Test Bank – Chapter 5 - Developing a Negotiation Style 1

TEST BANK FOR MIND AND HEART OF THE

NEGOTIATOR 6TH EDITION THOMPSON
0133571777 9780133571776

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MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. There are three main social value motivational orientations in negotiation: competitive,
cooperative, and individualistic. The “cooperative” negotiator prefers to:
A. maximize their own gains
B. make interpersonal comparisons
C. seek equality (p. 93)
D. make deductions about other people’s motivations

2. According to the interests-rights-power model of disputing, negotiators who use an interests-

based approach when faced with a dispute situation:
A. attempt to reconcile differences in a way that addresses both parties’ needs and
concerns (p. 100)
B. focus on standards of fairness, including legal rights, precedents previously set, or
expectations based on norms.
C. use threats only in the late stages of negotiation
D. never use threats

3. When it comes to using power and making threats in negotiation, all of the following are true
except:
A. power tends to be reciprocated with power
B. by using power it is easy to expand the pie (p. 110)
C. a credible threat may restart negotiations
D. it often produces a “winner” and a “loser”

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 Test Bank – Chapter 5 - Developing a Negotiation Style 2

4. Regarding the different aspects of a negotiator’s motivational orientation and style,

negotiators who use a competitive-based approach tend to:
A. be indifferent as to how much the counterparty is getting in the agreement
B. want to maximize the difference between their own profits and those of the other
party (p. 93)
C. want to minimize the difference between negotiators’ outcomes
D. legitimize the counterparty’s needs

5. Negotiators often compare their inputs and outputs with others. Which of the following
statements is true regarding social comparison in negotiation?
A. When a pro-social cooperator negotiates with a competitor, they are less likely to
accept an unfair offer, as compared to individualists and competitors
B. People will sometimes refuse a larger salary if it means this would equate
outcomes between themselves and another party (pp. 97-98)
C. Men are more likely to engage in social comparison than women
D. Women are more likely to engage in social comparison than men

6. Regarding the interests, rights, and power model of disputing, a negotiator who uses an
interests-based approach is characterized by:
A. the use of status, rank, threats, and intimidation
B. an interest in the counterparty’s underlying needs, desires, and concerns (p. 100)
C. attempts to understand the past events
D. an interest in the unequal distribution of resources as this focus often produces a
clear winner and a loser

7. Regarding the interests, rights and power model of disputing, a negotiator who uses a rights-
based approach is characterized by:
A. addressing the counterparty’s most pressing concerns
B. applying rank and status biases to the negotiation
C. invoking norms and precedents (p. 100)
D. learning about the counterparty’s underlying needs

8. Adjudication is a rights-based procedure for resolving disputes. Adjudication is best

characterized as a procedure that:
A. determines who is liable when contradictory standards apply
B. presents arguments to a third party who hands down a binding decision (p. 103)
C. formalizes goals for the negotiation
D. establishes the counterparty’s opening offer

9. All of the following are effective strategies for negotiators in their attempt to move a rights-
or power-based counterparty away from rights/power and back to interests except:
A. reciprocating rights or power and combining it with interests-based questions
B. suggesting a process intervention (e.g. “Let’s talk”)
C. building in some cooling-off periods during the negotiation
D. maintaining distance and avoid meeting the counterparty face-to-face (pp. 105-110)

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 Test Bank – Chapter 5 - Developing a Negotiation Style 3

10. Regarding the interests, rights and power model of disputing, a negotiator who uses a
power-based approach is characterized by:
A. an interest in reconciling differences in a way that addresses the counterparty’s most
pressing needs and concerns
B. a need to apply standards of fairness to negotiation
C. an interest in formalizing parties’ rights by law or contract
D. using status, rank, threats, and intimidation to prevail (p. 100)
11. With regard to motivational orientation, the negotiator whose goals are individualistic in
nature:
A. prefers to maximize his or her own gain and is indifferent to how much the other
person is getting from the agreement (p. 93)
B. prefers to maximize the difference between their own profits and those of the other
party
C. seeks to minimize the difference between the negotiating parties’ outcomes
D. is aggressive and egotistical during the negotiation
12. Cooperative negotiators often get taken advantage of. Which of the following is a strategy
that will help overly cooperative negotiators claim a greater share of resources?
A. Avoid delegating the negotiation task to an agent
B. Concentrate solely on the bottom line
C. Don’t tell anyone about his or her negotiation goals to avoid making promises or
reporting results
D. Insist on commitments, not just verbal agreements (p. 95)
13. With regard to reputation in negotiation, negotiators who use adversarial, stubborn, and
ethically-questionable behavior often have the effect of:
A. enhancing their reputations
B. improving their business relationships
C. being regarded as ineffective (p. 96)
D. decreasing their group status
14. Conflict escalation threatens the ability of negotiators to reach agreement. One of the most
effective ways to respond to a power move by an opponent is:
A. punishment
B. laugh at the behavior
C. do not reciprocate (p. 99)
D. encourage a bigger threat
15. With regard to how to move the counterparty away from rights and power, one of the most
effective methods is a process intervention; one of the least effective interventions is:
A. reciprocation (p. 107)
B. paraphrasing the other party’s statements
C. strategic cooling off periods
D. using self-discipline and not using personal attacks
16. In an effort to reduce the costs of resolving disputes and produce durable resolutions, some
organizations use a procedure in which senior executives consider the elements of a dispute.
This procedure is known as the:
A. wise counselor strategy (p. 108)
B. multistep negotiation procedure strategy
C. mediation-tribulation strategy

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 Test Bank – Chapter 5 - Developing a Negotiation Style 4

D. loop-back strategy
17. Regarding 3rd party techniques for dispute resolution, the _____ model involves an
arbitrator who makes a decision and places it in a sealed envelope. The threat of the
arbitrator’s decision sits on the table and is destined to be opened unless the parties reach
mutual agreement.
A. final-offer arbitration
B. conventional arbitration
C. med-arb (mediation followed by arbitration)
D. arb-med (arbitration followed by meditation) (p. 109)
18. With regard to effective dispute resolution, a method whereby parties learn to prevent
similar problems in the future is known as:
A. the mediation method
B. the wise counselor method
C. the postdispute analysis and feedback method (p. 110)
D. the crisis procedure method
19. Sometimes it is necessary to make a threat in negotiation. In order to make an effective
threat, a negotiator needs to threaten:
A. the other party’s credibility
B. aggressively
C. and intimidate the other party
D. the other party’s underlying interests (p. 111)
20. When using a power-based strategy and issuing an effective threat, a best practice is to:
A. be ambiguous about what actions are needed by the other party and unclear about
the consequences if they choose to not take action
B. make the other party believe that you have the ability to carry out the threat (p.
111)
C. avoid threatening the other party’s interests, but instead attack them personally
D. cut off the discussion pathway back to the discussion once your threat is issued
21. Regarding the emotions and emotional knowledge that can influence negotiations, what is
meant by strategic emotion?
A. The behavioral manifestation of felt emotions
B. Negative emotions directed at the counterparty
C. Carefully designed emotional displays orchestrated to take the counterparty off
guard (p. 112)
D. Talking about the counterparty behind their back
22. With regard to effective negotiation, the ability of negotiators to understand emotions in
themselves and others and to use that understanding to generate positive outcomes is
defined as:
A. emotional intelligence (p. 118-119)
B. motivational orientation
C. social comparison
D. reciprocity
23. The term that refers to a negotiator’s belief in their ability to effectively claim resources and
persuade others to make the majority of the concessions in a negotiation is:
A. integrative self-efficacy
B. distributive self-efficacy (p. 119)

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 Test Bank – Chapter 5 - Developing a Negotiation Style 5

C. emotional intelligence
D. the halo effect

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. What are the fundamental differences between tough and soft negotiators, and what are the
disadvantages of adopting either stance?

2. Assess your own motivational orientation by completing the questions in Exhibit 5-3. Given
that a key to self-insight is recognizing the external factors that shape your motivational
orientation (following Richard Shell’s list), what tools do you need to help you become more
effective at pie-slicing and pie expansion?

3. What are some effective strategies for dealing with negative emotions at the bargaining table?

4. What are some of the main differences between cooperatively-motivated groups of

negotiators and individualistically-motivated negotiators?
5. Assess your own emotional style by completing the questionnaire in Exhibit 5-9. What are
the advantages and disadvantages of each emotional style?

6. What are some personal strategies a negotiator can use to move the counterparty away from
rights and power based arguments to an interest-based focus?

