Equivalent Concept & Titration

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

Section (A) : Classical Concept of Equivalent weight / Mass, Equivalent weight,
n-factor and Normality for Acid, Base and Precipitate
A-1. Determine the equivalent weight of the following ions :
(a) Na+ (b) Al3+ (c) NO+ (d) Cl–
(e) CO32– (f) SO42– (g) PO43–

A-2. Determine the equivalent weights of the following salts :

(a) NaCl (b) K2SO4 (c) Ca3(PO4)2

A-3. 1.12 litre dry chlorine gas at STP was passed over a heated metal when 5.56 g of chloride of the metal
was formed. What is the equivalent weight of the metal?

Section (B) : Equivalent weight, n-factor and Normality for Oxidant and Reductant
B-1. A mixture of CuS (molecular weight = M1) and Cu2S (molecular weight = M2) is oxidised by KMnO4
(molecular weight = M3) in acidic medium, where the product obtained are Cu2+, Mn2+ and SO2. Find the
equivalent weight of CuS, Cu2S and KMnO4 respectively.

B-2. Determine the equivalent weight of the following oxidising and reducing agents :
(a) KMnO4 (reacting in acidic medium MnO4–  Mn2+)
(b) KMnO4 (reacting in neutral medium MnO4–  MnO2)

Section (C) : Equivalent Concept for Acid Base Titration and Precipitation Reactions
C-1. 0.98 g of the metal sulphate was dissolved in water and excess of barium chloride was added. The
precipitated barium sulphate weighted 0.95 g. Calculate the equivalent weight of the metal.

C-2. A dilute solution of H2SO4 is made by adding 5 mL of 3N H2SO4 to 245 mL of water. Find the normality
and molarity of the diluted solution.

C-3. What volume at NTP of gaseous ammonia will be required to be passed into 30 cm3 of 1 N H2SO4
solution to bring down the acid strength of the latter to 0.2 N ?

Section (D) : Equivalent Concept for Redox reactions, KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7 v/s Reducing
Agents & their Redox Titration
D-1. 1.60 g of a metal A and 0.96 g of a metal B when treated with excess of dilute acid, separately,
produced the same amount of hydrogen. Calculate the equivalent weight of A if the equivalent weight of
B is 12.

D-2. It requires 40 mL of 1 M Ce4+ to titrate 20 mL of 1M Sn2+ to Sn4+. What is the oxidation state of the
Cerium in the product ?

D-3. 25 mL of a solution of Fe2+ ions was titrated with a solution of the oxidizing agent Cr2O72–. 50 mL of 0.01
M K2Cr2O7 solution was required. What is the molarity of the Fe2+ solution ?

D-4. How many mL of 0.3M K2Cr2O7 (acidic) is required for complete oxidation of 5 mL of 0.2 M SnC2O4
solution.
Section (E) : Iodometric/Iodimetric Titration, Calculation of Available Chlorine from a
sample of Bleaching Powder
E-1. 10 g sample of bleaching powder was dissolved into water to make the solution one litre. To this
solution 35 mL of 1.0 M Mohr salt solution was added containing enough H2SO4. After the reaction was
complete, the excess Mohr salt required 30 mL of 0.1 M KMnO4 for oxidation. The % of available Cl2
approximately is (mol wt = 71)

E-2. A mixture containing As2O3 and As2O5 required 20 mL of 0.05 N iodine solution for titration. The
resulting solution is then acidified and excess of KI was added. The liberated iodine required 1.116 g
hypo (Na2S2O3.5H2O) for complete reaction. Calculate the mass of the mixture. The reactions are:
As2O3 + 2I2 + 2H2O  As2O5 + 4H+ +4I–
As2O5 + 4H+ + 4I–  As2O3 + 2I2 + 2H2O (Atomic weight : As = 75)

Section (F) : Volume strength of H2O2, Hardness of water

N
F-1. 20 ml of H2O2 after acidification with dil H2SO4 required 30 ml of KMnO4 for complete oxidation.
12
Detemine the strength of H2O2 solution.

F-2. A 100 mL sample of water was treated to convert any iron present to Fe2+. Addition of 25 mL of 0.002 M
K2Cr2O7 resulted in the reaction :
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72– + 14H+  6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
The excess K2Cr2O7 was back-titrated with 7.5 mL of 0.01 M Fe2+ solution. Calculate the parts per
million (ppm) of iron in the water sample.

