CIVIL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION • Water resources engineering

• Geotechnical engineering

INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING 2. Chemical Engineering - Chemical Engineering is

a relatively new discipline that emerged as
What is Science?
chemists and scientists were faced with the
• It is the body of knowledge of the physical and need to scale their ideas to the large scale.
natural worlds. Today Chemical Engineering focuses heavily on
• It seeks to describe and understand the natural industrial processes whilst still appealing to the
world and its physical properties. chemistry enthusiasts.
3. Electrical Engineering - Electrical Engineering
What is Engineering? has its origins tracing back to the 17th Century
• It is the application of knowledge in order to but really began to gain in popularity during the
design, build, and maintain technologies. 19th century. Electrical engineering has
experienced huge developments in recent years
• It seeks solutions for societal problems, needs,
due to the widespread use of electronic
and wants.
hardware in robotics, automation and other
• It aims to produce the best solutions given
fields.
resources and constraints.
4. Mechanical Engineering - The Mechanical
What is Technology? Engineering discipline really began to
flourish during the Industrial revolution in the
• is the body of knowledge, systems, processes,
1700s as new manufacturing processes were
and artifacts that results from engineering.
required to meet the demands of emerging
• can be used to describe almost anything made societies. Today Mechanical engineering
by humans to solve a problem or meet a need. remains one of the broadest and most popular
• results from the process of engineering. disciplines.

S - Knowledge of general truths and laws BRIEF HISTORY OF NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

T - Sum of all engineered tools/devices/processes • Don Mariano Fortunato Jhocson, barely 23