7. In what situations are the use of rights and power-based negotiation tactics justified?

Suggested answers:

1. Neither negotiation style is particularly effective in simultaneously expanding and slicing the
pie. The tough negotiator is unflinching, makes high demands, concedes little, holds out until
the very end, often rejects offers that are within the bargaining zone, often walks away from
potentially profitable deals, and gains a reputation for being stubborn. The soft negotiator
offers too many and too-generous concessions, reveals his or her reservation point, gives
away too much of the bargaining pie to the other party, and agrees too readily. (p. 91)

2. If the student scores high as a cooperative negotiator, the following tools can help keep him or
her balanced in a negotiation: avoid concentrating too much on your bottom line; develop
your BATNA; get an agent and delegate the negotiation task; tell a third-party about your
negotiation, make promises, and report your results; rehearse not saying yes to everything
that is proposed; insist on commitments, not just agreements. If the student scores high as a
competitive negotiator, the following tools can help keep him or her balanced in a negotiation:
think about pie-expansion, not just pie-slicing; ask more questions than you think you should;
rely on standards of fairness and objectivity; hire a relationship manager; be scrupulously
reliable; do not haggle when you can negotiate; always acknowledge the other party and
protect that person’s self-esteem. (p.94)

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small stick of cane—and threatened the animal with it. My action evidently displeased
him. At a second cry, which he uttered as a call, judge of my consternation to see
rushing from the four points of the compass, through the openings in the forest, clouds
upon clouds of apes, of all forms, colours, and sizes, who in an instant, clambering up
the trees, rolling themselves among the branches like squirrels, or taking possession of
the ground about me, proceeded to regard me with quick and menacing glances, and
to overwhelm me with hissing cries, and gnashings of the teeth, so fierce, so noisy, so
positively deafening, that I became quite dizzy and bewildered. I was compelled to
clap my hands over my ears, so as not to lose all sense of consciousness in the midst
of this infernal commotion. Nothing like it, I believe, had ever been heard before in
the forests of Oceania.

Clouds upon clouds of apes, of all forms, colours, and sizes, clambering up the trees, rolling themselves among the
branches like squirrels, or taking possession of the ground about me.—Page 30.

My Macao experience with regard to apes was not lost upon me at this supreme
moment. In spite of my trouble, and of the danger with which I was menaced, I
managed to recognise, without difficulty, the different kinds of apes in which I had
formerly dealt. I noticed the duks, with their long tails, smooth faces, black feet, and
red ears; the wanderoos, such troublesome fellows that they are obliged to be kept in
iron cages; lowandos, with hairless flesh-coloured faces, and all the rest of their
bodies as black as their noses, possessing long claws, and having on their heads large
wigs of grisly, bushy, compact hair. I saw monkeys with purple faces, and with violet
hands, trailing behind them tails terminating in white tufts of hair; capuchins, covered
with a flowing down of a yellowish black tint, which serves them for a kind of hood;
monas, with white bellies and wide open eyes surrounded with circles, black as their
feet, hands, and wrists; then coaïtas, or spider monkeys, with tails that they can turn to
much the same purposes as the elephant does his proboscis; then black-crested
simpias; then ourang-outangs; then hundreds of mangabeys, monkeys with long tails,
and known as apes of Madagascar. I recognised them by their naked eyelids, their
striking whiteness, their long grey muzzles, and their eyebrows of coarse and bushy
hair. In the same way I recognised the gloomy macaques, the turbulent pinches, the
malbroncks, and the pig-tailed macaques, which gambolled, frolicked, danced, kicked,
stamped, capered, and wheeled about on every side. Hundreds and hundreds more
pressed forward to catch sight of me, but they were too far off for me to distinguish
them, as I had done those of whom I have just spoken.
Knowing by experience the thoroughly wicked nature of these animals when
congregated together, I resolved to beat a retreat. I was, however, too late. On all sides
of me were closely-packed ranks of apes, some of whom seemed possessed of such
strength, that any attempt at flight would have been a grave imprudence on my part. I
remained, therefore, perfectly still, but not without some little anxiety. Suddenly, all
these apes which encircled me round about, commenced to sway to and fro, making at
the same time the most hostile demonstrations, although I no longer held in my hand
the unlucky cane branch, the original cause of their furious irritation. That I might
bear with patience this opposition, which I was most anxious not to increase (thinking
that if I were permitted to proceed towards the interior of the island, some inhabitant,
friend or enemy, civilised or savage, might rescue me from these insulting occupants
of the woods), I amused myself by recalling to mind the wearisomeness of the dull
tints which overpower the traveller on his arrival in the first commercial, and the most
densely-populated city in the world, that “province covered with houses” called
London, the thousand custom-house officers—honourable persons enough, whom I
should be very sorry to compare with apes, though they are also at times equally
tyrannical—that one meets with on landing. I turned from one reminiscence of the
kind to another, until I found myself recalling how on a particular day, on my arrival
at Calcutta, the officers at the custom-house pierced with their iron gauge-rod a packet
of twenty Cashmere shawls, which were completely spoiled; but on which,
nevertheless, I was required to pay duty.
 Quick as lightning, he seized the branch of cane which I had thrown on the ground, and before I had time to place
myself in a posture of defence, showered blow after blow on my arms and legs.—Page 33.

After a time, finding the heat, striking on the open spot where I was standing,
somewhat oppressive, I endeavoured, while the disposition of my guards seemed a
trifle more to my advantage, to take a few steps in advance. I was, in fact, frightfully
hungry, and my lips were parched with thirst. No sooner, however, had I prepared to
change my position than all these groups of importunate apes, gathering more closely
around me, recommenced their cries and their menaces. They did more, they formed a
square; and when they had taken up this strategical position, of which I occupied the
centre, one of them, leaving the ranks, advanced towards me. Quick as lightning he
seized the branch of cane which I had thrown on the ground; and, before I had time to
place myself in a posture of defence, showered blow after blow on my arms and legs,
my feet and hands, my face and head, and on my back and sides. These blows
followed one another in such rapid succession that, not being able to run away, I
commenced bounding about, jumping as though there were blazing coals beneath my
feet.
I candidly confess that I suffered quite as much shame as pain. A vile ape was
belabouring me, an abominable brute was taking upon himself to administer
correction to me in broad daylight! Other miserable apes, witnesses of my moral
degradation, were making grimaces and grinning at me, and showing their enjoyment
by capering about. It was whilst I thus performed a part in a comedy before their eyes,
and they furnished me an occasion of observing them more closely, that I was seized
with a singular idea; but the trouble I was in prevented me from following it up. Ah!
my position was indeed a painful one, to be thrashed by an ape before an assembly of
apes! It is only animals who can introduce such a degree of refinement into cruelty. I
know very well that at London, which has the reputation of being an extremely
civilised city, people are ready to crush one another to death, when a criminal is
hanged before the door of Newgate; and that in Paris, people pay equally dear for
places to see a man executed; that it is the same at Brussels, Vienna, and Berlin—
nevertheless, spite of the attractions which an execution offers, we neither hang nor
decapitate apes; and the right which these animals arrogated to themselves of
cudgelling me, appeared to me to be founded neither in reason nor in justice. For the
moment they were of course the stronger, and it was necessary that I should give in to
them; and I did give in. But it was melancholy to feel that there appeared to be no end
to this punishment; my tormentor never once relaxed his exertions, to take even a
moment’s rest; but continued laying on his blows, as though he would never tire.
Certainly, with one of the two pistols which I had about me, and which I had been
prudent enough not to part with, I could easily have shot the impudent beast through
the head; but I remembered too well the accident which happened to a certain
president of the French East India Company, to attempt any such thing. One day, when
the celebrated French traveller Tavernier accompanied the president on an excursion
through some great forest on the banks of the Ganges, the latter, being astounded at
the immense number of apes which he saw, and which suddenly surrounded him just
as they had surrounded me, stopped his carriage, and desired Tavernier to knock two
or three of them over. The servants, knowing very well the vindictive dispositions of
these animals, begged of the president not to meddle with them. He, however, insisted,
and Tavernier fired, and killed a female with her young. At that very instant the other
apes threw themselves, with cries of rage and despair, on the president’s carriage.
They knocked over the coachman, the footmen, and the horses, and would have
strangled his lordship—torn him to pieces, indeed—if the windows of the carriage had
not been promptly closed, and the members of his suite had not engaged in a regular
fight with their assailants, from whom they only escaped with an infinite deal of
trouble.
The remembrance of the danger which menaced them restrained me from
discharging my weapon at the horrible animal, who still continued his blows, spite of
my ill-concealed rage, and the efforts which I made to protect myself, Alas! I could do
nothing. I was thrashed by him till the blood flowed from me and saturated my
garments. I should have assuredly sunk under the constant succession of blows meted
out to me, since the cunning and wickedness of these animals went so far as to induce
them to volunteer to relieve my tormentor, when he at length felt fatigued with his
exertions; yes, I should certainly have fallen a victim to their brutality, but for an idea,
a really admirable idea, which occurred to me; but which, unfortunately, like all
excellent ideas, came very late. The increased pain which I endured evidently
freshened up my memory; and, all of a sudden, it struck me that I had heard of
travellers, who found themselves in the same predicament as myself, escaping by
means of a ruse, which ruse I resolved for my part at once to employ. I therefore
proceeded to untie my cravat (a superb cravat, bought in Bengal the preceding year),
and, unfolding it, threw it among the crowd of apes, who no sooner caught sight of my
bright red neckerchief than they rushed forward in a body to seize it, with loud
chatterings, and other signs of curiosity and delight. My tormentor followed the
example of his fellows; and, whilst they disputed among themselves the possession of
the spoil which I had resigned to them, I ran off, with all possible speed, towards the
interior of the island, where I reckoned on meeting with some of the inhabitants, and
certainly on procuring a little water, to quench my intolerable thirst. After a breathless
run of five or six hundred yards I looked back, and had the satisfaction of finding that
none of the apes were following me. For an entire hour I continued to run in this
manner over a tract of soft sand, through groups of trees entwined together, and
forming bright masses of foliage of various colours, and which by-and-by bowed
down to the earth, indicating a hollow where I might possibly find water. I was
thoroughly fatigued, I was in a burning heat. Was I about to discover the water I so
ardently longed for?
On rounding a hill covered with a whitish green moss, I was suddenly struck by the
sight of a lake upwards of a mile in length, bordered by tall trees, ranged in a series of
terraces, as though they had been planted thus by a professor of landscape gardening.
A slight descent, along the same soft silvery turf which I had just now passed over,
conducted me to the brink of a clear, sparkling sheet of water. I knelt down to drink,
and, placing my parched lips in it, my ecstasy was so complete that I prolonged it for
nearly a quarter of an hour, partaking at intervals of draught after draught of the
reviving delicacy.
My enjoyment was like a dream, it was so concentrated and so tranquil. But the cry
which escaped me on raising my head, was not altogether one of gratitude towards
Heaven, to whom I owed the delicious joy of having been enabled thus to refresh
myself. Intense surprise had something to do with my exclamation.

