak Particleboard, such

as Modulus of Rupture (MOR), and Internal Bond Test (IBT) using PNS

ISO 16893:2017.

4. To assess the acceptability of Tetra Pak Particleboard using the

Technological University of the Philippines (TUP) evaluation instrument.

 6

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The Tetra Pak waste will be used as an alternative raw material elaborated with

Bisphenol A Solid Epoxy resin in particleboard production. Particleboard production with

Tetra Pak and Bisphenol A Solid Epoxy binder comprises multiple crucial procedures and

functions, including Shredding, mixing, shaping, curing, and finishing. The proponents

are going to perform the proposed design and ratios in line with DTI Standard: ISO

16893. Concerning the limitations of this study in terms of its applications, Tetra Pak

particleboard is intended to be used on temporary structural non-bearing loads or better,

dry indoor areas in residential or commercial buildings, such as home decorations,

cabinetry, and furniture. The purpose of this study is to develop a particleboard using the

two (2) stated materials as well as to determine the potential beneficiaries in the long-run

application afterward.

Moreover, the accessibility of the said materials will be gathered at each specific

location. The waste material will be collected on the 19th Floor Twenty-Five Seven

McKinley, 25th Street Corner, 1634 7th Ave, Taguig, Metro Manila for the Tetra Pak.

Meanwhile, for the Bisphenol A Solid Epoxy resin, we will be supplied by the paint

manufacturer firm, namely, uni-four construction supplies trading and corporation,

located at 4b/4c Pearl Island P. Jacinto Street, Sitio Malinis, Barangay Lawang Bato,

Valenzuela. The project duration can be presumed depending on numerous aspects,

including the raw material properties, quality production processes, and the intended

application of the finished product.

 7

The development of particleboard production will be held at the Civil Engineering

Technology Department located at the Technological University of the Philippines,

Manila. The evaluation of Particleboard production will also be conducted at the

Technological University of the Philippines (TUP) Laboratory Testing Center located at

San Marcelino St., Ayala Blvd, Ermita, Manila throughout the academic year 2023-2024.

The five (5) mix ratios design that the proponents are going to perform are limited by

DTI Standard, including the physical and mechanical properties of the said materials. The

percentage of Tetra Pak Beverage Container and Bisphenol A Solid Epoxy resin is as

follows: 70:30, 65:35, 60:40, 55:45, and 50:50 which will be reproduced into Three (3)

boards per treatment level, including its target densities. The project particleboard will

therefore be molded and pressed to a design comprising 30cm x 30cm x 1.2cm dimension

with 800 kg/m3 Density with the primary bond of epoxy resin.
 8

Chapter 2

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the articles, journals, and studies that are used to reinforce

the conceptualization or framework of the study. This supports the foundations and

processes that will be involved in the research. It also provides the necessary information

for the selection of materials and components used in the development of the prototype.

Lastly, this includes the discussion of the conceptual model used in the research and the

operation/functional definition of terms.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Tetra Pak
Tetra Pak is a Carton which consists of plastic, paper and foil was originally

developed as a container for milk and as time passed it became a packaging for

many foods and beverages in the present day.

Advantages of Tetra Pak

 the use of Tetra Pak as a raw material and Isocyanate as binder for Particle

Board in an economically friendly method

 Tetra Pak containers the results of mechanical tests show that this material

can be used for non-structural purposes in the building industry.

Physical Properties

1. Microscopic Appearance
 9

2. Length and Diameter: used the Sieve No. 120 and 140 to obtain the

appropriate particle size for particle board.

3. Density: Tetra Pak has a density of 900 kg/m3

4. Color: It varies according to the Tetra Pak container

5. Composition: 75% paperboard, 20% low density polyethylene (LDPE), and

5% aluminum foil are all contained in Tetra Pak Cardboard

6. Elasticity: modulus of elasticity test determines a material's stiffness or

elasticity. It establishes how much a material deforms in response to an

applied stress and gives an insight into how effectively it can resist

deformation.