available. years old, envisioned the youth as a
leader: competent, imbued with moral and
E - Acquiring and applying scientific knowledge spiritual values, internalizing all that is good in a
to build/design/create something Filipino.
• He founded Colegio Filipino on 01 August
1900, in Quiapo, Manila.
MAJOR DISCIPLINES OF ENGINEERING • Colegio Filipino was the first non-sectarian
1. Civil Engineering - it is believed that the origins and co-educational institution.
of Civil Engineering date back to ancient Egypt • In 5 years, he offered courses
when shelter, infrastructure and in Business (bookkeeping & accounting), so that
transportation were an important community the students would be financially stable after
need. graduation.
• Then the name of the school was changed
SUBDISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING to Colegio Mercantil, awarding the diploma
• Structural engineering of Perito Mercantil.
• Construction management • Eventually, the institution established
• Environmental and energy engineering the Philippine Law School to train the youth
• Transportation engineering as responsible leaders advocating Philippine
self-government.
• In 1916, Colegio Mercantil was THE UNIVERSITY SEAL
renamed National Academy, offering the Liberal
• The original Seal of the National University
Arts program which became the gateway to
was curved in 1903 by a famous
other disciplines.
sculptor, Don Crispulo Jhocson, as a gift to his
• On 17 January 1921, the Board of
son, Mariano F. Jhocson, the founder of the
Trustees obtained permission from the
National University
Department of Public Instruction to change the
• It stands as a symbol of
name of the National Academy to NATIONAL
a priceless heritage of a
UNIVERSITY.
long-respected
• On the same day, the University installed
clan’s dedication to a noble
Senator Camilo Osias, a respected Filipino
pursuit: education for all, for
educator, as president.
the common good, in the services of the
• In the same year, 1921, the Colleges of
country.
Education and Commerce were opened.
• The seal portrays a woman that
• In 1922, the Colleges of
depicts Motherland against a backdrop of
Pharmacy and Dentistry was offered.
the Filipino flag. She is surrounded by symbol
• In 1925, the College of Engineering
of Arts, Sciences, Letters and Technical
initially offering Civil Engineering was
Professions.
opened; Sanitary Engineering in 1930.
• From July 1945, its facilities THE COLORS
continuously expanded adding the following
• Blue stands for the noble cause of the University
disciplines: bachelor’s degrees in chemical,
• Gold portrays the unwavering dedication of the
Electrical, Industrial, Mechanical Engineering,
school to nation-building.
also Architecture and Arts, and Master in
Sanitary Engineering. NEW LOGO
• In 1990, the Computer Science was offered.
• In 1994, Marine Engineering, Computer
Engineering, and Electronics & Communications
Engineering were offered.
• On 01 January 1998, a disastrous fire razed
four buildings of the University. But the • National University marked another milestone
University remained steadfast in its mission to after launching the university’s new logo and its
educate the Filipino youth. After 3 weeks of very first Heritage Book last Tuesday, October 17
unrelenting restoration work, operations at the newly constructed NU Annex Building.
resumed.
• In 2004, Nursing was offered.
• In 2008, the Colleges of Hotel and “We are already on our 9th year with National
Restaurant Management was offered. University and after painstakingly
• In 2009, Information Technology was offered. studying all the aspects
• In 2008, the SM group of of education; we are on the verge of
Companies acquired majority ownership of a very ambitious expansion
National University. plan. The name “National” that is
• The support of the SM Group has attached to this school is quite
strengthened the Institution with academic significant for us and we intend to make it synonymous
improvements, new infrastructure, and to “nationwide”. The synergy between the school and
improved laboratories. the mall, between NU and the SM has never been
• Today, the University is continuously clearer as this is where education meets accessibility.”
upgrading its faculty and modernizing its
– Hans Sy
facilities.
ENGINEERING HISTORY • Clay tablets unearthed which show:
→ Maps and caravan routes including
THE BEGINNINGS OF ENGINEERING: 6000 - 3000 B.C.
mountains, cities and water
• Change from nomadic life (hunter/gatherers) → City plans
• The agrarian society (society) → Irrigation systems
→ Forms the basis of civilization. → Water supply systems
→ Road maps (networks)
→ Cultivate plants – the need for
• Outstanding contributions of mathematics
increased food production.
→ Sexagesimal system
→ Domesticate animals – for food and
o divided circle into 360 degrees
work.
o hour into 60 minutes
→ Build permanent houses in community
o minute into 60 seconds
group.
• Babylonian Engineers:
• The results of government
→ Familiar with basic arithmetic and
→ Organize work force.
algebra computing areas and volumes
→ Beginnings of a class society
of land excavations
o Supervisors
→ Number system based on 60 instead of
o Foremen
10.
o Workers – artisans
→ Buildings were constructed using basic
• Increased food production meant that there
engineering principles still used today.
was time to engage in other activities.
→ Primitive arches used in hydraulic works
• Government – a ruler makes law that stabilize
→ Bridges were built with stone piers
community life land ownership.
carrying wooden stringers.
EARLY ACHIEVEMENTS IN THIS ERA → Roads were surfaced with a naturally
occurring asphalt, a construction system
• Methods of producing fire at will
not used again until the
• Melting certain rocklike materials to
nineteenth century.
produce copper and bronze tools.
• Egyptian Engineers
• Development of a system of symbols for written
→ Pyramid Age - 2900 B.C and lasts 1000
communications
years.
• People discovered methods of producing fire at
o 2,300,000 building stones (2.5
will.
tons each) used to build the
• Melting certain rocklike materials to
Great Pyramid of Cheops
produce copper and bronze tools.
o Outstanding examples of
• Development of a system of symbols for written engineering skills in land
communications measurement and building
MAJOR ENGINEERING PROJECTS OR INVENTIONS layout -transit and level
o Irrigation systems
• Irrigation systems to promote crop growth.
• Animal-, water-, and wind-driven gristmills SCIENCE OF THE GREEKS AND ROMANS: 600 B.C. - 400
• The wheel and axle A.D.
• Plow ENGINEERING IN GREECE
• Yoke
• Had its origin in Egypt.
MESOPOTAMIA “CRADLE OF CIVILIZATION” • Better known for the intensive development
• Clay tile material used for permanent of borrowed ideas than for creativity and
documentation. invention
 • Famous for outstanding philosophers: • Chinese were developing clocks,
→ Socrates, Plato, Aristotle (physical astronomical instruments, the loom and
scientist) and Archimedes spinning wheel, and gunpowder.
(mathematics) • Johann Gutenburg – movable type produced
• Use of ideas was retarded because of the the first books printed on paper.
belief that verification and experimentation, • Leonardo da Vinci – acclaimed as a great artist,
which required manual labor, were only fit for was also an engineer, inventor and architect.
slaves. • Military and civil engineering feats such as
• Archimedes water screw catapults bridges and buildings
• Crossbow • Sketches of future engineering devices such as:
• Catapult → Machine Gun
→ Breach-loading Cannon
→ Tanks
ROMAN ENGINEERING
→ Helicopter
• Liberally borrowed scientific and engineering → Roller Bearings
knowledge from the conquered countries for → Drawbridge
use in warfare and in their public works → Universal joint
• Superior in the application of ideas and
BUILDING MATERIALS
techniques
• Hero’s Inventions: Materials were chosen based on availability and climate.
→ Gear driven odometer on chariot
→ Steam turbine
→ Hydraulic clock
→ Fire engine
• Roman road systems- subbase, compact
Ruins of Babylon (present day Iraq). All that remains of the famous
base, topcoat 180,000 miles
city-state is a mound of broken mud-brick dwellings.
• Aqueducts for water supply
• Sanitary systems
• Engineering principles applies to military tactics.