The banks of the lake were covered along their entire length by those very apes who had so pitilessly tormented,
jeered at, and beaten me.—Page 36.

The banks of the lake were covered along their entire extent by those very apes who
had so pitilessly tormented, jeered at, and beaten me. They had all been kneeling just
as I had knelt, had all risen at the same time as I had done, and there they were with
their muzzles dripping with water. When I thought I had lost them, they had no doubt
followed me in silence through the wood, by the aërial route of the tall branching
trees, and on seeing me kneel down to drink had imitated all my actions. Although my
limbs ached with fatigue, and I was sore from head to foot from the innumerable
blows which I had received, and although I began to experience serious inquietude, on
finding myself, since my shipwreck, in the midst of this constantly increasing crowd
of apes, I could not restrain a burst of laughter on seeing with what burlesque fidelity
they reproduced my most trifling gestures, my most accidental attitudes, and even my
involuntary movements. A new stupefaction took possession of me at finding my
burst of laughter immediately echoed by thousands of similar cachinnations. Unable
to control myself, I laugh my loudest, they, in their turn, laugh louder still. This
comedy threatened never to come to an end. Terrified at the unaccustomed noise, the
birds, hidden in their nests of moss, dispersed among the ferns, swarming through the
network of creepers, or asleep under the leaves, the great, the small, the invisible birds
—birds whose names are known only to the Creator, and of whose fantastic shapes
and plumage the most comprehensive human language could scarcely give an idea—
birds clad in brocade, like the ancient doges; others with triple embroidered collars,
like the princesses of the middle ages; others, the plumage of whose tails flashed forth
as many rays as the sun himself, rose, flapped their wings, and took to flight, streaking
the sky in frightened curves at the universal thunder of laughter which rent the air. The
apes themselves, accustomed as they were to similar commotions on the part of the
feathered tribe, were, nevertheless, astonished at the strangeness and novelty of the
sight. They stood up on their hind legs in order to enjoy it the more thoroughly. It was
then that I remarked something which had before escaped my notice: many of my
hairy persecutors wore a kind of narrow red collar, the meaning of which I could not
at first possibly understand. A brief reflection, however, made everything clear to me.
Each of these red collars was a fragment of the cravat which I had resigned to my
tormentors, and which, true to their imitative instincts, they had tied under their chins;
I never saw anything more comical than this piece of finery with which several of the
apes were strangling themselves, in tying it so tightly that it could not come undone,
or be stolen from them by their jealous comrades. These apes in their scarlet cravats
presented a spectacle which, under circumstances more propitious to one’s personal
security than those in which I at present found myself, I should no doubt have enjoyed
immensely.
I had managed to quench my thirst, but my hunger had not been appeased. Far from
it in fact, since the satisfaction accorded to the one sense only rendered the other more
imperious. My hunger had increased considerably during the last quarter of an hour,
for I had noticed on the trees, by the brink of the lake, certain fruits of a bright golden
colour, fruits delicious to behold, and no doubt more delicious still to the taste, but
situated so high, that never man, even though he were a sailor of Java, could hope to
reach and gather them. The trees were from 180 to 200 feet high, with no other
branches shooting out from their tall stems except those which clustered together at
the summit, with perfectly smooth barks, and offering not the slightest point of
support for either hand or foot for three-fourths of their entire height. My eyes coveted
this fruit, my stomach yearned for it; but how was I to obtain possession of it? After
all manner of sterile calculations as to how this was to be accomplished, I decided to
throw, with my utmost strength, a few sharp flints into one of the trees, in the hope of
detaching some of the fruit from its stalk and bringing it to the ground. I knew that I
was sufficiently adroit to hit the fruit at which I aimed, but for all that it did not break
off as I anticipated. The flint, after striking it, bounded from branch to branch with a
loud noise—the slightest thing, it must be remembered, produces a loud noise in these
solitary isles, the silence of which has not yet been broken by the restless activity of
man—encountering in its fall quantities of large leaves lightly joined to the branches
of the tree by their juicy stalks. The apes, who had been intently watching all my
movements, scarcely awaited the descent of the first stone, before they collected
together all the flints they could, and flung them one after another at the topmast
branches of the trees. The noise thus made sounded for all the world like the crackling
of hail and grapeshot. Delighted with their occupation, they formed as it were a chain,
and passed the stones rapidly from hand to hand, so that those who preferred to throw
might not be kept waiting. One hears of entire fields of maize being consumed in a
few hours by voracious locusts coming from Lybia; here, in a few minutes, fruit,
leaves, and branches were detached from the group of trees into the midst of which
my flint had taken its useless flight. The banks of the lake were covered with them to
such a degree, that I had only to stretch out my hand to grasp any quantity of the fruit
which I was dying as it were to taste. The very instant that the apes, to whom I was
indebted for this abundant harvest, saw me carry one of these fruits to my mouth, they
imitated my example all along the line. A thousand arms were carried to a thousand
mouths. The manœuvre was executed as though in obedience to a military command,
and with all the precision of Prussian discipline. I raised my elbow—the elbows of the
apes were simultaneously raised. I spat out a pip—the air was riddled with pips. The
echoes of the lake repeated naught but the ludicrous snapping and clattering of jaws.
In a few moments its surface was half hidden by masses of rind stripped from the
fruits which I and the apes had devoured with burlesque unanimity.
Although I was now completely at the mercy of chance, and destined perhaps to
escape one danger only to fall into another still greater, I nevertheless desired to free
myself from the odious restraint in which I was held by this accursed assemblage. It
was not without fear, moreover, that I saw the day draw in and the night approach. I
had no desire to find myself, during the hours of darkness, beset by this legion of
demons, whose capricious surprises are not restrained within the same limits which
bound the human imagination. I had every hope that the next day might bring me in
contact with some of the native population, since the island was evidently not a desert.
If I could only penetrate some distance inland, I should no doubt come across human
habitations; but, meanwhile, it was necessary to pass through this dreaded night. In
my feverish anxiety, increased by the intimate knowledge which I possessed of the
cruel ways of these detestable animals, the idea occurred to me that, since they were
so obstinately bent on exactly copying all my movements, the best thing to be done
was for me to pretend to go to sleep. If I were clever enough to get them off to sleep
by the mere force of imitation, I might so far profit by their lethargy as to escape from
their surveillance and penetrate to the interior of the island. I was ignorant, it is true,
of its extent and shape; but in a whole night’s journey I could certainly make sufficient
way to put ten or twelve leagues between them and me. The idea appeared a good one,
and I immediately proceeded to put it into execution.
 I commenced by collecting several armsful of dry leaves, which I made a point of
putting down with all the noise possible, so as to provoke the imitative attention of my
guards. And, precisely as I thought, the entire troop immediately rushed forward, and
with the most comical precipitation, proceeded to collect armsful of dry leaves, and
spread them, as they had seen me do, like straw upon the ground. Delighted with this
commencement, I afterwards heaped up a certain quantity of leaves at the foot of a
tree where I had chosen a spot for my couch; they immediately did the same.
Preparations for slumber being completed on both sides, I extended myself leisurely
on my bed. This time my imitators did not move, which was of course a bad sign.
There was evidently an unpleasant hitch in the development of the plan by means of
which I had hoped that my tormentors would fall into my trap. With their feet buried
in the leaves, with outstretched necks and muzzles turned towards me, and with eyes
fixed steadily upon me, they followed eagerly the slightest movements of my body,
but not one of them laid down as I had done. I began to think that they distrusted me;
nevertheless, I pursued my project so as to know for certain what I had to expect. I
therefore stretched out my arms as a man does who is about to fall asleep; I gaped
once or twice as wide as I possibly could, and at length closed my eyes. Of these three
movements, they imitated only one; they gaped enough to dislocate their jaws, but
that was all.
I had taken particular care to keep my eyelids lowered, whereas they kept their eyes
completely open. I had even carried the pretence of sleep so far as to snore; nothing,
however, came of it. Not a single ape, big or little, yellow, black, brown, or grey, fell
into the snare.
At length something like a truce was arranged between us. It was at this moment
that the idea, which had occurred to me during the thrashing which I had received,
came into my mind again. I fancied I could distinguish among this crowd of apes, so
attentive in watching my slightest movements, certain faces which were not entirely
unknown to me. The first time this strange idea occurred to me I passed it by as the
offspring of a troubled brain, but now I felt impressed by its reality.
For a quarter of an hour, and such quarters of hours are centuries, I acted this farce
of sleep, and to my disgust discovered that I did not succeed in making a single dupe.
All at once, when my eyes were scarcely half open, I perceived two of the biggest
apes of the troop coming towards me. They did not approach me walking on all fours
along the sand, but after the fashion in which they invariably move about in the
wandering and vagabondising kind of life they lead in the woods, that is, by swinging
from tree to tree, from branch to branch, and scarcely making more noise than a bird.
Having arrived above my head, and God knows if I had them a single instant out of
my sight, they slipped down without the slightest noise to the ground, and
immediately moved with the same silent precautions, one to my right hand and the
other to my left.
Having taken up their positions they remained perfectly immovable for several
minutes.
I had to do with two hideous ourang-outangs whose prodigious strength and agility
were shown by their short and compact bodies and sinewy limbs. I judged, from these
characteristic signs, that they were capable of easily overcoming ten unarmed men.
After having carefully observed me, in fact studied me, and one may say, surveyed me
all over with a gravity at once droll and magisterial, as though to assure themselves
that I was really asleep, one of the two ourang-outangs placed himself at my feet.
The ourang-outang on my right now commenced smelling me under the nose after
the fashion in which deer sniff each other, then he examined my hair most attentively,
evidently with intentions which my English habits of cleanliness rendered altogether
unnecessary. The other ourang-outang having first of all pulled off my shoes, next
amused himself with the ingeniousness of a child who wishes at any cost to discover
how it is that his spring doll raises and lowers its arms, by bending my toes backwards
and forwards, appearing perfectly astonished and somewhat indignant, that a man was
as well formed as an ape. These two terrible valets-de-chambre bent upon bestowing
their attentions on my person caused me the most frightful distress; for the ourang-
outang at my feet, induced, no doubt, by his success with my shoes and stockings,
next essayed to pull off my trousers. I would willingly have let him done so, but the
ourang-outang at my head opposed him with all his strength, evidently desiring to
relieve me of these garments in his own way; a way, I may observe, in which it is
perfectly impossible for trousers to be removed. There were first of all some sinister
tuggings, then the strife gradually became sullen and obstinate; and at last it was
something terrible. I was conscious of this from the successive giving way of buttons,
and from the stretching and cracking of the garments under the efforts of these two
formidable antagonists, whose field of battle would, in a few moments, most likely be
my own body; which would become a prey to their remorseless instinct of destruction,
and be torn to pieces by their long, sharp fangs and harpy-like claws.
My death seemed inevitable—I resolved to defend my life to the utmost of my
power, and with this view gently slipped my hands into my pockets and drew forth my
two pistols without arousing the slightest suspicion. As matters were progressing very
fast, I forthwith pointed one of them towards the ourang-outang at my feet, and the
other towards his companion at my head, hoping that if I were forced to fire I might
succeed in killing both my persecutors, whose deaths would, as a matter of course, be
immediately followed by my own. The fate which would await me after this double
murder was certainly not doubtful. The two or three hundred apes who were present as
spectators of this sight would certainly tear me into more pieces than they had torn my
cravat. The fatal moment seems to be approaching! My nether garments give way—I
place a finger on each trigger. When all at once a shriek is heard, such a shriek as only
a locomotive with its breath of fire can send forth from its iron-bound breast; and
which was prolonged from echo to echo like claps of thunder rolling down a valley.
 CHAPTER III.
I am attacked with delirium.—I set out on a journey of discovery in the dead of night.—I
encounter a boa, and a bat with gigantic wings.—I reach the sea shore.—Simplicity of the
oyster; acuteness of the Ape.—I hoist a signal, and then fall asleep from sheer exhaustion.