Mechanical Properties

The Study aims to evaluate the Mechanical Properties of Composites

Manufactured from Recycled Tetra Pak Containers, the results of mechanical

tests show that this material can be used for non-structural purposes in the

building industry. (Gallego, et al. 2020). The study aims to evaluate the

Mechanical and Dynamic Characterization of Food Packaging waste as an

alternative Construction material, investigation has been made to evaluate both

the modulus of rapture and the static stiffness of the materials by conducting

flexural tests on all Specimen (Plyboard and Medium Density Fiberboard).

Composite structures produced from food packaging waste and veneered with

woven glass-fiber fabric exhibit excellent magnitudes for the modulus of rupture

in addition the highest damping ratio. (Nassef, G.N., Islam, E.G. & Hassanin,

A.2018)
 10

Table 1

Tetra Pak Components

Component Amount
Cellulose Fiber Carton 75%
Low Density Polyethylene 20%
Aluminum 5%
Source: https://shorturl.at/dkwIX

Composite Panels

A Composite Panel is a substitute for other Building Material such as wood or

steel, These panels. Composite Panels are more lightweight than Solid Wood or Steel but

offer similar qualities as a construction material or as a Structural support.

Types of Composite Panel

Engineered Wood Composite Panel

Medium Density Fiberboard, Particle Board and Hardboard are called

Engineered wood. It is typically a mixture of wood fiber and Epoxy Resin; the

wood is shredded to extract wood fibers. (Turner,2023)

Particle board

Particle board also known as Chipboard is produced by reducing timber to

particles, generally less than 2 mm in any dimension. These are then formed into a

panel and bound together using an adhesive resin, traditionally UF or PF. Other

resins can and have been used, for example, isocyanates, and there is ongoing

research into utilization of non-formaldehyde-based resins due to concerns over

indoor air quality. (Building Materials in Civil Engineering, 2011)

 11

Particle board Production

The Description of this study is to create Particle Board from Organic

Waste such as produced from Municipal solid waste, agro-waste materials such as

rice husk, jute sticks, waste wood, sugarcane waste, kitchen waste, etc. and test its

Physical and Mechanical Properties by Conducting moisture content test, water

absorption test , thickness swelling test, internal bonding strength test, tensile

strength test, compressive strength test, Flexural strength test, measuring its

hardness, rate of loading, press temperature and pressing time. The data on the

properties will mainly depend on the type of material and resin used for the

process. (Ranjitha,2016)

Mix Design for Particle Board

This study states that particleboard was manufactured and tested by

varying some production parameters, namely: low, medium, and high-density

panel classifications; 20, 30 and 40% epoxy resin content; and mixture of Pinus

and Teak wood waste particles from 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. Physical-mechanical

performance of the manufactured particleboard were evaluated according to

ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI A208.1 (2009) Standard Codes.

(Souza,2018)

Figure 2. Particle Board

Source: https://tinyurl.com/4etcvsce
 12

Cold Press

Cold Press are commonly used in production of plywood, but it can also

be used for production of engineered wood such as particle board and fiberboard.

The purpose of using cold press for particle board is to make the board more

compact, to reduce thickness and eliminate the remaining air inside the particle

board to prevent the particle board on being too porous reducing its bonding

strength. (Site Editor,2020)

Cold Pressing Particle Board

 13

This research presents a low-cost, effective production approach for

thermoelectric composite materials. Different ratios of P-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3

(BST) powders and epoxy resin were synthesized, and the mixes were then cold-

pressed for three minutes using a stainless-steel die under 70 Mpa. The thermo-

cured composite samples were then evaluated after 3 hours at 75 °C. (Shi, et al.

2017). This research focuses on examining the adhesive's capacity to fill gaps

created by the cold-pressing technique used to create glubam components and the

Figure 3. Cold Pressing

Machine
Source:https://shorturl.at/djIKN

method for nondestructively evaluating glue lines for glue line defects. (Shan, et

al.2021). In this study, experimental composite panels made from used packaging

materials were evaluated for some of their qualities without the use of any extra

binders. To achieve the panels' desired density of 900 kg/m3, Tetra Pak, food

packaging films (FPEF) utilized as recycled stretch wraps, and candy

polyethylene wrappers (CPEW) were employed in various ratios. (Bekhta, et

al.2016)

Waste Wood Processing

 14

Engineered wood are mostly the products of waste wood, By Shredding

the timber or other solid wood with appropriate particle size to be used to produce

engineered woods such as particle board, Fiber Boards etc. (ScanHugger, n.d.)