F-3. By which reason temporary and permanent hardness occur ?

F-4. Define two method by which we can soften the water sample.

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Section (A) : Classical Concept of Equivalent weight / Mass, Equivalent weight,
n-factor and Normality for Acid, Base and Precipitate
A-1. x g of the metal gave y g of its oxide. Hence equivalent weight of the metal
yx x x xy
(A) ×8 (B) ×8 (C) ×8 (D) ×8
x (y  x) y x

A-2. Equivalent wt. of H3PO4 in each of the reaction will be respectively -

H3PO4 + OH–  H2PO4– + H2O
H3PO4 + 2OH–  HPO42– + 2H2O
H3PO4 + 3OH–  PO43– + 3H2O
(A) 98, 49, 32.67 (B) 49, 98, 32, 67 (C) 98, 32.67, 49 (D) 32.67, 49, 98

A-3. 3 g of an oxide of a metal is converted to chloride completely and it yielded 5 g of chloride. Equivalent
weidht of the metal is :
(A) 33.25 (B) 3.325 (C) 12 (D) 20

Section (B) : Equivalent weight, n-factor and Normality for Oxidant and Reductant
B-1. An ion is reduced to the element when it absorbs 6 × 1020 electrons. The number of equivalents of the
ion is:
(A) 0.1 (B) 0.01 (C) 0.001 (D) 0.0001
B-2. When N2 is converted into NH3, the equivalent weight of nitrogen will be :
(A) 1.67 (B) 2.67 (C) 3.67 (D) 4.67

B-3. In the ionic equation 2K+BrO3– + 12H+ + 10e–  Br2 + 6H2O + 2K+, the equivalent weight of KBrO3
will be:
(A) M/5 (B) M/2 (C) M/6 (D) M/4
(where M = molecular weight of KBrO3)

Section (C) : Equivalent Concept for Acid Base Titration and Precipitation Reactions
C-1. If one mole of H2SO4 reacts with one mole of NaOH, equivalent weight of H2SO4 will be :
(A) 98 (B) 49 (C) 96 (D) 48

C-2. How many millilitres of 0.1N H2SO4 solution will be required for complete reaction with a solution
containing 0.125 g of pure Na2CO3 :
(A) 23.6 mL (B) 25.6 mL (C) 26.3 mL (D) 32.6 mL

C-3. One litre of a solution contains 18.9 g of HNO3 and one litre of another solution contains 3.2 g of NaOH.
In what volume ratio must these solution be mixed to obtain a neutral solution?
(A) 3 : 8 (B) 8 : 3 (C) 15 : 4 (D) 4 : 15

Section (D) : Equivalent Concept for Redox reactions, KMnO4 / K2Cr2O7 v/s Reducing
Agents & their Redox Titration
D-1. If equal volumes of 0.1 M KMnO4 and 0.1 M K2Cr2O7 solutions are allowed to oxidise Fe2+ to Fe3+ in
acidic medium, then Fe2+ oxidised will be :
(A) more by KMnO4 (B) more by K2Cr2O7
(C) equal in both cases (D) cannot be determined.

D-2. Which of the following solutions will exactly oxidize 25 mL of an acid solution of 0.1 M iron () oxalate:
(A) 25 mL of 0.1 M KMnO4 (B) 25 mL of 0.2 M KMnO4
(C) 25 mL of 0.6 M KMnO4 (D) 15 mL of 0.1 M KMnO4

D-3. An element A in a compound ABD has oxidation number –n. It is oxidised by Cr2O72– in acid medium. In
the experiment, 1.68 × 10–3 moles of K2Cr2O7 were used for 3.36 × 10–3 moles of ABD. The new
oxidation number of A after oxidation is :
(A) 3 (B) 3 – n (C) n – 3 (D) +n

D-4. The number of moles of oxalate ions oxidized by one mole of MnO4– ion in acidic medium is :
(A) 5/2 (B) 2/5 (C) 3/5 (D) 5/3

Section (E) : Iodometric/Iodimetric Titration, Calculation of Available Chlorine from a

sample of Bleaching Powder
E-1. What can be the maximum percentage of available chlorine possible in a given bleaching powder
sample (Take formula of bleaching powder as CaOCl2) ?
(A) 52.9% (B) 55.9 % (C) 58% (D) 60%