I open my eyes and perceive this crowd of apes all flying off, in the same
direction, with the rapidity of a cannon-ball. Thousands upon thousands
of tails streak the horizon. These at length disappear, and fainter and
fainter grows that chattering noise with which they have sought to excite
one another to triple their speed, till at last it sounds merely like a
tingling in the ear when one is troubled with a rush of blood to the head.
The air is pure, the earth has already recovered its serenity, as after the
disappearance of some fetid mist; I spring to my feet, I breathe freely, I
feel as though I were born again! But whence came this marvellous
shriek? and what strange creature had given utterance to it? Was it a
leopard wounded to death? Was it merely some amorous tiger? Was it a
human being? No, it could not have been. And how came it, too, to be so
generally comprehended? How was I to discover this? Of whom could I
inquire? Silence and solitude had in the twinkling of an eye taken the
place of the frightful tumult and the savage and grotesque scenes of a
few moments before, but did this shriek signal the fall of the curtain, or
merely the conclusion of an act of the drama? Was it, in plain words, an
end or only a momentary suspension—this spontaneous dispersion of all
the monsters, who had left me as it were by a miracle? Night was
approaching; in fact, it had already set in. What was I to do? What was to
become of me in the midst of this scattered colony, among unknown
hordes which my imagination pictured as only the more frightful, the
longer they delayed to show themselves!
I might remain very well where I was till the next day, but had I not
reason to fear the return of my enemies, who would reappear more
determined than ever to torment me with their inexhaustible tricks, and
more particularly so now that they knew how much my superior they
were both in boldness and strength? On the other hand, where could I go
without encountering the risk of being devoured by the thousands of wild
animals which doubtless lay crouching, swollen with rage, within the
shadow of these almost impenetrable jungles?
 The waverings of my mind brought on a burning fever, which caused
my brain to throb, like the booming of a large bell, or the roaring of the
billows breaking upon a rocky shore, and made me fancy at times that I
could hear sounds similar to those which come from great centres of
population; such, indeed, as I had heard in the neighbourhood of Goa and
Macao. Shipwrecked people, it is well known, have these singular
hallucinations. They are like clocks which have been set wrong, and
keep on going—the hands traversing the dial, but no longer marking the
correct time—and which strike at hazard.
During the continuance of this delirium, a bright red streak all at once
tinted the horizon, dividing it like a cut made with a knife in the rind of a
pomegranate. Suddenly this crimson line appeared to be swollen at a
particular point, and a globe of fire rose majestically in the sky. It was
the moon, which was nearly at the full. I believed that it was rising for
me alone, so much calm did it seem to bring me, while enveloping me
with its beautiful light. I took courage. My blood flowed more tranquilly
through my veins. I reasoned on my situation with sequence and lucidity,
and proved to myself that there was no serious reason for my remaining
any longer in the place where I then was. My resolution was soon taken,
and I proceeded to arm myself with the stoutest bamboo I could find on
the border of the lake, to serve me for a defensive weapon in case of
necessity. I then set about to determine whether this vast sheet of limpid
water, which was spread before me, had, as was probably the case, some
outlet through which it emptied itself into the sea. To be enlightened on
this geographical problem was of the utmost importance to me.
Large sheets of water, although there are notable exceptions in
Oceania, generally fall into the sea; if the lake therefore, on the banks of
which I then was, had an important outlet, I was certain, by following the
course of it step by step, to arrive at the sea. And as it is rarely the case
that there are not certain spots on the banks of these streams where the
native population, guided by the instinct of want, have raised their huts, I
was equally certain to meet with these villages on my way. To discover
this outlet I determined, if necessary, to make the circuit of the lake
without deviating at all in my course, spite of the jungles which
threatened to prevent me. After walking for about an hour a confused
noise suddenly brought me to a standstill. I listened, then hastened in the
direction whence the sound proceeded, and found it gradually growing
more and more distinct, until at length I recognised the murmur of a
considerable cascade. What I was in search of was evidently here. The
waters of the lake fell into a second and lower basin which, growing
narrower a little further on, became the stream on which I had counted. I
followed the course of this natural canal, but not without encountering
strange difficulties by the way. It was not an easy thing, as one may well
believe, to continue walking for any length of time along a bank
composed of spongy vegetable remains, on which it was altogether
impossible to place one’s feet without sinking up to the knees, and which
was at times entirely hidden by a layer of fibrous shoots, creepers,
bamboos, and mimosas interwoven and crossed one over another with so
much tenacity that they formed a kind of archway, beneath which I was
forced to pass by, crawling along on my hands and knees. It was in one
of these dark tunnels, while placing my hands on the ground so as to
draw myself along, that I seized hold of something round and slippery
and cold as ice, whilst, at the same moment, a wing struck me in the
face, producing a double sensation of horror. The cold, round, slippery
thing was a serpent; the blow on my face was caused by a hideous bat
with slimy wings three or four feet in breadth. I still shudder when I
think of this frightful meeting.
For several hours I advanced thus towards an unknown goal, feeling
more and more persuaded, as I proceeded, that the portion of the island
already traversed by me, under the perilous conditions which I have just
endeavoured to relate, was not inhabited, unless, indeed, it happened to
contain other lakes and water-courses, a probability which was extremely
doubtful, considering the small extent of the islands composing the
group, in the centre of which I had been shipwrecked. I concluded,
therefore, that no inhabitant of the island was likely to be met with at any
considerable distance from this stream, along which, so far as I had
traced its course, there were no signs of human habitations to be seen. I
concluded, moreover, from a parity of reasoning, that the island did not
contain many wild beasts, since, as is well known from the testimony of
travellers and naturalists, they frequent by preference the muddy banks
of rivers, where they are certain to find, during the heat of the day,
coolness, shade, and, above all, numerous prey for which they lie in wait,
and, during the night, almost inaccessible retreats to which they can
retire.
When I perceived above me the open sky, and some leagues of clear
ground, both to my right hand and my left, the day was beginning to
break. The violent exertion I had undergone, joined to the sudden
freshness of the air, and the lightness of my yesterday’s repast, since
fruit, however good and luscious it may be, is scarcely sufficiently
satisfying to stomachs accustomed to the endless variety of food—the
result of a high state of civilisation—had made me as ravenous as a tiger.
I have never regretted so much as I then did, that Providence had not
reserved to us, for seasons of difficulty, the means of living on grass and
plants like animals of the herbivorous species, or endowed us like others
with the faculty of seizing our prey. In the primitive ages of the world we
were endowed perhaps with a less exclusive organisation; but, however
this may have been, I was dying with hunger in the midst of a paradise of
plants, ferns, and roots, which a horse or an ox would have considered
the rarest of delicacies. Whilst I was absorbed in these reflections, it was
gradually becoming lighter; objects began to stand out from the
background of delicate violet, tinted with yellow, which is the forerunner
of dawn in Oceania and southern China. A cool wind swept across the
earth, the sharpness and tempering quality of which convinced me that it
had already passed over the sea, which I would have wagered my
existence was not far distant. Other signs confirmed me in my belief; the
trees were neither so thick together nor so large; the heath, which was
more stunted in its growth, was gradually becoming more scanty. When
the sun showed itself above the horizon, I had only to exclaim, “There is
the sea!” and I very soon did so.
The sea was scarcely two hundred yards from me when I first caught
sight of its tiny waves—the same waves that were yesterday so furious—
whitening a complete bend of the shore. Supposing some degree of
regularity in the form of the island, this bend would give it, according to
my calculations, a circumference of thirty leagues. Moreover, admitting,
what I was satisfied of from observation, that the journey I had made
during the night was half the diameter of the entire island, that is, five
leagues, which is the average size of the islands of this group. After
having assured myself that the one half of the island was uninhabited
along the banks of the stream which I had already traversed, I still
entertained a hope that I might meet with a village on the sea-shore the
inhabitants of which might possibly be fishermen, a common enough
profession among the Malays; or they might perhaps do a little trade by
means of barter, which is a much less common profession; or they might
be pirates, a profession which is usually joined to all others in these
savage regions.
I commenced my excursion along the sea-shore, in spite of the fatigue
which I was suffering. I knew that I had no time to lose, since, if the sun
once rose in the heavens, its intense heat would render all bodily exertion
impossible in this torrid zone, for at least ten hours to come.
If for the first three miles I discovered no more traces of the island
being inhabited than I had met with during the previous evening, I could
scarcely doubt that my good friends the apes often visited this locality. I
recognised them by these signs. Thousands of oysters were spread upon
the beach; and at least two layers of these oysters had been opened—not
naturally, but with the aid of a little stone placed between the two shells.
Who had done this? Why, my apes, of course. It is well known that
oysters are a precious luxury to the entire monkey tribe, who are obliged
to be very cunning in procuring themselves this treat, which is not
without its attendant dangers. How do you suppose they manage this?
Why, by throwing a stone between the two shells, at the precise moment
that the oyster chances to gape; in this manner they are sure of their prey,
without having to make an exhibition of themselves with their hands or
their muzzles caught in the powerful grip of the oyster, who has the
preservative faculty of closing his shell directly he is seized hold of.
As oysters furnish a far more substantial dish than any quantity of
tropical fruit, and as my plundering and wasteful apes had opened more
of these delicacies than they had consumed, I commenced my repast with
a joyful heart. These bivalves were hardly equal to real Whitstable
natives, or even to the oysters of Ostend; nevertheless, five or six dozen
were rapidly devoured. A tankard of bitter ale would have been an
acceptable accompaniment; but as this was not to be had, I was forced to
content myself with bumpers of pure water, quaffed from the palm of my
hand. My appetite was no sooner appeased than, contrary to what is
usual under similar circumstances, my troubles of mind returned. Was I,
I again asked myself, about to be brought face to face with the
inhabitants of this island, either at the curve of some bay, or behind some
projecting mass of rock? Filled with this hope—or rather, with this fear
—I recommenced my explorations. But, after having ascended many
creeks, many little gulfs, on the banks of which the banyans displayed
their rich green foliage, I not only met with not a single inhabitant,
neither black, brown, yellow, nor copper-coloured—but, during the long
journey which I had performed, from five o’clock in the morning until
noon, at which hour the burning heat poured down by the sun on my
poor head forced me to halt, I had seen neither junk, nor canoe, nor any
kind of implement, no fragments of articles in common use among
beings of the slightest intelligence; in a word, no single trace of man.
 As it was impossible to remain for any length of time, at this hour of
the day, on this exposed coast, burnt up, as I was, by the sun, I deemed it
prudent to proceed a short distance inland. On leaving the shore, I
gathered, some hundred yards off, a stick of bamboo, the straightest and
tallest I could find; and, after having stripped it of its leaves, I fastened to
the end of it one of the two white handkerchiefs which I had about me at
the moment of abandoning the junk, and planted it firmly in the sand. If
some vessel should perceive this signal—of which there was, I feared,
but little chance, the island being surrounded on all sides by reefs—it
would be advised of the presence of an unfortunate castaway, and would,
perhaps, make an effort to take him off.
The rude blows of the day before, the extraordinary fatigues of the
night, the mental troubles of all kinds which I had undergone during the
past three days, rendered that sleep which I hastened to enjoy under the
tamarind trees that grew between the sea and the more wooded part of
the island, most welcome to me. My eyes closed with an unspeakable
pleasure. My drowsiness resembled the calm of an aërial voyage. The
sea-breeze passed in long gusts through my hair, after having swept over
my body, and refreshed and revivified all my limbs. The mixture of the
strong vegetable odours by which I was surrounded with the salt air of
the sea, charged, as it was, with all the mysterious exhalations of the
Indian Ocean, formed a perfume, at once so agreeable and so
intoxicating, that I was conscious of its influence even in my sleep.
I must have slept for a long time, since the sun, which was at his
zenith when I laid down, was precisely at the same point of the heavens
when I awoke, so that I had slept for four-and-twenty hours. My
awakening will never be effaced from my remembrance as long as I live,
owing to a circumstance which I recollect with sorrow and regret, and
with some degree of remorse.
 CHAPTER IV.
I have a very agitated dream.—During my waking moments I unconsciously commit a murder.—At night time I
encounter a strange apparition in the middle of the forest.—A great light illumines the air.—I advance towards
it, buoyed up with hope.—It suddenly disappears.—The dawn discloses to me a most singular sight.—I
witness the proceedings of a court-martial the members composing which have each four hands.—Disgraceful
corruption of justice.—Ridiculous parody on the manners and institutions of the human race.