ENGINEERING IN THE MIDDLE AGES: 1ST TO 16TH

CENTURIES
View of the city of Machu Picchu constructed from stone cut from the
• Collapse of the Roman Empire 4th and 5th surrounding mountains.
centuries A.D. was known as the Dark Ages, but
was it? • Greece consists almost entirely of limestone
• The word engineer began to appear. Its root lies with many sources of fine marble. Therefore,
in the Latin word ingeniare, “to design or many Greek structures were constructed with
devise.” limestone and marble.
• Animals and waterwheels began to replace • Wood was readily available in
humans as the power source (the growth of China. Traditional Chinese
Christianity, an aversion to slaves as a primary wooden architecture changed little over
source of power) thousands of years.
• Arabs were developing paper making, • Methods of construction that use locally
chemistry, and optics. available resources and traditions to address
local needs.
• Sugar refining, soap making, and perfume
distilling became part of the culture.
THE PYRAMIDS 2. Design
• The design of any structure requires
• Stepped pyramid
many detailed computations.
• Great pyramid of Khufu
• This phase involves a detailed
• Kukulkan’s pyramid
consideration in the determination of
MODERN PYRAMIDS the most suitable proportions,
dimensions and details of the structural
• The Louvre Pyramid in Paris, France elements and connections
• The Parthenon for constructing each alternative
STRUCTURAL STEEL structural arrangement
being considered.
• Perhaps the best-known structural steel 3. Construction
framed building is the Empire State Building, • This phase involves mobilization of
completed in 1931. personnel; procurement of materials
and equipment, including their
REINFORECED CONCRETE
transportation to the site, and actual
• The Burj Khalifa (United Arab Emirates) is the on-site erection.
tallest man-made structure ever built. It • During this phase, some redesign may
is supported by a reinforced concrete core using be required if unforeseen difficulties
a special concrete mix. occur, such as unavailability of specified
materials or foundation problems.