E-2. A 0.2 g sample containing copper () was analysed iodometrically, where copper() is reduced to
copper () by iodide ions. 2Cu2+ + 4–  2 Cu + 2
If 20 mL of 0.1 M Na2S2O3 solution is required for titration of the liberated iodine, then the percentage of
copper in the sample will be :
(A) 31.75 % (B) 63.5 % (C) 53 % (D) 37 %
Section (F) : Volume strength of H2O2, Hardness of water
F-1. A substance which participates readily in both acid-base and oxidation-reduction reactions is :
(A) Na2 CO3 (B) KOH (C) KMnO4 (D) H2 C2 O4

F-2._ A fresh H2O2 solution is labeled as 11.2 V. Calculate its concentration in wt/vol percent.
(A) 3.4 (B) 6.8 (C) 1.7 (D) 13.6

F-3. The amount of lime, Ca(OH)2 required to remove the hardness in 60 L of pond water containing 1.62
mg of calcium bicarbonate per 100 ml of water, will be :
(A) 4.44 g (B) 0.222 g (C) 2.22 g (D) 0.444 g

F-4. What will the concentration of [Ca+2] in a sample of 1 litre hard water if after treatment with washing
soda 10 g insoluable CaCO3 is precipitated.
(A) 0.2 M (B) 0.1 M (C) 0.3 M (D) 0.4 M

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

1. Column  Column 
(A) 4.1 g H2SO3 (p) 200 mL of 0.5 N base is used for complete neutralization
(B) 4.9 g H3PO4 (q) 200 millimoles of oxygen atoms
(C) 4.5 g oxalic acid (H2C2O4) (r) Central atom is in its highest oxidation number
(D) 5.3 g Na2CO3 (s) May react with an oxidising agent

 Marked questions are recommended for Revision.

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

1. The equivalent weight of a metal is double that of oxygen. How many times is the weight of its oxide
greater than weight of the metal?
(A) 1.5 (B) 2 (C) 0.5 (D) 3

2. Oxalic acid, H2C2O4, reacts with paramagnet ion according to the balanced equation 5H2C2O4 (aq) +
2MnO4– (aq) 2 Mn2+ (aq) + 10 CO2 (g) + 8 H2O (l). The volume in mL of 0.0162 M KMnO4 solution
required to react with 25.0 mL of 0.022 M H2C2O4 solution is :
(A) 13.6 (B) 18.5 (C) 33.8 (D) 84.4

3. x mmol of KMnO4 react completely with y mmol of MnSO4 in presence of fluoride ions to give MnF4
quantitatively. Then :
(A) x = y (B) 4x = y (C) x > y (D) x < y

4. 1 mol each of H3PO2, H3PO3 and H3PO4 will neutralise respectively x mol of NaOH, y mol of Ca(OH)2
and z mol of Al(OH)3 (assuming all as strong electrolytes). x, y, z are in the ratio of :
(A) 3 : 1.5 : 1 (B) 1 : 2 : 3 (C) 3 : 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 1 : 1

5. The amount of wet NaOH containing 15% water required to prepare 70 litres of 0.5 N solution is :
(A) 1.65 kg (B) 1.4 kg (C) 16.5 kg (D) 140 kg

6. 28 NO3– + 3As2S3 + 4H2O  6AsO43– + 28NO + 9SO42– + 8H+.

What will be the equivalent mass of As2S3 in above reaction : (Molecular mass of As2S3 = M)
M M M M
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 24 28
7. If 25 mL of a H2SO4 solution reacts completely with 1.06 g of pure Na2CO3, what is the normality of this
acid solution :
(A) 1 N (B) 0.5 N (C) 1.8 N (D) 0.8 N

8. 125 mL of 63% (w/v) H2C2O4.2H2O solution is made to react with 125 mL of a 40%(w/v) NaOH solution.
The resulting solution is: (ignoring hydrolysis of ions)
(A) neutral (B) acidic (C) strongly acidic (D) alkaline

9. 25 mL of a 0.1 M solution of a stable cation of transition metal Z reacts exactly with 25 mL of
0.04 M acidified KMnO4 solution. Which of the following is most likely to represent the change in
oxidation state of Z correctly :
(A) Z+  Z2+ (B) Z2+  Z3+ (C) Z3+  Z4+ (D) Z2+  Z4+

10. How many litres of Cl2 at STP will be liberated by the oxidation of NaCl with 10 g KMnO4 in acidic
medium: (Atomic weight : Mn = 55 and K = 39)
(A) 3.54 (B) 7.08 (C) 1.77 (D) None of these

