15CV82 DESIGN OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ELEMENTS

SOLUTIONS

1 a Prestressed concrete is basically concrete in which internal stresses of a suitable magnitude

and distribution are introduced so that the stresses resulting from external loads are
counteracted to a desired degree. The initial load or ‘prestress’ is applied to enable the structure
to counteract the stresses arising during its service period.
PRETENSIONING POST TENSIONING
1. Concrete is prestressed with tendon
1. Prestressing is done after concrete attains
before it is placed in position sufficient strength
2. Pretensioning is developed due to bonding 2. Post tensioning is developed due to
between steel and concrete bearing
 3. Preferred for small structural element and 3. Preferred for large structural element
easy to transport and difficult to transport
4. Similar structural members are casted 4. Members are casted according to
market requirements
5. Casted in moulds 5. Cables are used in place of wires and
jacks for stretching
6. Greater certainty about the prestressing 6. More economical to use a few cables or
force bars with large forces in than many
small ones
7. Suitable for bulk production 7. Suited for medium to long-span in situ
work where the tensioning cost is only
a small proportion of the cost of the
whole job
1b

Solutions ( Diagram should be drawn using the data from the given question )

25 kN 25 kN

Centroid from top as well as bottom, top, y = yt = yb = 200 mm

BM @ Mid span due to external load/service load, ML= 25 × 3 – 25 × 1 = 50 kNm

Calculate moment of interia , I ( only for symmetric section)
𝐵𝐷3 𝑏𝑑 3 200 × 4003 140 × 2403
I= − = − = 905.387 × 10 6 mm4
12 12 12 12
𝐼
Zt = Zb = = 4.52 × 10 6 mm3 ( symmetric section)
𝑦
A = 2 × 200×80 +60× 240 = 46400mm2 =0.0464 m2
Self-weight of beam = 0.0464 × 25 = 1.16 kN/m
1.16 × 62
BM due to self-weight @ midspan, MD = = 5.22 kNm
8

Total BM @ Midspan, Ms = MD + ML = 50 + 5.22 = 55.22 kNm

Let Pi be initial prestressing force and ‘e’ be the corresponding eccentricity, the final pre-
stressing force at service condition(WHEN WE APPLY EXTERNAL LOAD) it will be 0.8
Pi ( because there is a loss of prestress by 80 % = 80 % x Pi = 0.8 Pi)
At transfer (only prestress + self-weight)
At transfer( while applying prestressing force) the maximum permissible tensile stress of
1N/mm2 will be at top of beam, since the tension due to prestressing force will be greater than
the tension due to self-weight.( Ms = 5.22kNm)
( Tension - negative sign)
At top, stresses can be expressed as
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑒 𝑀𝑆
− + = −1 …. (1)
𝐴 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑡

𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑒 5.22 × 106
− + = -1
46400 4.52 × 106 4.52 × 106
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑒
− = -2.153……..(1)
46400 4.52 × 106

At service (prestress + self-weight + live load)

The BM due to live load shall be added to this self wt, MS = 55.22 kNm. In addition, the
effective prestressing force will be 0.8 Pi
The max tensile stresses 0.5 N/mm2 will now occurs at bottom. ( because when
service/live/external load is applied, beam has tendency to bend due to which maximum
tensile stress will be developed at bottom)
At bottom the stresses can be expressed as
0.8 𝑃𝑖 0.8 𝑃𝑖 𝑒 𝑀𝑆
+ - = −0.5
𝐴 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏
0.8 𝑃𝑖 0.8 𝑃𝑖 𝑒 55.22 × 106
+ - = -0.5
46400 4.52 × 106 4.52 × 106
0.8 𝑃𝑖 0.8 𝑃𝑖 𝑒
+ = 11.71……..(2)
46400 4.52 × 106

Solving equations (1) and (2) , find 𝑃𝑖 and ‘e’

