FIELD METHODS be honest and respectful to all individuals

who are affected by their research studies

INTRODUCTION
Nuremberg Code - a set of 10 guidelines for
the ethical treatment of human participants
Field Methods in Psychology - covers both in research
quantitative and qualitative field methods.
National Research Act - an act mandated
EXPERIMENTAL- It aims at a cause and regulations for the protection of human
effect relationship which cannot be participants
established in any other research method.
Belmont Report summarizes the basic
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE - A condition in a ethical principles and guidelines for human
scientific method that is manipulated so subject research.
that its effects may be observe.
Belmont Reports’ three basic principles:
DEPENDENT VARIABLE - A measure of an
1. Respect for persons requires that
assumed effect of an independent.
individuals should consent to participate in
DESCRIPTIVE- Involves observing and studies and those who cannot give their
recording of behavior and mental processes. consent, such as children, people with
diminished abilities, and prisoners, need to
Survey- A method of scientific investigation
be protected
in which a large sample of people answer
the questions about their attitudes or 2. Beneficence requires that the researcher
behavior. NOT harm the participants, minimize risks,
and maximize possible benefits
Case Study A carefully drawn biography that
may be obtained through interviews, 3. Justice requires fairness in procedures for
questionnaires, and psychological tests. selecting participants
• May continue for an extended period of
time
CHAPTER 2
Naturalistic Observation A scientific
EPISTEMOLOGY, METHODOLOGY, AND
method in which organisms are observed in
METHODS
their natural environments.
TERMINOLOGIES
CORRELATIONAL- The goal of this method is
to describe the strength of the relationship ONTOLOGY – beliefs about reality or truth
between two or more events or
A. Realism – one truth; objective
characteristics.
measurements; does not change;
RESEARCH ETHICS- Research ethics generalizable
concerns the responsibility of researchers to
B. Relativism – multiple realities exist; B) Interpretative phenomenology - seeks to
shaped by context; truth evolves and generate knowledge about the quality and
changes; cannot be generalized but may use texture of experience as well as about its
in similar context meaning within a particular social, cultural,
and psychological context.
EPISTEMOLOGY – is a branch of philosophy
concerned with the theory of knowledge. 3. Social constructionist approach – social
construction of ‘knowledge’ itself, and with
TWO MAJOR METHODOLOGY
how people construct versions of reality
1. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - also known through the use of language.
as traditional, positivist, experimental or
empiricist research
CHAPTER 3
2. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - also known as
constructivist, naturalistic, interpretive, QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS AND
postpositivist research METHODS
THREE APPROACHES TO KNOWLEDGE
PRODUCTION
1. Realist approach - generate knowledge
that captures and reflects as truthfully as
possible something that is happening in the
real world
a) Direct (naive) realist – take the
participants’ accounts at face value
b) Critical realist – data needs to be
interpreted in order to further our
understanding of the underlying structures Quantitative Designs
which generate the phenomena we are
Quantitative research is an approach for
trying to gain knowledge about.
testing objective theories by examining the
Phenomenological approach - the aim of relationship among variables.
the research is to produce knowledge about
-numbered data can be analyzed using
the subjective experience of research
statistical procedures.
participants.
Postpositivist philosophical assumptions
a) Descriptive phenomenology - is
concerned with capturing experience •Experimental research seeks to determine
precisely as it presents itself, neither adding if a specific treatment influences an
nor subtracting from it. outcome.
Single-subject Experiments - an process, action, or interaction grounded in
experimental treatment is administered the views of participants.
over time to a single individual or a small
4. Ethnography - a design of inquiry coming
number of individuals
from anthropology and sociology in which
Causal-comparative Research – comparison the researcher studies the shared patterns
between two or more groups in terms of a of behaviors, language, and actions of an
cause (or independent variable) that has intact cultural group in a natural setting
already happened over a prolonged period of time.
Correlational Design - relationship between 5. Case studies - the researcher develops an
two or more variables or sets of scores in-depth analysis of a case, often a program,
event, activity, process, or one or more
Factorial Designs – many variables and
individuals.
treatments
QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION METHODS
Survey research- provides a quantitative or
numeric description of trends, attitudes, or • Qualitative data collection is the selection
opinions of a population by studying a and production of linguistic (or visual)
sample of that population. material for analyzing and understanding
phenomena
• Meaning-making can refer to subjective
CHAPTER 4
or social meanings.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS AND
• Collection can refer to naturally occurring
METHODS
or elicited data. It can be based on talking,
Qualitative research is an approach for listening, observing, analyzing materials as
exploring and understanding the meaning sounds, images or digital phenomena
individuals or groups ascribe to a social or
Basic Methodological Approaches
human problem.
1. Talking to people in interviews
1. Narrative research - the researcher
studies the lives of individuals and asks one 2. Walking to people in ethnographies–
or more individuals to provide stories about observing people
their lives.
3. Tracing people’s lives by analyzing
2. Phenomenological research - the documents
researcher describes the lived experiences
Types of Data:
of individuals about a phenomenon as
described by participants. 1. Verbal Data – interviews, focus groups,
and narrative data
3. Grounded theory - is a design of inquiry
from sociology in which the researcher
derives a general, abstract theory of a
2. Ethnographic Approaches – observation, quotations and/or summaries of what
ethnography, and focused ethnography people said
based on videography
b) methodological notes - process of
3. Material Data – documents, images, observation: researchers’ relationship with
media (television and film) the other participants, and problems
encountered in the field
1. Qualitative Interviews • face-to-face
interviews • telephone interviews • online c) analytical notes - themes, connections,
interview • unstructured or semi structured patterns
• open-ended questions • few items (5-10)
2. Focus Group Interviews • face-to-face
CHAPTER 5
interviews • telephone interviews • online
interview • with 6-8 interviewees in each REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND THE
group • unstructured or semi structured • RESEARCH TOPIC
open-ended questions • few items
TOPIC - is the subject or subject matter of a
Focus Groups’ defining feature is the use of proposed study, such as “faculty teaching,”
group interaction to produce qualitative “organizational creativity,” or “psychological
data. stress.”
3. Qualitative observation • field notes on Initial planning of research:
the behavior and activities • records
1. Draft a brief working title to the study
activities at the research site (using some
prior questions that the inquirer wants to 2. Pose the topic as a brief question
know) • can be nonparticipant or a
3. Reflect whether the topic can and should
complete participant
be researched
4. Diaries are NOT widely used as a method
THE LITERATURE REVIEW- A literature
of data collection in psychological research
review means locating and summarizing the
• challenging for both researcher and
studies about a topic.
participant • participants need to make a
commitment to maintain a record (of their THE RESEARCH TITLE •The title summarizes
experiences, of their activities, of their the main idea or ideas of your study
feelings) over an extended period of time
THE RESEARCH QUESTIONS• Qualitative
unstructured diaries - participants are research questions tend to be process
asked to keep a record of their experiences, oriented. They ask HOW something
activities and feelings in relation to a happens. • A research question is open-
particular issue or topic ended.
a) substantive notes - descriptions of
settings, events and people, as well as