Unit 10: Personality- Study Guide

Vocab:

 Personality  Thematic Personality Inventory

 Psychodynamic Apperception Test (MMPI)
theories (TAT)  Empirically derived
 Psychoanalysis  Rorschach inkblot test
 Unconscious test  Social-cognitive
 Free association  Terror-management perspective
 Id theory  Behavioral approach
 Ego  Humanistic theories  Reciprocal
 Superego  Hierarchy of needs determinism
 Psychosexual stages  Self-actualization  Self
 Oedipus complex  Self-transcendence  Spotlight effect
 Identification  Unconditional  Self-esteem
 Fixation positive regard  Self-efficacy
 Defense mechanisms  Self-concept  Self-serving bias
 Repression  Trait  Narcissism
 Collective  Personality inventory  Individualism
unconscious  Minnesota  Collectivism
 Projective test Multiphasic

Answer the following questions in the blanks below the question.

Module 55

1. How does Myers define personality?

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2. What did Sigmund Freud believe about the source of psychological problems?
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3. What did Sigmund Freud observe in his medical practice that led him to do psychological
research?
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4. What did Freud believe to be the purpose of free association?
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5. What did Freud believe about people’s repressed thoughts?
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6. What does Freud say that human personality arises from?
 Unit 10: Personality- Study Guide

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7. According to Freud, what is the function of the id?
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8. What happens as the ego develops in the young child?
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9. How does Myers describe the superego? When does it develop? Would a psychopath be most
likely to have an exceptionally strong superego or an exceptionally weak one?
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10. According to Freud, what is the process of identification in children? Why does he say this
phenomenon happens? How does this relate to our gender identity?
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11. How does Freud theorize that a fixation that is unresolved during development will manifest
itself in adulthood (i.e. oral gratification)?
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12. How did Freud say that the ego protects itself?
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13. Give one example of each defense mechanism:

 Repression:
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 Regression:
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 Reaction formation:
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 Projection:
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 Rationalization:
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 Displacement:
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 Unit 10: Personality- Study Guide

 Sublimation:
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 Denial:
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14. Which of Freud’s ideas did Neo-Freudians accept? Which did they reject?
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15. Give some of the ideas shared by Neo-Freudians:
 Alfred Adler: _____________________________________________________________
 Karen Horney: ____________________________________________________________
 Carl Jung: _______________________________________________________________
16. What are projective tests? What do they aim to measure or explain?
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17. Why is the validity and reliability of such tests called into question?
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18. Why should modern psychologists and researches withhold judgment and not be so quick to
criticize Freud for his theories?
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19. What evidence do we now have that contradicts Freud’s theory that suppressed sexuality
causes psychological disorders?
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20. Why are Freudian theories considered to be less than scientific?
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21. What evidence do we have to combat Freudian theories of repression?
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22. Which two of Freud’s defense mechanisms are actually supported by research?
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23. What term do modern researchers use to describe (what Freud would call) projection?
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Module 56

24. How is the humanistic approach to psychology different than that of psychoanalysts, such as
Sigmund Freud?
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25. Abraham Maslow’s humanistic theory was based around people’s motivation by what?
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 Unit 10: Personality- Study Guide

26. What example is given of a person Maslow studied for their rich and productive life?
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27. In what way were the theories of Carl Rogers like those of Maslow? What did Rogers believe was
necessary in a growth-promoting climate?
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28. How did many humanistic psychologists view standardized personality assessments, such as
questionnaires?
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29. Give examples of the impact that Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have had on psychology.
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30. What are some of the accusations made against the humanistic movement?
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Module 57

31. What is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)? What is it designed to assess?
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32. What is a factor analysis?
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33. What are the two dimensions that Sybil and Hans Eysenck use to explain individual personality
variations?
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34. How are personality inventories different from other questionnaires? What is the MMPI, and
what does it measure?
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35. What are the five dimensions of personality described in McCrae and Costa’s “Big Five”
personality factors? What acronym is used for the “Big Five”? (Note: read “AP Exam Tip” on pg.
599; the Big Five is a popular topic in FRQ’s)
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36. What do people’s taste in music, bedrooms and emails (or text messages) say about their
personality?
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Module 58

37. What is the social-cognitive perspective?

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38. Explain reciprocal determinism using an example NOT listed in the book.
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39. What is the criticism given to social-cognitive perspective?
 Unit 10: Personality- Study Guide

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Module 59

40. How did a researcher test the “spotlight effect” with Cornell University students? What were the
findings?
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41. How does self-esteem differ from self-efficacy? Which is more important in predicting school
achievement?
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42. What important effect is listed of low self-esteem?
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43. What are some listed examples of self-serving bias?
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44. What are the listed dangers of narcissism in “generation me” from Jean Twenge’s 2014 study?
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45. What is different about the values and goals of individualist societies compared to collectivist
societies? ______________________________________________________________________
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