Pi = 290.166 × 103 N
e = 130.86 mm

1c

Eff span = 16 m
ft = 0, fb = 12 MPa
A = 1200×200 + 1000 × 240 = 480000mm2
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 ×𝟐𝟎𝟎 ×𝟏𝟎𝟎+𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ×𝟐𝟒𝟎 ×( 𝟐𝟎𝟎+𝟓𝟎𝟎)
yt = = 400 mm , yb = 800 mm
𝟒𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎× 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟑 𝟐𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑
Ixx = + (𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 × 𝟐𝟎𝟎) × ((𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎)𝟐 ) + + (𝟐𝟒𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎) ×
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐

((𝟕𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎𝟎)𝟐 )
=6.4 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 mm4
𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝟔.𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
Zt = = = 160 × 106 mm3
𝑦𝑡 400

𝐼𝑥𝑥 𝟔.𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎

Zb = = = 80 × 106 mm3
𝑦𝑏 800

Self-weight of the beam = 25 × 480000/10002 = 12 kN/m

12×𝟏𝟔𝟐
Moment due to self-weight, Mg = = 384kNm
8

At top stresses can be

𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑒 𝑀𝑔 𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑒 384 × 106
− + = 0, − + = 0, 333.3 P – Pe = - 384 × 10 6 …. (1)
𝐴 𝑍𝑡 𝑍𝑡 480000 160 × 106 160 × 106

At bottom stresses can be

𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑒 384 × 106
+ - = 12
𝐴 𝑍𝑡 160 × 106

166.67 P +Pe = 1.344 × 10 9 …….(2)

Solving (1) and (2)
P = 1920kN, e = 533.33 mm
2a

✓ Load Balancing concept

• The concept is useful in selecting the tendon profile, which can provide the most
desirable system of forces in concrete.
• The cable profile in a prestressed member corresponds to the shape of the bending
moment diagram resulting from the external loads.
• Thus, if the beam supports two concentrated loads, the cable should follow a trapezoidal
profile.
• If the beam supports uniformly distributed loads, the corresponding tendon should
follow a parabolic profile.
• It is possible to select suitable cable profiles in a prestressed concrete member such that
the transverse component of the cable force balances the given type of external loads.

• Straight concentric cables induce only horizontal reactions or pure axial forces at the
ends.
• A straight eccentric cable induces axial force plus external moment causing a hogging
moment
• Triangular profiles induce inclined forces at the ends and vertical upward reaction at
the centre (2Psin θ)
• A trapezoidal profile induced inclined forces at the end and two vertical upward
reaction at the point of change in the angle
• A parabolic profile induces inclined forces at the end and an upward UDL
2b

A = 300 × 750 = 225 × 103 mm2

e = 275 mm @midspan
 UDL = 30kN/m, l = 10 m
Total load = 30 +(0.3 × 0.75 × 25) = 35.625 kN/m
Total Moment, M = 35.625 × 102/8 = 445.3125kNm
Zt = Zb = 300 × 7502/6 = 28.125 × 106 mm3
𝑀 445.3125 × 106
𝑒′ = −𝑒 = − 275 = 129.83 𝑚𝑚
𝑃 1100× 103

In above the problem, if effective PSF is required to balance the external load, Pe e =
M , Pe = 445.3125 × 106 / 275×1000 = 1619.32kN
Case 2 To balance a total load of 50kN/m on the beam,
P × e = M , Here M = 50 × 102/8 = 625kNm, P = 625/0.275 = 2272.73 kN
2c
 Ra = Rb = 300kN
BM @ supports Ms = 40 x 2.52/2 = 125kNm
BM @ centre Mc = 300 x 5 – 40 x 7.52/2 = 375 kNm
Eccentricity at 1) supports , e = Ms / P = 100 mm 2) centre = e = Mc / P = 300 mm
3a