Single Shaft Shredder

In the current experiment, a single-shaft shredder is being used to try to

extract particles from post-industrial pine plywood. The properties of wood

particles are determined by the screen mesh size. Screens with mesh sizes of 10,
Source: https://tinyurl.com/4yajc3tr
14, 25, and 38 mm were employed in the project. To examine the impact of the

kind of binder, the urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF)

bonded plywood were shredded individually. When compared to the industrial

virgin pine particles used to make the core layer of particleboards, the particles'

calculated fractional composition, bulk density, diameters, and surface area were

all determined. (Cetin,2002)

Epoxy Resin

Epoxy Resin is a multipurpose material it can be used for insulation because of its

High Electrical Insulation, it also has strong weather resistance properties,

 15

excellent mechanical properties and it is low in price. Epoxy adhesives consist

primarily of epoxy resin and a curing agent. (Liu, 2022)

Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin

Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether also known as Bisphenol A is a specific type of

epoxy resin it is the most commonly used type of epoxy as adhesive and as a

hardener or curing agent. (Lee,n.d.)

Application of Epoxy

This study states that particleboard was manufactured and tested by

varying some production parameters, namely: low, medium, and high-density

panel classifications; 20, 30 and 40% epoxy resin content; and mixture of Pinus

and Teak wood waste particles from 0, 25, 50, 75, 100%. Physical-mechanical

performance of the manufactured particleboard were evaluated according to

ABNT NBR 14810 (2013) and ANSI A208.1 (2009) Standard Codes.

(Souza,2018).

Resin based on Lignin as Adhesive in Particleboard Production

Figure 5. Epoxy Resin

Source: https://shorturl.at/biuQ9
 16

The purpose of this work was to illustrate the usefulness of resins based on lignin

intended for use as an adhesive in the manufacture of particleboard. Prior to the

manufacturing of particleboards, the bond quality of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde

resins, phenolated-lignin-formaldehyde resins, and commercial phenol-

formaldehyde (PF-com) resin were evaluated. (Ozmen,2002)

Chipboard and Tetra Pak waste

The study shows how the physical and mechanical characteristics of

chipboard are affected by the inclusion of Tetra Pak waste material in the core

layer. Three-layer chipboards with a density of 650 kg/m3 and a thickness of 16

mm were produced. Tetra Pak waste material made up varying amounts of the

boards: 0%, 5%, 10%, and 25%. To ascertain the effect of Tetra Pak share on the

density distribution, the density profile was examined. Additionally, after being

submerged in water for two and twenty-four hours, the produced boards were

evaluated for strength (MOR, MOE, IB), thickness swelling, and water

absorption. (Radoslaw, et al.2021)

Banana Fiber as Particleboard

In the Study the researchers utilize the mix ratio of 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50,

Banana Fiber: Epoxy Resin Respectively. The Research Concluded that the ratio that has

30 percent below epoxy failed to meet the internal bond test. (Marquez,2018)
 17

Tetra Pak and Isocyanate for Particle Board

This Project Study aims to utilize the use of Tetra Pak as a raw material

and Isocyanate as binder for Particle Board in an economically friendly method.

The results of the study led by the researchers said that the use of tetra Pak as a

particle board is therefore feasible and it is recommended by the researcher to

focus on the amount of resin and the cut size of the raw material to create the

ideal Particle Board. (Bahia, et al.,2018)

Composite Panels from Waste Packaging Material

Figure 5. Banana Fiber

In this study, experimental
Source:composite panels made from used packaging materials
https://tinyurl.com/2ykr6nj3

were evaluated for some of their qualities without the use of any extra binders. In

order to achieve the panels' desired density of 900 kg/m3, Tetra Pak, food

packaging films (FPEF) utilized as recycled stretch wraps, and candy

polyethylene wrappers (CPEW) were employed in various ratios. (Bekhta, et

al.2016)

Operational Definition of Terms

 18

 Tetra Pak – the raw material that will be used by the researchers to develop

particleboard.

 Particle Board – refers to the wooden composite that the researcher would like to

produce.

 Epoxy Resin – Binder that will be used by the researcher to bind Tetra Pak

beverage container.

 Cold Press – a process that will be used by researchers to produce 3D geometries

based on thermoplastic materials.

