DATABASE CONCEPTS &

ER MODEL
Instructor:

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Learning Goals

By the end of this lecture students Understand an overview of the basic RDBMS
Concepts
should be able to:

Understand an insight into the architecture and

components of a Database System.

Describe how entities, attributes and relationships

are used to model data;

Converting ER Model to relational schema

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Table of contents
◊ SQL Overview SQL Overview
◊ The Relational Database
◊ RDBMS Concepts
◊ ER Model

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 Section 1

SQL OVERVIEW

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What is SQL?

Structured
Query
Language
➢ Which is a computer language for:
✓ storing,
✓ manipulating and
✓ retrieving data stored in relational database.
➢ SQL is the standard language for Relation Database System, like MySQL, MS
Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres and SQL Server use SQL as
standard database language.
➢ SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard.
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SQL Process

Query Language
SQL Query Parser + Opimizer
Processor

File Manager
DBMS Engine +
Transaction manager

Physical Database

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SQL Commands
SQL consists of three components:
➢ Data Definition Language (DDL)

➢ Data Manipulation Language (DML) and

➢ Data Control Language (DCL)

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 Section 2

THE RELATIONAL DATABASE

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Relational Database Concepts (1/3)
➢ “A DBMS that manages data as collection of tables in which all data
relationships are represented by common values in related tables.”
➢ “A DBMS that follows all the twelve rules of CODD is called RDBMS”

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Relational Database Concepts (2/3)

Table
Field

CD_ID Title Artist Genre

1 The Wall Pink Floyd Rock
Record 2 Blue Train John Coltrane Jazz
3 Requiem W.A. Mozart Classical

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Relational Database Concepts (3/3)
Primary
Supplier Key Domain Domain

SCode SName Quantity City

S1 Kamran 20 Lahore

S2 Zafar 10 Islamabad
Row/
Record
S3 Azmat 40 Karachi Cardinality

S4 Abdul 34 Lahore

S5 Nasir 25 Islamabad

Field
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Schema (1/2)
The name of a relation and the set of attributes for a relation is called a
schema.
– Example: the schema for previous slide is
Supplier (SCode, SName, Quantity, City)
Relation schema = name(attributes) + other structure info., e.g., keys,
other constraints.
Order of attributes is arbitrary, but in practice we need to assume the
(standard) order given in the relation schema.
Relational database schema = collection of relation schemas.

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Schema (2/2)
➢ Relation schema example:

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Schema versus Instance
Student(studno,name,address)
Course(courseno,lecturer)
Schema
Student(123,Bloggs,Woolton)
(321,Jones,Owens) Instance

sid Name Login age GPA

53666 Jones Jones@ca 18 3.4
53444 smith Smith@ecs 18 3.2
53777 Blake Blake@aa 19 3.8

➔ Cardinality = 3, arity = 5 , all rows distinct

➔ Do all values in each column of a relation instance have to be distinct?

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What is RDBMS?
➢ RDBMS stands for:

Relational Database Management System

➢ RDBMS is the basis for SQL, and for all modern database systems like:
✓ MS SQL Server,

✓ IBM DB2,

✓ Oracle,

✓ MySQL,

✓ and Microsoft Access.

➢ A Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database

management system (DBMS) that is based on the relational model as
introduced by E. F. Codd.
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DBMS vs. RDBMS
DBMS RDBMS
The concepts of relationships is It is based on the concept
missing in a DBMS. If it exits it is
very less. Of relationships

Speed of operation is very slow Speed of operation is very Fast

Hardware and Software Hardware and Software
requirements are minimum requirements are High
Platform used is normally DOS Platform used can be any DOS,
UNIX,VAX,VMS, etc
Uses concept of a file Uses concept of table

DBMS normally use 3GL RDBMS normally use a 4GL

Examples are dBase, FOXBASE, etc Examples are ORACLE, INGRESS,

SQL Server 2000 etc
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 Section 3

ER MODEL

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Design Process
Real
world ▪ Survey
Requirement ▪ Interview
collection & ▪ Collect requirement
Analysis ▪ Analisys

▪ Specification Requirement
database

Conceptual ▪ Modelling
design ▪ Design

Conceptual
▪ ER Modelling
model

……..

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Basic E-R Notation

Entity
A special entity
symbols that is also a
relationship

Relationship Attribute
symbols symbols

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ER Model Overview
Sample E-R Diagram

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Cardinality of Relationships (1/2)
➢ One – to – one:

EMPLOYEE DEPARTMENT

➢ One – to – many:

DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEE

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Cardinality of Relationships (2/2)
➢ Many – to – many:

EMPLOYEE PROJECT

❖ In which:

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Binary relationships

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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Rule 1 - Convert entity type with simple attributes

CUSTOMER entity type with simple attributes

CUSTOMER relation

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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Rule 2 - Convert Multivalue attribute

Multivalued attribute becomes a separate relation with foreign key

1–to–many relationship between original entity and new relation

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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Rule 3 - Convert Unary relationship one to one

EMPLOYEE entity with Manages relationship

EMPLOYEE relation with recursive foreign key

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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Rule 4 – Convert binary relationship one to one

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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Rule 5 – Convert Unary relationship one to many

EMPLOYEE entity with Manages relationship

EMPLOYEE relation with recursive foreign key

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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Rule 6 – Convert Binary relationship one to many

Note the mandatory one

Again, no null value in the foreign key…this is because of the mandatory minimum cardinality
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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Rule 7 – Convert Unary relationship many to many

Bill-of-materials relationships (M:N)

ITEM and COMPONENT relations

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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Rule 8 – Convert Binary relationship many to many

The Supplies relationship will need to

become a separate relation

Composite primary key

New intersection relation

Foreign key Foreign key

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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Another - Convert Ternary relationship

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Converting ER Model to relational schema
Another- Convert Ternary relationship (2)

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Summary

✓ SQL Overview
• SQL, SQL Process, SQL Command
✓ The Relational Database
• Table, Field, Record, Schema
✓ RDBMS Concepts
• RDBMS, RDBMS vs DBMS
✓ ER Model
• Design Process, Notation, Converting ER Model to relational
schema

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 Thank you

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