The various reductions of the prestressing force are termed as the losses in prestress. The
losses are broadly classified into two groups, immediate and time-dependent. The
immediate losses occur during prestressing of the tendons and the transfer of prestress to the
concrete member. The time-dependent losses occur during the service life of the prestressed
member.
3b

Es = 210 kN/mm2, P = 800 × 1200 = 960 kN, μ = 0.5, k = 0.0015/m, l = 8000 mm, δL = 2
1
mm, θ = change in slope = 2 × = 0.1
20

Solution
 a) Loss due to friction = 𝑃𝑜 (𝜇𝜃 + 𝑘𝐿) =1200 × (0.5 × 0.1 + 0.0015 × 8) = 74.4
N/mm2
𝛿𝐿 2
b) Loss due to anchorage slip = × 𝐸𝑆 = × 2 × 103 = 52.5 N/mm2
𝐿 8000

Total loss due to slip and friction = 126.9N/ mm2

c) Final prestressing force = (1200 − 126.9)800 = 858.48kN

126.9
% loss = × 100 = 10.54 %
1200

3c
4a
 iii) Long term deflection- ( creep effects) – Use Formula by Lin

𝑷𝒕
𝜶𝒇 = [+𝜶𝒊𝒍 − 𝜶𝒊𝒑 × ]×(𝟏+ 𝜱)
𝑷𝒊

initial deflection due to transverse loads(dead + live loads) 𝜶𝒊𝒍 = δd + δl = +1.42

+6.57 = 7.99 mm

initial deflection due to prestressing force 𝜶𝒊𝒑 = δpi = -3.94 mm

𝑷𝒕
or Loss ratio = 0.8 or 80 % , Creep coefficient , 𝜱 = 1.8 , Then
𝑷𝒊

𝑳𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 , 𝜶𝒇 =

[ +7.99 – 3.94 x 0.8 ] x ( 1 + 1.8 ) = 13.54 mm

Check it with IS: 1343 code limit of span/ 250 = 6000/250 = 24 mm . It is safe against
deflection since 13.54 mm < 24 mm

4b

Self-weight of beam = w = 45 × 10 3 × 1 × 24 = 1.08 kN/m

As = 7 × π × 72 /4= 269.39 mm2 fsi = 1250 N/mm2 , e = 60 mm , r = 86.6 mm, l = 10.5 m, Es

= 210 kN/mm2 Ec = 5000 × √ 45 = 33541.02 N/mm2, I = Ac r2 = 45 × 103 × 86.62 = 337.48 ×
10 6 mm 4

Po = As fsi = 1250 × 269.39 = 336.73 kN

5 5
Downward deflection due to self-weight = 𝑤𝑑 𝑙4 = ×
384 𝐸𝑐 𝐼 384 ×33541.02×337.4802×106

1.08 × 95004

= 10.12 mm

5 𝑃 𝑒 𝑙2 5 × 336.7 × 60 ×95002
Upward deflection due to prestressing force = = = 16.78 mm
48𝐸𝑐 𝐼 48×33541.02×337.4802×106

5 5
Downward deflection due to live load = 𝑤𝑙 𝑙4 = ×4 ×
384 𝐸𝑐 𝐼 384 ×33541.02×337.4802×106

95004

= 37.48 mm

Net deflection of the beam (self-weight + prestress) = 1.12 – 16.78 = -6.66 mm

Net deflection of the beam (self-weight + prestress + live load ) = 1.12 – 16.78 + 37.48 = 30.82
mm

5a

Given data: 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 40 N/mm2 , b = 400 mm, d = 800 mm , l = 16 m, Aps = 2840 mm2,
Effective prestress in the steel 𝑓𝑝𝑒 = 800 N/mm2