 Moisture Content Test – a method that will be used by researchers to gauge the

moisture content of a substance.

 Density Test – a technique used to measure a material mass per unit volume.

 Modulus of Rapture Test – a mechanical test use will be used by researchers to

test flexural strength, the maximum stress that a material will withstand before

cracking or breaking or flexural loading.

Conceptual Model of the Study

A conceptual framework in research provides an understanding of the key

concepts, principles, materials, and technologies related to the study at hand. It is a

structure that helps explain the progression of a phenomenon to be studied (Camp, 2001).

In the context of technology research, it grounds the methodology to be employed by

linking it to other technology research conducted, current technologies employed in the

field, and other important theories and concepts that can help achieve the research

objectives.
 19

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

I. Gathering of Materials
II. Preparation of Materials
 Tetra Pak Fiber Particleboard
Knowledge:  Epoxy Resin
Requirement/ Concept III. Production
Made from
 Cleaning of Waste Tetra Pak Waste Tetra
 Tetra Pak  Drying, Cutting and Sieving of
 Epoxy Resin Tetra Pak
Pak and
 Standards
 Evaluation
 Mixing of the Shredded Tetra Pak Epoxy resin.
and Epoxy Resin
 Compressing The Mixture
Materials needed:  Pressing the mixture with Cold
 Waste Tetra Pak Press
 Epoxy resin  Curing
IV. Testing of Samples
 Surface Soundness
 Thickness Swelling
 Modulus of Rapture (MOR)
 Modulus of Elasticity (MOE)
 Internal Bond Strength Evaluation
V. Analysis of Data

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

The chapter presents the preparation and step-by-step procedures involved in

testing the strength and capabilities of particleboard with Tetra Pak containerboard as raw

material and epoxy resin as a binder.

Project Design

Tetra Pak Particleboard is an engineered wood product developed from

waste Tetra Pak. The Particleboard design comprises 30cm x 30cm x 1.2cm dimension

and 0.80 g/cc density with the primary bond of epoxy resin.
 20

Table 1

Mix Design for Tetra Pak and Epoxy Resin

Mixture Shredded Tetra Epoxy Density

Pak
1 70% 30% 0.80 g/cc
2 65% 35% 0.80 g/cc
3 60% 40% 0.80 g/cc
4 55% 45% 0.80 g/cc
5 50% 50% 0.80 g/cc
Source. Mix Design for Tetra Pak Fiber and Epoxy Resin

Project Development

Gather
Curing Trimming
Materials

Preparation of
Pressing Testing
Materials

Mixing of
Molding Evaluation
Materials

1. Gathering of Materials

1. The Gathered Tetra Pak was from the Tetra Pak Philippines

2. The Epoxy Resin was from the Uni-four Construction Supplies Trading and

Corporation.
 21

2. Preparation of Materials

1. Cleaning of the Tetra Pak

2. Sun Drying all the Cleaned Tetra Pak

3. Shredding of Tetra Pak

4. Sieving of Tetra Pak

3. Mixing of Materials

Mix Shredded Tetra Pak and Epoxy Resin.

4. Molding

Pour the Shredded Tetra Pak and Epoxy Resin Mixture into a Mold with 30 cm x

30 cm x 1.20 cm Length, Width, and Thickness accordingly.

5. Pressing

The Mold with the Mixture was put into the Mechanical Cold Press.

6. Curing

The Pressed particleboard was then put in a Dry Area with Normal Room

Temperature Overnight

7. Trimming

Trimming of the Particleboard to the appropriate size used for testing.

8. Testing

The Trimmed Particleboard was then Tested at the Technological University of

the Philippines (TUP) Laboratory Testing Center.

9. Evaluation

The Particleboard Tetra Pak was then Evaluated by the Technological University

of the Philippines (TUP) if the Product passed the standards.

 22

Figure 8. Cleaning of Tetra Pak Figure 9. Shredded Raw

https://tinyurl.com/3bsat75n Material
https://tinyurl.com/wp9rxev6

Figure 10 & 11. Molding

https://tinyurl.com/wp9rxev6

Figure 12. Mechanical

Press
https://tinyurl.com/3y9z74zr

Testing Procedure
The specimen will undergo a series of tests for its physical and mechanical

properties. All testing procedures will be by the PNS ISO 16893 (2016) Specification for

Wood-Based Panel, Particleboard.