I had a dream during my sleep. In this dream I found myself in the midst of those
same horrid apes from whom I had so miraculously escaped the day before. I was still
in their power! Nothing seemed changed, neither the scene nor the actors. The lake lay
spread before me; the trees rose up and waved upon its banks; the leaves and fruit,
which had been broken off by the stones, covered the ground. My two redoubtable
ourang-outangs had not left me; one was still at my feet, the other at my head. They
continued those persecutions of which my unfortunate garments were the theatre.
After having torn them in pieces through tugging at them and attempting to pull them
off the wrong way, they had uncovered my breast; and, after a minute examination of
my skin, directed their attention to my ribs, which they evidently wished to force apart
so as to see what they inclosed. With the view of solving this problem each of them
possessed himself of a large stone, and made preparations to break me open, a
proceeding to which they usually have recourse when they desire to devour the inside
of a tortoise or cocoa-nut. Two large stones were already suspended over my breast;
self-preservation before everything, thought I, and fired at one of the two ourang-
outangs and killed him; I am about to fire at the other, when the noise of the first shot
woke me up. On awakening, I find myself in a perfect rage, almost mad with anger,
and with a pistol grasped in my hand. A group of apes are by my side; I point my
pistol, touch the trigger, one of them is hit, and falls. May the Almighty, in His
goodness, ever preserve me and mine from another night like this! The poor ape, who
was no terrible ourang-outang like that of my dream, but a peaceful vervet, dragged
himself bleeding to my feet. He was mortally wounded a little below the heart. Not
wishing to prolong his sufferings, I seized him by the tail, and, swinging him round
like a stone in a sling, dashed his head against a tree. The unfortunate vervet was still
alive. With what a touching glance he appealed to me as he licked my hands, as
though begging me not to put him to death, and prayed to me with low, plaintive cries
which I can still hear! In order to put him the quicker out of his misery, I ran with him
to the beach and plunged him into the sea till he was suffocated. During this time,
which appeared to me as long as if I were undergoing the same tortures myself, his
poor little eyes continued to follow mine; his dying looks were at once a reproach and
a prayer. Were I to live a hundred years, this picture, in which suffering had elevated
the instinct of the brute to the level of the cruel intelligence of man, would never be
effaced from my memory. And these lines, which I have written with an aching heart,
are some kind of punishment for my needless crime, for this poor ape had done no
harm whatever to me.
Later I remembered what Buffon says of the vervet, “that it is one of the most lively
and amusing of apes; is scarcely as large as a cat; and has a brown body, with flesh-
coloured face and ears. The vervets are fantastic in their tastes and affections,
appearing to have a strong inclination for some persons and a great aversion to
others.”
I was far more distressed at my cruel action, although I hardly need have been,
since I had killed the vervet while I was still stupefied by sleep and under the
influence of a dream. When I returned to the place whence I had fired the pistol, I was
grieved to discover that the shot which had killed one vervet had, unfortunately,
wounded another of the group into the midst of which I had so recklessly fired. All the
other apes belonging to the same species had assembled round their wounded
companion, and were placing their fingers in his wound, as though they wished to
probe it. While some kept it open, others brought leaves which they chewed and
gently placed in the wound itself. This last act upset all my preconceived ideas with
regard to the intelligence of these animals, so badly treated, by some naturalists, who
have confounded inferior kinds with species like those of the vervets, that almost
approach our own, falling into the same error as that ignorant observer who placed in
the same rank, under the pretext that they were both men, the cretin of the Alps and
the admirably-organised inhabitant of Italy or Greece. Since this example of apes
rendering one another mutual help in time of danger, and nursing one another with the
aid of special remedies known only to themselves, has frequently come before my
eyes, I have not hesitated to relate one instance of which I was an eye-witness, in the
hope of making the reader share the surprise and interest which it awakened in me.
My poor apes at length retired, carrying with them their wounded companion, and
leaving me one sorrow more to add to those which already oppressed me. I spent a
miserable day, haunted by remorse for my crime. I could not banish from my mind the
piteous expression of these poor animals, and the mingled look of goodness,
gentleness, suffering, and resignation imprinted in their features, so utterly distinct
from those of other apes, from whom they appeared completely separated, not by the
mere effect of chance, or by the boundary which the difference of genius had raised
between them.
When night came on I had already left the actors and the theatre of these events far
behind me. About midnight, on hearing, in a wood of mimosas, and seemingly quite
close to me, an indefinable rustling, such as the dry husks of the bread-tree produce
when driven about by the wind, I remembered all at once that I had forgotten to reload
my pistols. Before proceeding another step I charged them with ball, and advanced
cautiously towards the spot whence the noise appeared to proceed. I approached
slowly on tiptoe, holding my breath, and with my heart beating violently, as I gently
pushed aside the thorny branches of the mimosas, and raised them again with the same
prudent caution. I stretched forth my neck, and by the light of the moon, which shone
as brightly as on the preceding evening, I perceived a skeleton suspended from the
branch of a tree—a skeleton, too, of huge size: its bones, which were white as ivory,
stood out from the dark green leaves with a power of relief which added considerably
to the terror of its aspect. As I watched it swinging to and fro in the wind, the
sensation which I experienced was by no means an agreeable one, and a nervous
shudder passed through my limbs. Eventually I reasoned with myself, and decided not
to draw too sinister a conclusion from a circumstance which perhaps, after all, did not
partake of that degree of atrocity that my imagination had hastily pictured.
 I now walked boldly up to the skeleton, and sought to catch hold of its foot, but the
foot proved to be a hand. The skeleton was evidently that of an ape—an ape, too, of
the largest kind; in other words, a gigantic mandrill. Yes, a mandrill—that enemy of
the baboon with whom it shares the empire of ferocity and terror. I considered, from
the size of the skeleton, that the ape to which it belonged must have surpassed, in size
and strength, all known examples of this formidable species. But how came he to be
suspended here, I asked myself? And why was it that his skin had been entirely
removed? Not the least fragment of it was to be seen at the foot of the tree. Had he
been flayed after being hung, and had his death then been stamped with all the forms
of a degrading punishment?
As my reflections, under the shadow of this improvised gibbet, failed to produce
any kind of solution of the above enigma, I hastened to leave the spot, pondering over
in my mind as to the proportion of apes and men occupying this spot of earth in the
midst of the sea. One will easily comprehend that my mind was constantly indulging
in speculations—first of all as to the probability of the island being inhabited, and
then as to the particular kind of people who dwelt therein.
Whilst I was asking myself these questions for the thousandth time, as I walked
straight on without knowing whither I was going, it seemed to me that the light of the
moon underwent, for some minutes, a notable diminution. What, thought I, could
possibly be the cause of this? I raised my head. The moon’s disk was really clouded
by a reddish mist, slightly tinted with grey. This mist was evidently not a cloud.
Moreover, in so pure an atmosphere, a cloud, the sign of wind and tempest, would
have passed over much higher in the sky. At one time it seemed so low that it occurred
to me it was some exhalation from the lake, a vapour produced by the vast collections
of vegetable remains accumulated on its margin. To put an end to my doubts on this
score, I climbed up a tree, and there I discovered—victory and release from my
enforced captivity—that it was the smoke from a fire burning in the interior of the
island. A fire! The island was undoubtedly inhabited, then—inhabited, too, by human
beings, since man alone can procure himself fire, man alone knows how to use it, and
man alone has need of it. I was then among beings of my own kind. I was saved—or
perhaps lost! Nevertheless it was a fact that I was among members of the human
family. Acting on this conviction, I thought it only prudent to slip a second bullet into
each of my pistols.
Collecting together all my scattered faculties, I imposed upon them the task of
guiding me in the direction in which I supposed this fire to be, and the object of which
was now a source of some anxiety to me. Did it indicate one of those extraordinary
conflagrations, in producing which the savages of Oceania have frequently no other
motive beyond destroying, in a few hours, vast tracts of forests, that they may gratify
themselves with a most sublime sight? Did it betray the presence of a band of pirates,
arrived perhaps in the island during this very evening, and sharing their booty by the
light of some immense fire which they had kindled in accordance with their prevailing
habits of destruction? Did it indicate the chief settlement of the native population,
who, during the hours of universal silence, were giving themselves up to certain wild
rejoicings, or were engaged in consummating some nocturnal sacrifice under the
mysterious light of the moon?
 The hope that I was at length about to find myself among members of the human
family was dimmed by the reflection that these men would certainly not be finished