As per IS 1343 – 2012 Page 51 , Annex D

𝑓𝑝𝑒 = 0.45 × 𝑓𝑝𝑢 , 800 = 0.45 × 𝑓𝑝𝑢 , 𝑓𝑝𝑢 = 800/ 0.45 = 1777.7 N/mm2

• STEP 1

𝐴𝑝𝑠 × 𝑓𝑝𝑢 2840 ×1777.7

= = 0.39 ≈ 0.4
𝑏 ×𝑑×𝑓𝑐𝑘 400 ×800 ×40

• STEP 2

𝐴𝑝𝑠 × 𝑓𝑝𝑢
From Table 11, take values of the ratios corresponding to ≈
𝑏 ×𝑑×𝑓𝑐𝑘

0.4 for post tensioned beam

𝑓𝑝𝑏 𝑥𝑢
= 0.75 , 𝑓𝑝𝑏 = 0.75 ×0.87 × 1600 =1160 N/mm2 and = 0.653 , 𝑥𝑢 = 0.653
0.87×𝑓𝑝𝑢 𝑑

× 800= 520mm

• STEP 3

Calculate ultimate moment of resistance of sections using IS 1343 recommendations

𝑀𝑈 = 𝑓𝑝𝑏 × 𝐴𝑝𝑠 × ( d – 0.42 × 𝑥𝑢 )

= 1160 × 2840 × ( 800 − 0.42 × 520) = 1916.02 kNm

5b
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 40 N/mm2 and 𝑓𝑝 = 1600 N/mm2, 𝐴 𝑝 = 𝐴𝑝𝑠 = 4700 mm2 , Effective prestress in steel
𝑙
𝑓𝑝𝑒 = 1000N/mm2 , =20 m, d = 1600mm, 𝐷𝑓 = 50 mm, 𝑊𝑒𝑏 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 , 𝑏𝑤 = 300 mm, 𝒃𝒇
𝑑

=1200 mm

• Assume 𝑥𝑢 > 𝐷𝑓 (neutral axis may fall in the web portion)

𝐴𝑝𝑤 × 𝑓𝑝𝑒
Calculate 𝑥𝑢 , by putting bw and 𝐴𝑝𝑤 in , 𝑏𝑤 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑏𝑤 ×𝑑×𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑫𝒇
• Area of prestressing in flange Apf = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 × 𝒇𝒄𝒌 × ( 𝒃𝒇 − 𝒃𝒘 ) ×
𝒇𝒑

𝟓𝟎
= 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 × 𝟒𝟎 × ( 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎) × = 506.25 mm2
𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎

Area of prestressing steel in web Apw = (Aps - Apf ) = ( 4700 - 506.25 ) =

4193.75 mm2

𝐴𝑝𝑤 × 𝑓𝑝𝑒 4193.75 × 1000

• Find effective reinforcement ratio = = 0.218 ≈ 0.20
𝑏𝑤 ×𝑑×𝑓𝑐𝑘 300 ×1600 ×40

𝑓𝑝𝑢
• Table 12 , IS 1343 -1980, Then interpolate to get the ratios = 1.16 , 𝑓𝑝𝑢 = 1.16
𝑓𝑝𝑒

𝑥𝑢 𝐴𝑝𝑤 × 𝑓𝑝𝑒
× 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟎 and = 0.58 , 𝑥𝑢 = 0.58 × 1600 = mm based on ≈
𝑑 𝑏𝑤 ×𝑑×𝑓𝑐𝑘

0.20 ( Maximum ratio available in Table 12 is 0.20)

• Flexural strength of unbonded T section

𝑀𝑈 = 𝑓𝑝𝑢 × Apw × ( d – 0.42 × 𝑥𝑢 ) + 0.45 × 𝑓𝑐𝑘 × ( b – bw ) × Df × ( d – 0.5 × 𝐷𝑓 )

=
= 1160 × 4193.2 × ( 1600 – 0.42 × 928) + 0.45 × 40 × ( 1200 – 300 ) × 50 × (
1600 – 0.5 × 50) kNm

