EVALUATING INTEGRALS DEPENDENT ON A PARAMETER

EXAMPLES:
1
tan 1 a x   2 
1(a). I =  dx [Ans: n a  a  1  ]
0 x 1  x2 2  

1
1 1
tan a x dI x dx

[Sol. I =  dx; da 0 x 1  x 2 (1  a 2 x 2 )
0 x 1  x2
/2 / 2
d sec 2  d
(put x = sin) =  1  a 2 sin 2 
or  a 2 tan 2   1  tan 2 
0 0
 
dt 1 dt
(put tan = t) =  2 2 or 
0 (1  a ) t  1 1 a 2 0  1 
2
2
t  
 2 
 1 a 

1  tan 1 t 1  a 2  or 1 
= 1 a 2
2  
1 a 0 1 a2 2
 da  
dI = ; I= ln  a  1  a 2    C ; a = 0 ; I = 0  C = 0

2   
2 1 a2
 
I= ln  a  1  a 2  ]
2  

tan 1 ax  tan 1 x
1.(b) Evaluate  dx where a is a parameter..
0
x

tan 1 ax  tan 1 x
[Sol. Let I=  dx
0
x

   
dI 1· x dx 1 dx1 1  
da
=  (1  a 2 x 2 )x dx =  1 a 2x 2 = a 2  2 1 a2= a tan x  =
2a
0 0 0x  0
a2
 da 
2 a
 dI =
; I= ln a + C
2
when a = 1, I = 0  C=0
 
Hence I= ln a Ans. ]
2
1
2. 
0
 n (1  a 2 x 2 )
x2 (1  x 2 )
d x (a2 < 1) [Ans:   1  a  1 ]
2

1
1
 n (1  a 2 x 2 ) dI  2ax 2 dx
[Sol. I =  dx | a| < 1 ;   (1  a 2 x 2 ) x 2 1  x 2
0 x2 (1  x 2 ) da 0
(put x = sin)
/2 /2
2a d 2a sec 2 d
=  a sin 2   1
2 or  a 2 tan 2   (1  tan 2 )
or –
0 0

/2
2a sec 2 d
 (1  a 2 ) tan 2   1
0

 
2a dt 2a dt
(put tan = t) =  2 2 or  
0 (1  a ) t  1 (1  a 2 ) 2
0  1 
t2   
 2 
 1 a 

dI 2a  1  . 2a a
 tan t 1  a 2  or  or 
 
da 1 a 2  0 2 1 a 2 1 a2

I =  1 a2  C
if a = 0 ; I = 0  C = – 

 I =   1  a 2  1 ]
 

tan 1 (ax) 
3. 0 x(1  x 2 ) dx [Ans:
2
ln (a  1) ]

1 
 n (1  a 2 x 2 )  n (1  a cos x)
4.  2
2
d x (a < 1) 5.  cos x
d x (| a | < 1) = sin–1a
0 1 x 0

/ 2
 1  a sin x  dx
6.  ln   (| a | < 1) [Ans: sin–1a]
0  1  a sin x  sin x
 / 2
 1  a sin x  dx
[Sol. I =  ln   (| a | < 1)
0  1  a sin x  sin x
/2
dI 2 sin x dx
  2 2
.
da 0 (1  a sin x ) sin x
/2 /2
2 sec 2 x 2 sec 2 x
=  (1  tan 2 x  a 2 tan 2 x
dx or  (1  a 2 ) tan 2 x  1
dx
0 0

 
2 dt 2 dt
(put tanx = t)  (1  a 2 )t 2  1 or (1  a 2 )
 2
0 0 2  1 
t  
 2 
 1 a 

2  tan 1  t 1  a 2  
=    =
1 a2   0 1 a 2
 da
dI = 2
; I =  sin–1a + 0 ; a = 0 , I = 0 ]
1 a
/ 2
ab
7.  ln(a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x) dx [Ans.  ln
2
]
0

/ 2

[Sol. I =  ln(a2 cos2 x + b2 sin2 x) d x (a > 0 , b > 0)

0

/2 /2

 ln a  2
=
2 2 2
(cos x  k sin x ) dx 2
or  ln a +  ln (cos x  k 2 sin 2 x ) dx
0 
0 


I1

/2
2
I1 =  ln (cos x  k 2 sin 2 x ) dx
0

/2 /2
dI1 2k sin 2 x tan 2 x sec 2 x
  dx or 2k  dx
dk 0 cos 2 x  k 2 sin 2 x 0 (1  k 2 tan 2 x ) (1  tan 2 x )
 

t2 2k (1  k 2 t 2 )  (1  t 2 )
(put tanx = t) = 2k  2 2 2
dt or
k2 1
 (1  k 2 t 2 ) (1  t 2 ) dt
0 (1  k t ) (1  t ) 0


2k   dt 
dt  2k   1 1  
   tan t k  
k  1  0 1  t 2 
= 2   or
0 1  k 2 t 2  k 2  1  2 k  0 

2k  
= 
k 2  1  2 2k 
dI1 2 k   k  1  
 2   =
dk k  1 2  k  k 1
I1 =  ln (1 + k) + C
if k = 1 ; I1 = 0  C = –  ln2
1 k   1  ( b a )   ln  a  b 
I1 =  ln   or  ln   = (  k = b/a)
 2   2   2a 

a b  a.(a  b)  a b

 I =  lna +  ln   or  ln   or  ln   Ans ]
 2a   2a   2 