models of civilisation, for I was not ignorant of the fact that many islands of Oceania
have been, since the creation of the world, and are likely to continue for a long time to
come, nothing more than nests of cannibals. Cannibals, however, do not always eat
people any more than serpents always sting them, so there was, at any rate, one
chance in my favour out of something like a score of chances against me. Moreover,
hope does not reason for itself like fear is apt to do.
Without stopping to admire the magnificence of the night, magnificent even to me,
accustomed as I was to the incomparable nights of the southern hemisphere; without
lending an ear to the different harmonies composed of notes of a character utterly
unknown to me, since it must not be forgotten that every island of Oceania is a world
apart, a complete universe in itself, often having its flowers, its plants, its birds, its
reptiles, and its human occupants, different from the men, reptiles, birds, plants, and
flowers of the island adjoining; without pausing to examine anything, no matter
however strange or ravishing, I continued to advance in a straight line towards that
part of the island where I thought the fire which I had seen from afar must be burning.
At the end of three long hours I discovered it was by no means so easy to arrive at
this earnestly desired goal as I had pictured it. The surface of the island being more or
less undulating, whenever I descended into a hollow, or had to cross some ravine
which intercepted my path, I immediately lost sight of the radiant glow which served
as a beacon. On several occasions I had to climb to the top of a tall tree before I could
make certain that I was pursuing the right direction. Unfortunately the fire was not
always maintained at the same degree of intensity, and there was one critical moment
when, after climbing to the topmost branches of the tallest tree I could find, I could
distinguish nothing but the merest spark. My most ardent prayers were that it might
not become totally extinguished before the break of day, but my supplications were of
no avail. The fire flickered for a moment or two, and then went out. I could now only
guide myself by certain signs; I was already in the midst of a sea of creepers, with
which the ground was carpeted, and I had to pass through fibres of bamboo more or
less impenetrable for a depth of at least forty feet, and then, what long circuits I
should have to take!
A discovery which I made at this moment went far to counterbalance the
discouragement I had just experienced on finding the light which I had pursued with
so much tenacity extinguished. This discovery affected me considerably.
Soon after quitting the marshy plain of bamboos, from which I only emerged after
leaving some portions of my dress and skin as traces of my path, I found myself once
more on solid ground. While passing between the numerous shrubs which covered it,
and gave it the appearance of a vast natural orchard, I came across some tempting-
looking fruit. By chance, I tasted it, and discovered from its flavour that it was
evidently the produce of a regular system of culture. There was none of that primitive
harshness which all fruits as a general rule possess till man has improved their flavour.
This discovery was a further convincing proof to me that the island was inhabited. It
reassured me and encouraged me in my hopes, since it was not only certain that the
island was inhabited, but that it was inhabited by men skilled in agricultural pursuits,
and consequently occupying no mean place in the scale of civilisation.
At length the dawn appeared; the sky was scarcely lighted up by the first rays of the
rising sun ere the uproar which I had heard during the three preceding days again rent
the air. These frightful noises, indistinct at first, afterwards comprised all the various
gradations that belong to the voices of wild animals, from the hypocritical and
nervous mewing of the tiger and the guttural howling of the hyena to the most
piercing shrieks and the shrillest whistlings. I started with affright at the explosion of
these horrible sounds, which seemed to spring from the depths of a vast glade, which
all at once opened out before me. It was like a battery, suddenly unmasked,
discharging all its guns at once. Without knowing what it was that I sought to avoid, I
darted on one side and hid myself behind the trunk of a tree, bowed down to the
ground and covered with a thick mantle of moss and leaves.
The day, which in these inflammable zones does not steal on by degrees, but bursts
forth all at once into noon, filled the glade with its dazzling light; and through the
numerous openings in the trees I beheld a sight which would seem to the reader
altogether improbable, did I not propose, further on, to bring forward the testimony of
one of the most celebrated German naturalists in support of my statement.
In a vast arena, a group of individuals, clad in red coats and with cocked hats—
surmounted by plumes of feathers, such as English officers wear—on their heads,
were seated on some rising ground, evidently in grave deliberation, as though holding
a kind of court-martial. In the midst of this conclave I caught sight of a commanding-
looking figure, also clothed in scarlet, whose head and face were almost hidden
beneath the ample shade of a gigantic cocked hat.
The reader is certainly about to share my surprise. These individuals were apes.
Yes, apes. Again, and always, apes. But why were they dressed out in garments in
which one is unaccustomed to see them in their natural state? Where had they
procured these martial-looking coats and these formidable cocked hats? These were
riddles impossible to solve; it must be left to the course of events to bring about an
explanation.
The apes composing this group were siamangs, a redoubtable species, who are, as
Buffon says, among the largest of quadrumanous animals, approaching the baboon in
size.
These siamangs were presided over by the big ape who wore the admiral’s hat. And
he was a baboon. One could not be mistaken on this point, and I above all, for was not
Karabouffi the Second—Karabouffi the incendiary—a baboon? How came it that at
this moment I seemed to see in the person of the president of the court-martial the
very image of this treacherous monster?
“The ourang-outang,” says Buffon in his admirable work, “the ape who most
resembles man, is the most intelligent, the gravest, and most docile of all apes. The
magot, which, with its muzzle and dog-like fangs, diverges from the human form and
approaches that of animals, is rough, disobedient, and slovenly; while baboons, which
only resemble man by their hands, and have tails, sharp claws, and large nostrils, have
the air of ferocious beasts, and what is more, do not belie their looks.”
 Around this hideous tribunal, and ranged in triple and quadruple circles, I noticed a
crowd of apes of different kinds, but all of the very worst species, and all, moreover,
clad, if one can call it clad, or adorned, if one can call it adorned, with some portion of
the costume of an English officer, either of the army or navy. One had, for instance, a
hat splendidly got up, with a most superb plume of feathers, but he had no red coat to
set it off with; another had a red coat, but no trousers; a third, on the contrary, had
white trousers, but neither red coat nor belt; a fourth had a belt and nothing else; a
fifth was distinguished only by a pair of white gloves, in which he placed sometimes
his hands, and sometimes his feet, or rather what represent feet in an ape; a sixth had
passed his arms through the sleeves of a midshipman’s blue jacket, but with so little
good luck, that the garment was hind-part before; another wore an enormous gorget,
which made him carry his head in the air like a tambour major; whilst his neighbour,
more favoured by fortune, or perhaps holding a higher rank, for I was of course
ignorant of the precise significance of the various military trappings worn by these
creatures with a gravity which at that moment astonished me a hundred times more
than the ordinary extravagances of their fellows; whilst his neighbour, as I was saying,
wore golden epaulettes on a cavalry colonel’s coat. And this costume would not have
become him so very badly, had it not been much too large for him, and capable,
indeed, of containing at least half-a-dozen colonels of his particular bulk. A sort of
finish was given to his uniform by a pair of white gloves and a military sash with silk
and gold fringe. If no one of these apes displayed on his own person a complete
example of military costume, many at least among them exhibited special portions of
it, and I should state that all were armed with a large sabre or a sword.
I should certainly fall far short of the truth if I attempted to describe my impressions
at the sight of this insulting burlesque of one of the most honourable of professions—
at the sight of these masquerade officers, every one of whom trailed after him a tail
which looked all the more ludicrous, peeping out as it did from under his long coat—
at the sight of those generals who amused themselves with minute investigations of
the heads of their colleagues, not, however, for phrenological purposes, whilst their
colleagues considerately rendered them the same service.
At this moment a frightful guttural cry burst forth from the breast of the big baboon
who occupied the president’s place, and all those incongruities on which I had been
speculating were in an instant forgotten. There was silence for some minutes, and I
endeavoured to profit by it by putting my ideas—fearfully strained by all that I had
seen—a little in order. But the effort was a useless one. I asked myself to no purpose
for an explanation of the strange society assembled before me; I knew well enough
that I was not dreaming, like I was the day before, when I fancied myself about to be
assassinated by the two ourang-outangs.
It was not the order which I found reigning among these numerous apes assembled,
as I fancied them to be, in court-martial, that caused me the most astonishment, since I
remembered what that illustrious naturalist, Marcgrave, says—it was the sight of these
hats on their brainless heads, these coats on their ridiculous backs, that awakened in
me the greatest surprise; for how was it possible to account for the noble military
uniform being prostituted to such base uses as these?
 While he was speaking, these unfortunate wretches trembled all over, from head to foot.—Page 63.