= 7163 kNm

Effective span = 15 m, Live load = 12 kN/m, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 50 N/mm2 , 𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 41 N/mm2, Loss ratio 𝜂
𝜋
= 0.85, 𝑓𝑝 = 1500 N/mm2, 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒, 𝐴𝑝 = 12 × × 72 = 461.58 mm2 , Area of the
4

concrete section, A = b × d

• Step 1
Assume breadth of the section as b = 250 mm = 0.25 m , let ‘d’ be the depth of the section in
metres

Self-weight of beam /gravity load = 25 × 0.25 × d = 6.25 × d

6.25× d ×202
Moment due to self-weight/ gravity, 𝑀𝑔 = = 312.5 × 𝑑 kNm
8

12.0 ×202
Moment due to live load, 𝑀𝑞 = = 600 kNm
8

𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝜂 = 0. 85

• Step 2

𝑀𝑞 + (1−𝜂 )𝑀𝑔
Use expression for 𝑍𝑏 = (𝜂 𝑓𝑐𝑡 − 𝑓𝑡𝑤 )
… (1)

𝑏 ×d2 0.25 ×d2

Also for rectangular section, 𝑍𝑏 = = ….(2)
6 6

Equate (1) = (2) , put 𝑓𝑐𝑡 = 41000 kN/m2, tensile stress at working load, 𝑓𝑡𝑤 = 0 since it is
Type 1 members, all tensile stresses are zero

𝑀𝑞 + (1−𝜂 )𝑀𝑔 0.25 ×d2

(𝜂 𝑓𝑐𝑡 )
=
6

600+ (1−0.85 )×312.5×𝑑 0.25 ×d2

(0.85 ×41000 )
=
6

Solve for ‘d’ , d = 0.659m ≈ 0.700 m ( upper rounding) -

Dimension of the section is 250 × 700 mm

• Step 3

0.25 ×d2 0.25 × 0.72

Solve for 𝑍𝑡 = 𝑍𝑏 = = = 0.02 𝑚3
6 6

• Step 4

Calculate Stress at top fibre 𝑓𝑡

𝑀𝑔 312.5×0.7
𝑓𝑡 = 𝑓𝑡𝑡 - = 0- = - 10937 kN/m2 = -10.9 N/mm2
𝑍𝑡 0.02

• Step 5
Calculate Stress at bottom fibre 𝑓𝑏

1 𝑀𝑔 𝑀𝑞 1 312.5×0.7 600
𝑓𝑏 = (𝑓𝑡𝑤 + + )= (0 + + ) = 48161 kN/m2 = 48.16 N/mm2
𝜂 𝑍𝑏 𝑍𝑏 0.85 0.02 0.02

• Step 6

𝑨 ×(𝒁𝒕 𝒇𝒕 + 𝒁𝒃 𝒇𝒃 )
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 , 𝑷 = (𝒁𝒕 + 𝒁𝒃 )
, A = 0. 𝟐𝟓 × 𝟎. 𝟕 = , 𝑍𝑏 = 𝑍𝑡 = 0.02 , 𝑓𝑡 =

- 10937 kN/m2 , 𝑓𝑏 = 48161 kN/m2

P = 3257.12 kN

• Step 7 calculate the eccentricity of the tendon

(𝒇𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕 )×𝒁𝒕 × 𝒁𝒃 (𝟒𝟖𝟏𝟔𝟏−(−𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟑𝟕))×𝟎.𝟎𝟐×𝟎.𝟎𝟐

𝒆= = = 0.18 m = 180 mm
𝑨 ×(𝒁𝒕 × 𝒇𝒕 + 𝒁𝒃 × 𝒇𝒃 ) 𝑨 ×(𝒁𝒕 × 𝒇𝒕 + 𝒁𝒃 × 𝒇𝒃 )

• Step 8

No of cables required =

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 , P = 3257.12 kN = 3257000.12 N