 Requirement
Thickness Ranges

Table 2
Property Test Units
Method
mm, nominal

>3 >4 >6 > 13 > 20 > 25 > 32

to to to to to to to

Conditions (P-GP MR2)

≤3 >40
≤ 6 ≤ 13 ≤ 20 ≤ 25 ≤ 32
≤4 ≤ 40

ISO 15,0
Benting Strength (MOR) 16978 MPa 14,0 14,0 13,0 12,0 11,0 10,0 7,0 5.5

Internal Bond Strength ISO 16984 MPa 0,35 0,35 0,30 0,28 0,24 0,20 0,17 0,14 0,14
24 h Thickness Swelling ISO 16983 % 20 16 14 12 12 10 10 9 8
Moisture Resistance
Option 1, Cyclic Test: MPa 0,21 0,20 0,19 0,17 0,14 0,11 0,10 0,09 0.08
Internal Bond ISO 16987
% 16 15 14 13 12 10 9 8 7
Thickness Swelling
Option 2, Boil Test: 0,14
ISO 16998 MPa 0,16 0,15 0,15 0,12 0,09 0,08 0,07 0,06
Internal Bond Strength
Option 3, Wet Bending ISO 20282
Strength Method A MPa 7,5 7,0 7,0 6,5 6,0 5,5 5,0 3,5 2,7

Requirements for General Purpose Particleboard for use in High Tropical Humid
23
 MOR Min MOE FSHT/ Density WA TS
TYPE IB (Min - (kg)
(kg/cm) (mPa) (kg/cm2) kg/cm) NHPT (Max -%) (Max - %)
Table 3

(kg/cm2)
(g/cc)

200 180 17.65 5 30-50 0.4 - 0.8 30 20

150 140 13.73 2 30-50 0.4 - 0.8 30 20

Source: Philippine National Standard

100 80 7.84 3 30-50 0.4 - 0.8 30 20

200 180 2.5x104 5 50

150 2.0x104 2 40 40 20

100 1.4x104 3 30 30 20
National
Philippine

Standard 1989
24
 25

Source: Philippine National Standard

1. Thickness Swelling Test

The thickness Swelling is a test conducted to determine the thickness of the

specimen after soaking in the water or the moisture resistance of the fiberboard. The

Philippine National Standard (PNS) ISO 16895 (2017) of the allowable thickness

swelling of the fiberboard after 24 hours shall be 5% minimum and 20% maximum.

2. Modulus of Rupture (MOR) Test

Using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) with apparatus, apply a load to

the finished or smooth exterior of the test specimen. Approximately at a uniform rate of

about 5 cm/min and determine the maximum load at a span of 10cm.

3. Internal Bonding Test (IBT)

The internal bond test was used in determining the tensile strength

properties of the adhesive bond in wood or boards. It includes a bonding specimen that

blocks the bottom and top of the exterior of the test specimen with the right adhesive.

Evaluation Procedure

1. The Tetra Pak Particleboard was presented to the evaluators consist of 50 experts
 26

2. The panel of experts was handed Technological University of the Philippines

evaluation forms to evaluate the acceptance of the Tetra Pak Particleboard based on the

following criteria: durability, safety, scalability, aesthetics, workability, and economy.

3. The researcher accommodated the skepticism of the panel of experts

4. The accumulated data were arranged and calculated for the mean of each criterion as

well as the overall mean

5. The result was interpreted using the descriptive interpretation of the mean in Table 1.

Table 1 shows the Likert Scale that describes the numerical scale and its interpretation.

Table 3

Likert Scale

Numerical Scale Interpretation

5 Highly Acceptable
4 Very Acceptable
3 Acceptable
2 Fairly Acceptable
1 Not Acceptable

Table 3

Shows the more accurate numerical scale and its interpretation of the Likert Scale.

Descriptive Interpretation of the Mean.

Numerical Scale Interpretation

4.51-5.00 Highly Acceptable

3.51 – 4.50 Very Acceptable
 27

2.51 - 3.50 Acceptable

1.51 - 2.50 Fairly Acceptable
1.00 – 1.50 Not Acceptable

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