“Every day,” observes Marcgrave in his natural history, “morning and evening, the
siamangs assemble in the woods. One among them takes up his position on some
rising ground, and makes a sign to the others to seat themselves around him. When he
sees that they are all properly placed, he commences speaking so loud and fast that at
a distance a person would imagine they were all crying out together. Yet only one
among them is speaking; the others preserve the most perfect silence. When the
speaker has finished, he makes a sign with his hand for the others to reply to him,
whereupon, at the same instant, they all commence shouting out together, creating, as
may be supposed, the most perfect din until, by another sign with his hand, the ape
who opened the discussion commands them to silence. In a moment they obey him,
and are silent as death. The first one then resumes his speech, and it is only after
having listened to him most attentively to the end of his oration that they take steps to
break up the assembly.”
The president of the conclave, the big baboon, decked out in the admiral’s or
general’s hat, by a single movement of his hand, ordered the advance of twenty apes,
who, I observed, were securely bound with ropes made of some fibrous bark. When
they were ranged before him like so many criminals, he addressed them in a
succession of cries similar to those which I had just heard, but modulated in some
degree, as though intended to give expression to certain positive ideas. While he was
speaking, these unfortunate wretches trembled all over, from head to foot, and no
sooner had he concluded, than, apparently driven to desperation, they endeavoured to
escape. Vain attempt! Other apes, armed with knotty bamboos, which they did not
hesitate to use, guarded every outlet.
I was not long in discovering that these apes, on whom the assembly were evidently
sitting in judgment, belonged to the same species as my unfortunate victim of the
previous day. They were vervets, and were distinguished from their judges by their
more delicately-shaped limbs, their more intelligent-looking heads, and, above all, by
a certain air of goodness and amiability, which was no doubt a crime in the eyes of
those by whom they had just been condemned.
And what frightful-looking fellows were their judges, who formed what may be
styled the supreme court of the big baboon! How they sought to read beforehand in
their master’s eyes the opinion which they would be permitted to hold! Although
some among them were already bald, and others displayed the white hair of old age,
that natural sign of prudence and badge of respect, they did not the less rival their
fellows in obsequiousness towards their master. If he chanced to utter a cry, they were
the apes that, in the fullness of their sympathy, cried the loudest. If he scratched his
thigh, in a moment of deep thought, they hastened to almost flay their legs by tearing
at them with their claws.
Touched with so many marks of abject humility, the august baboon would every
now and then take from one of the side pouches of his mouth a mass of masticated
nuts or fruit, and throw it into the faces of those servile officials who surrounded him,
and who, regarding the act as a mark of gracious condescension on his part, received it
with the most lively contortions of pleasure.
Some old ourang-outangs, who had formerly lived with the incriminated vervets,
being, I am convinced, on the point of pronouncing a decision in the prisoners’ favour,
what do you think the big baboon did, as soon as he perceived the first indication of
this misplaced pity of theirs? He rolled his vulture-like eyes under his puckered
eyelids, and showed his horrible gums behind a smile formed by two wrinkled lips,
and in an instant the misplaced clemency of the old ourang-outangs utterly vanished.
The baboon now threw his staff of justice into the middle of the arena. This it seems
was intended as a signal, for immediately afterwards the apes, to whom were
delegated the functions of carrying out the sentences pronounced by the supreme
court, commenced showering down blows with sticks of bamboo on the poor
condemned prisoners, whom they thrashed with an unheard-of severity, driving them
clean out of the inclosure and chasing them at last into the very depths of the forest.
This savage act of justice appeared to me as though it were chiefly intended to
increase the authority which the big baboon evidently exercised over the apish
community, since no sooner was the sitting concluded than the siamangs, magots, and
talapoins rushed forward to congratulate him, to stroke and lick him, to jump upon his
back and salute him with respect, mingled with fear.
 CHAPTER V.
The court-martial breaks up.—I secretly follow the members of it.—I distinguish some houses
between the trees, and believe myself to be at last among my fellow-men.—My hopes are
crushed by discovering the devastated condition of the settlement.—I meet with Saïmira and
Mococo, the latter in captivity.—I recognise in the president of the court-martial one of my
two baboons of Macao.—This discovery troubles me, the more so when I find that
Karabouffi’s power is supreme.—Foreseeing the peril I should be in if recognised by him, I
hide myself in a grotto.—I am visited by Saïmira.—Weariness becomes at length more
intolerable than danger.—The light already seen reappears.—I leave my retreat in search of
it.