STRUCTURAL DESIGN
COMMONLY USED STRCUTURAL ELEMENTS
• Structural design is the methodological
1. Beams
investigation of the stability, strength and
• Beams are usually straight horizontal
rigidity of structures.
members used primarily to carry
• The basic objective in structural analysis and
vertical loads. These members
design is to produce a structure capable of
are primarily designed to resist bending.
resisting all applied loads without failure during
2. Columns
its intended life.
• Members that are generally vertical and
• The primary purpose of a structure is to
resist axial compressive loads. Columns
transmit or support loads.
that are subjected to both an axial load
STRUCTURAL DESIGN PROCESS/PHASES and a bending moment are called
beam-columns.
1. Planning
• This phase involves consideration of the TYPES OF STRUCTURES
various requirements and factors The combination of structural elements and the
affecting the general layout and
materials from which they are composed is referred to
dimensions of the structure. as a structural system.
• The primary consideration is the
function of the structure. They are as follows:
• Secondary factors such as aesthetics,
1. Trusses
law, economics and the environment
• When the span of a structure
may also be taken into consideration.
is required to be large and its depth
is not an important criterion for design,
a truss may be selected.
• consist of slender elements, usually
arranged in triangular fashion.
EXAMPLE OF TRUSSES 3. Environmental Loads
• SNOW – one inch of snow is equivalent
Truss (up to 8m span)
to 0.5 psf
• Palladian Truss • RAIN – ponding occurs if water
• W or Belgian Truss accumulates on roofs which can cause
• Pratt Truss deflections in its shape.
• WIND LOADS – more often than not,
Truss (up to 12m span) structure failure occurs when there is
• Fan Truss excessive wind that hits the structure.
• Pratt Truss • EARTHQUAKE LOADS – the effects of
the response to the ground motion
2. Cables caused by an earthquake should be
• Cables are usually flexible and carry considered in the design of a structure.
their loads in tension. They
are commonly used to support bridges
and building roofs. → The first priority of the structural engineer
• Because they are always in tension, is SAFETY.
cables will not become → The other important
unstable and suddenly collapse, as may considerations include service
happen with beams or trusses. ability and economy.
o SERVICEABILITY – how well the
3. Arches structure performs in terms
• The arch achieves its strength in of appearance and deflection.
compression, since it has a reverse o ECONOMY – requires efficient use of
curvature to that of the cable. The arch materials and construction labor.
must be rigid, however, in order
to maintain its shape, and this results
in secondary loadings involving shear COMMON MATERIALS USED IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN
and moment, which must be considered
1. Structural steel
in its design.
→ High in strength and has a long service
life as compared to other construction
4. Frames
materials but it has a high cost for
• Frames are often used in buildings and
maintenance.
are composed of beams and columns
2. Reinforced concrete
that are either pin or fixed connected.
→ Combination of concrete and
reinforcing bar. Since concrete is
TYPES OF LOADS THAT AFFECT THE STRUCTURE very weak in tension, it is the job of the
reinforcing bar to carry the
1. Dead Load
tensile stress of the section.
• Loads that are constant in magnitude 3. Timber
and remain in one position.
→ Not as often used as RC but can still be
• Consist of the structural frame’s own used as a structural material.
weight and other loads that are
permanently attached to the frame.
2. Live Load
• Loads that may change in position.
• They occur when the structure is
occupied, used, and maintained.
INTRODUCTION TO THE CODE 8. Pre-Stressed Concrete Design
9. Timber Design
National Structural Code of The Philippines
10. Foundation Design
• The Philippine standards in terms of structural 11. Geotechnical Engineering
design (Vertical structures, horizontal
structures).
• The codes, minimum and maximum values that Structural Engineering is much more than a career – it
will be used in the design of structural members is a lifelong experience.
can be found in this book.
• Authored by the Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines (ASEP)

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING ORIENTATION:

SPECIALIZATION SEMINAR

• Society recognizes the contribution an engineer

makes to improve quality of life and rewards
service with job security and satisfaction.
• Most of what you can see around you is
a beauty in perfection of Structural Engineering.
• Structural Engineering, being considered a field
of specialty within the realm of civil
engineering, is the application of math and
science to the design of structures, including:
→ buildings, bridges, storage tanks,
transmission towers, roller coasters,
aircraft, space vehicles, roads, railways,
ports and harbours, dams,
irrigation projects, etc.

THE STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING’S TOOLBOX

1. Psychological Tools (creativity,

curiosity, confidence, and courage)
2. Academic Tools (mathematics,
physics, chemistry, sound logic, and linguistics)

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING RELATED COURSES

FOR ALIGNMENT (SPECIALIZATION TRACK):

1. Statics
2. Dynamics
3. Strength of Materials
4. Theory of Structures
5. Earthquake Engineering
6. Reinforced Concrete Design
7. Steel Design