Characteristic strength of tendon, 𝑓𝑝 = 1500 N/mm2

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 3257000

Characteristic strength of tendon, 𝑓𝑝 = = 1500 = ,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠

3257000
Total 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 = = 2171.41
1500

Area of one cable = 12 × π/4 × 7 2 = 461

Number of cables =Total 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 / Area of one cable = 2171.41/ 461

= 5 numbers of cables are needed

Design is over

7a

In the case of RCC members when subjected to super imposed loads, shear forces are developed
at the loaded member. Due to these shear force and stresses are developed in the member. Shear
stress will be at the neutral axis and is minimum at the extreme fibres. The shear stress at any
depth in the cross section is calculated using the equation.
𝐹 ×𝐴× 𝑦̅
τ=
𝐼 ×𝑏
F is the shear force in KN

𝐴 × 𝑦̅ moment of area above the level at which shear stress is required about the neutral axis

I is Moment of inertia

b is the width of cross section at which shear stress is required

The effect of this shear stress is to induce the principal tensile stress on the diagonal planes.
Due to diagonal tensile stress, diagonal cracks are developed at the support section. To reduce
the diagonal cracks, the diagonal tension can be made compressive by following 3 ways

In general, there are three ways of improving the shear resistance of structural concrete
members by prestressing techniques:
1. Horizontal or axial prestressing
2. Prestressing by inclined or sloping cables
3. Vertical or transverse prestressing
Axial prestressing reduces the principal stresses considerably when compared with the
members without prestressing. Furher inaddition to axial prestressing, transverse or vertical
prestressing is used it is possible to nullify the principal tension itself. In case the cables are
placed as per the profile obtianed bya load balancing approach it results in the most desirable
system of forces in concrte ie entire section of concrete will be subjected to uniform
compressive state of stress at support.

7b
Calculation of slope of the cable
4 ×𝑒
Calculation of slope at support y = (𝐿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
𝐿2
𝑑𝑦 4 ×𝑒
= (𝐿 − 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝐿2
𝑑𝑦 4 ×𝑒 4 ×100 1
At support x =0, θ = = = = , ( for small angle and zero shear let us take directly
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 8000 20
1
sin θ = )
20

8a
450 × 10003 300 × 7003
𝐼= − = 2.8975 × 1010 𝑚𝑚4
12 12
4 ×𝑒
Calculation of slope at support y = (𝐿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 )
𝐿2
𝑑𝑦 4 ×𝑒
= (𝐿 − 2𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝐿2
𝑑𝑦 4 ×𝑒 4 ×300
At support x =0, θ = = = = 0.06 radians
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 20000
180
θ in degrees = 0.06 × = 3.42o
𝜋

self weight = 25 x .024 = 5.76 kN/m

Vertical component of prestressing force = P x sin 3.42 = 1250 × sin 3.42 =1250 kN
Horizontal component of prestressing force = P x cos 3.42 = 1250 × cos 3.42 = 74.96 kN

Total load = 25.76 kN/m

Shear force at support due to applied load = 25.76 x 20 /2 = 257.6 kN
Net shear force at support section = 257.6 – 74.96 = 182.64 kN
Shear stress
• At centroid
350
𝐹 ×𝐴× 𝑦̅ 182640 ×( 450 × 150 ×425+150×350× 2 )
τ= = , ( taking b = bw)
𝐼 ×𝑏 2.8975 ×1010 ×150

= 1.594 N/mm2
• At junction of the web
150
𝐹 ×𝐴× 𝑦̅ 182640 ×( 450 × 150 ×(500− 2 )
τ= = , ( taking b = bw)
𝐼 ×𝑏 2.8975 ×1010 ×150

= 1.207 N/mm2
• At junction of the flange
150
𝐹 ×𝐴× 𝑦̅ 182640 ×( 450 × 150 ×(500− 2 )
τ= = , ( taking b = bf)
𝐼 ×𝑏 2.8975 ×1010 ×450