When the big baboon was thoroughly tired of these attentions he waved
his hand by way of signal for his followers to desist, then rose
majestically, and, accompanied by his entire suite, proceeded to take his
departure.
I could not refrain from following the party, although by so doing I felt
that I exposed myself to a certain danger. I advanced, however,
cautiously, step by step, and from tree to tree, halting when necessary, so
that I might not be discovered. This gave me time to examine the spot
where justice had just been meted out, and I was surprised to perceive at
no great distance from it, through a wide opening between the trees, a
nest of little painted houses, constructed in the Indian style, and such as I
had frequently seen in Java, Borneo, and generally in all the more
civilised parts of Oceania. Houses! I was then about to find myself, not
among a people more or less anthropophagical, but among a people far
advanced in civilisation; without doubt some European colony, and what
is more, an English one, since the coats worn by that legion of apes were
of English cut, colour, and nationality. I now walked with restored
confidence behind my apes, clad in their blue and red toggery. Now and
for henceforth I need have no more fear of them. I felt almost inclined to
twitch their garments and seize hold of their despised tails by way of
amusement.
After this discovery I fully expected to see ere long this troop of apes
re-enter their cages under the guiding influence of their master’s whip.
With this view I hid myself lower down the road in a sort of thicket.
“From my hiding-place,” I said to myself, “I shall be able to see this
diabolical procession defile before me with the big baboon at the head of
it.” After a time they pass by, and what do I see? Whom do you think I
recognise under the hat adorned with such a splendid plume of feathers
and in the red coat, the brilliancy of which almost scorched my eyes?
Why, my terrible baboon of Macao; he whom I had so many times
thrashed, whom I had sold a year previously to Vice-Admiral Campbell
the day before his departure—in one word, Karabouffi! Karabouffi the
First! Could it be possible? In this case the admiral must have
disembarked his men on this island. Were he and his crew still here? A
new surprise put an end to my speculations. I find myself at this moment
gently touched on the arm, and on turning round see beside me a well-
remembered figure, who is tenderly regarding me. That look, which
seemed to spring from the depth of a human soul, came from the eyes of
Saïmira, my charming chimpanzee, who endeavoured anew to make me
comprehend that I was to follow her by again pulling me by the arm,
accompanying this movement with a significant gesture. Finding that I
still resisted she uttered several low groans, and commenced licking my
hands. She had, one might say, spoken first, and begged afterwards. I no
longer doubted that I was running some great danger from which she
wished to save me. I therefore decided to follow her, and no sooner did
she perceive my intention than her joy was intense. As we walked side
by side through the bushes she looked at me, and lowered her head. I
divined her meaning, and inclined mine. It was evidently dangerous for
me to be seen. After a quarter of an hour of this silent marching through
the tall brushwood we arrived at a spot which I fancied to be in the rear
of the houses seen by me from afar, and the sight of which had inspired
me with such joy and confidence. Saïmira stood still. What could be her
object? It was to show me on her left a row of cages, of which all, except
one, were open and empty. Saïmira went up to the closed cage, and then
returned, and drew me towards it. I looked through the bars, and there
saw my old friend Mococo, the chimpanzee, whom I had sold with
Saïmira on the day of my great sale to Vice-Admiral Campbell.
My first act was to open the door of the cage that I might behold my
old favourite free. No sooner is he free than poor Mococo hesitated
whether to go to Saïmira or to me, whom he at once recognised. His
affections are divided. At last he runs up to me, and rests his head for
several seconds upon my neck just like a little child. After having passed
his hands gently over my face, and rubbed his muzzle against my cheeks,
he threw himself on the ground, and laid his trembling paw on Saïmira’s
neck, whilst Saïmira, in her turn, placed her hand on him. The most
affectionate confidences were then exchanged between these two
creatures, who had evidently suffered much from their hard separation,
since one was free and the other a captive.
This affecting scene lasted for well-nigh a quarter of an hour, when all
at once Saïmira raised her ear with anxiety, and drew it back ruffled with
fright. With a rapid movement she thrust Mococo back into his cage
again, and giving me a glance, which I was at no loss to comprehend,
since I had known for a long time how to interpret the signs of these
animals, and by which I understood her to implore me to draw the bolt
quickly on the poor prisoner. I of course did so. She had evidently heard
a noise. I listened and heard it also, and recognised in it the hoarse
grunting of Karabouffi.
Saïmira’s terror, which was evidently inspired by the too close
proximity of the big baboon, convinced me that it was he who held
Mococo captive. I also suspected from this circumstance that Karabouffi
was at once the conqueror and ruler of the island on which it had been
my misfortune to be cast. What part then did my own species play in
relation to this mysterious society, in which, day by day, I found myself
more and more entangled?
Poor Saïmira was, of course, incapable of enlightening me. All that her
affection for me suggested was to draw me away, so that I might avoid
encountering Karabouffi the First. When, therefore, she led the way I
followed her again. The road which she took was directly opposite to
that by which one might have reasonably expected the baboon would
come.
We doubled one corner of the row of houses whilst he turned the other
on his way to pay a visit to the cage of his rival—now his prisoner. The
day began to grow dim. We walked without being observed past the front
of the houses which I had believed to be those of the English station, and
which looked so pleasant when seen at a distance. A nearer view,
however, brought to light a scene of desolation that promised a new
surprise to me. In the first place, the windows were all broken, and the
frames demolished, and, more or less, wrenched away from their hinges.
Hanging out, at the end of long sticks and a crowd of flag-staffs, from
the broken windows of the first story, was a most miscellaneous
collection of articles—torn uniforms, leathern stocks, cravats, boots,
belts, odd pairs of shoes, hats with their tops torn out, empty bottles,
trousers, towels, rags of all colours, any number of shirts, and even a few
flags.