= 0.402 N/mm2

150/2 +350 =425 mm

1. Principal tension along centrodial axis

1250000
𝑓𝑥 = = 5.21 N/mm2
240 x 1000

5.21 1
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± √(5.212 + 4 × 1.5492 )
2 2

= 2.605 ± 3.504
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.605 + 3.504 = + 5.6 N/mm2 ( compression)
 𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.605 − 3.504 = - 0.449 N/mm2 ( tension)

2. Principal tension at the junction of flange

1250000
𝑓𝑥 = = 5.21 N/mm2
240 x 1000

5.21 1
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± √(5.212 + 4 × 0.402 2 )
2 2

= 2.605 ± 2.63
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.605 + 2.63 = + 5.24 N/mm2 ( compression)
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.605 – 2.63 = - 0.031 N/mm2 ( tension)

3. Principal tension at the junction of web

1250000
𝑓𝑥 = = 5.21 N/mm2
240 x 1000

5.21 1
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = ± √(5.212 + 4 × 1.207 2 )
2 2

= 2.605 ± 2.87
𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.605 + 2.87 = + 5.47 N/mm2 ( compression)
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2.605 – 2.87 = - 0.266 N/mm2 ( tension)

8b
bw = 200 mm,D = 2000 mm,L =40 m,e = 750 mm @ centre,A = 0.88 x 10 6 mm2, P = 1200
kN, Loss ratio = 0.8 , fy = 415, Peff = 0.8 x 1200 = 9600 kN, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 60 MPa
V = 2850 kN
𝑓𝑡 = 0.24 √ fck = 1.86 N/mm2
𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓 9600000
𝑓𝑐𝑝 = = = 10.91 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝐴 0.888 ×10 6
𝑑𝑦 4 ×𝑒 4 ×750
θ= = = = 0.075 radians ≈ sinθ
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 40000

𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉𝐶𝑂 = 0.676 × 𝑏 × 𝐷 × √(𝑓𝑡 2 + 0.8 × 𝑓𝑐𝑝 × 𝑓𝑡 ) + 𝑃𝑒𝑓𝑓 sinθ

= 0.676 × 200 × 2000 × √(1.862 + 0.8 × 10.91 × 1.86 ) + 9600 × 0.075 = 1909.32
kN < 2850kN
Let us assume 12 mm Φ and two legged stirrups and effective cover 100 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = 2 x π / 4 x 122 = 226.19 mm2
0.87 ×226.19 ×415×1900
𝑆𝑣 = (2850−1909.32)×1000
= 164.95 mm < 0.75 × d = 1425

Hence Ok
Use 12 mm Φ # two legged stirrups @ 150 mm c/c

9a

Prestressed concrete contains tendons which are typically stressed to about 1000 MPa. These
tendons need to be anchored at their ends in order to transfer (compressive) force to the
concrete. In pretensioned concrete, the anchorage consists of a bonded length of tendon, in
direct contact with the concrete. In post-tensioned concrete, an achorage plate is used, which
bears onto the concrete over a relatively small area.The tendon is connnected to the plate either
through wedges, button-heads or other methods. The plate itself then bears on the concrete.
The plates employed for this are very much smaller than the area of concrete which is to be
compressed. Therefore, a redistribution of stress occurs behind the anchorage plate as the
compression trajectories spread out to form uniform stress patterns some distance into the
concrete, according to St Venant's Principle. It is the distance over which this redistribution
occurs that is of interest to the Engineer. This disturbed region is known as the Anchorage
Zone. The state of stress in the anchorage zone is extremely complex. It consists of severely
curved trajectories, perhaps interfering with 'secondary' stresses due to bearing supports.
Therefore, it is in the Engineer's interest to ensure two things in this zone.

1. The zone must not crack at the serviceability limit state (this would allow the ingress of
water, leading to possible corrosion problems), and

2. The zone must not fail at the ultimate limit state.

9b
9c

10 a
In a composite construction, precast prestressed members are used in conjunction with the
concrete cast in situ, so that the members behave as monolithic unit under service loads.
Generally, the high-strength prestressed units are used in the tension zone while the concrete,
which is cast in situ of relatively lower compressive strength, is used in the compression zone
of the composite members. The composite action between the two components is achieved by
roughening the surface of the prestressed unit on to which the concrete is cast in situ, thus
giving a better frictional resistance, or by stirrups protruding from the prestressed unit into the
added concrete, or by castellations on the surface of the prestressed unit adjoining the concrete
which is cast in situ.
The phenomenon of differential shrinkage between the concrete cast in situ and the prestressed
units also contributes to the monolithic action of the composite member.

The advantages in using precast prestressed units in association with the in situ concrete are:

1. Appreciable saving in the cost of steel in a composite member compared with a reinforced
or prestressed concrete member.

2. Sizes of precast prestressed units can be reduced due to the effect of composite action.

3. Low ratio of size of the precast unit to that of the whole composite member.

4. In many cases, precast prestressed units serve as supports and dispense with the form work
for placement of in situ concrete.

5. Composite members are ideally suited for constructing bridge decks without the disruption
of normal traffic.

10 b
1. Section properties of the pretensioned beam

A = 100 × 200 = 20000 mm2

100 × 2002
Z=[ ] = 667 × 103 mm3
6

P = 150 kN
2×𝑃 2 × 150000
Thus, stresses due to prestressing force becomes = + = = 15 N/mm2 at the bottom
𝐴 20000

and zero at the top fibre

Effective prestress after losses = 0.85 × 15 = 12.8 N/mm2
Dead load or Self-weight of the precast beam = 0.1 × 0.2 × 24 × 103 = 480N/m
480 × 52
Dead load or Self- weight moment , 𝑀𝐷 = = 1500Nm
8
𝑀𝐷 1500000
Stresses at top and bottom fibre =± = = ±2.25 N/mm2
𝑍 667 × 103

Always take density of PCC = 24 kN/m2

Self-weight of insitu slab = 0.04 × 0.4 × 24 × 103 = 384 Nm
384 × 52
Moment due to slab weight = = 1200 Nm
8
1200000
Stresses due to slab weight in the precast section = = ±1.8 N/mm2
667 × 103

2. Section properties of composite section

400 ×40 ×20 +100×200 ×( 40+100)

Distance of the centroid from the top fibre = = 87 mm
400 ×40+100×200
400 ×403 100 ×2003
Moment of inertia , I = + 100 × 40 × ( 87 − 20)2 + + 100 × 200 ×
12 12

(140 − 87)2 = 1948 × 105 mm4

1948 × 105
Section moduli , 𝑍𝑡 = = 225 × 104 mm3
87
1948 × 105
𝑍𝑏 = =128 × 104 mm3
(153)

Live load on the composite section = 0.4 × 1.0 × 8000 = 3200 N/m
3200 × 52
Maximum live load moment = = 10000 × 103 Nmm
8

3. Live load stresses in the composite section

𝑀𝐿 10000 × 103
At top = = = 4.45 N/mm2 ( compression)
𝑍𝑡 225× 104

𝑀𝐿 10000 × 103
At bottom = = = 7.85 N/mm2 ( tension)
𝑍𝑏 128× 104

If the pretensioned beam is propped, the self-weight of the slab acts on the composite
section
Moment due to slab weight = 1200 Nm
Stress due to this moment in the composite section
𝑀𝑑 1200 × 103
At top = = = 0.53 N/mm2 ( compression)
𝑍𝑡 225× 104

𝑀𝑑 1200 × 103
At bottom = = = 0.94 N/mm2 ( tension)
𝑍𝑏 128× 104
The distribution of stresses for the various stages of loading for the propped and
unpropped construction is shown in the figure below