11. One gram of Na3AsO4 is boiled with excess of solid KI in presence of strong HCl. The iodine evolved is
absorbed in KI solution and titrated against 0.2 N hypo solution. Assuming the reaction to be
AsO43– + 2H+ + 2–  AsO33– + H2O + 2
calculate the volume of hypo consumed. [Atomic weight of As = 75]
(A) 48.1 mL (B) 38.4 mL (C) 24.7 mL (D) 30.3 mL

12. If 10 g of V2O5 is dissolved in acid and is reduced to V2+ by zinc metal, how many mole of 2 could be
reduced by the resulting solution, if it is further oxidised to VO2+ ions :
[Assume no change in state of Zn2+ions] (Atomic masses : V = 51, O = 16,  = 127)
(A) 0.11 (B) 0.22 (C) 0.055 (D) 0.44

13. During the disproportionation of Iodine to iodide and iodate ions, the ratio of iodate and iodide ions
formed in alkaline medium is :
(A) 1 : 5 (B) 5 : 1 (C) 3 : 1 (D) 1 : 3

14. If 1 mL of a KMnO4 solution react with 0.140 g Fe2+ and if 1 mL of KHC2O4. H2C2O4 solution react with
0.1mL of previous KMnO4 solution, how many millilitres of 0.20 M NaOH will react with 1 mL of previous
KHC2O4. H2C2O4 solution in which all the protons (H+) are ionisable ?
(A)15/16 mL (B) 13/16 (C) 11/14 (D) None of these

PART - II : NUMERICAL VALUE TYPE

1. How many equivalents of Mg would have to react in order to liberate 4 NA electrons? (Mg–2e–  Mg2+)

2. A certain weight of pure CaCO3 is made to react completely with 20 mL of a HCl solution to give 224
mL of CO2 gas at STP. The normality of the HCl solution is:

3._ The volume of 3 M Ba(OH)2 solution required to neutralize completly 120 mL of 1.5M H3PO4 solution is:

4. In an experiment, 50 mL of 0.1 M solution of a salt reacted with 25 mL of 0.1 M solution of sodium

sulphite. The half equation for the oxidation of sulphite ion is :
SO32– (aq) + H2O  SO42– (aq) + 2H+ + 2e–
If the oxidation number of metal in the salt was 3, what would be the new oxidation number of metal :

5. When tetracarbonylnickel(0) is heated, it dissociates into its components. If 5 moles of this compound is
heated and the resulting gaseous component is absorbed by sufficient amount of 2O5, liberating 2.

What volume of 4M Hypo solution will be required to react with this 2 : Ni(CO)4   Ni + 4CO
6. 1 mole of OH– ions is obtained from 85 g of hydroxide of a metal. What is the equivalent weight of the
metal?

7. An oxide of a metal contains 40% oxygen, by weight. What is the equivalent weight of the metal?

8. In the following reaction, 3Fe + 4H2O  Fe3O4 + 4H2, if the atomic weight of iron is 56, then its
equivalent weight will be :

9. What volume of 0.05 M Ca(OH)2 solution is needed for complete conversion of 10 mL of 0.1 M H3PO4
into Ca(H2PO4)2?

10. Potassium acid oxalate K2C2O4.3H2C2O4.4H2O can be oxidized by MnO4– in acid medium. Calculate the
volume of (in mL) 1 M KMnO4 reacting in acid solution with 5.08 gram of the acid oxalate.

11. In the following reaction, SO2 acts as a reducing agent :

SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O  H2SO4 + 2HCl
Find the equivalent weight of SO2.

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

1. In the titration of K2Cr2O7 and ferrous sulphate, following data is obtained :
V1 mL of K2Cr2O7 solution of molarity M1 requires V2 mL of FeSO4 solution of molarity M2.
Which of the following relations is/are true for the above titration :
(A) 6 M1V1 = M2V2 (B) M1V1 = 6 M2V2 (C) N1V1 = N2V2 (D) M1V1 = M2V2

2. Choose the correct statement(s) :

(A) 1 mole of MnO4– ion can oxidise 5 moles of Fe2+ ion in acidic medium.
(B) 1 mole of Cr2 O72– ion can oxidise 6 moles of Fe2+ ion in acidic medium.
(C) 1 mole of Cu2S can be oxidised by 1.6 moles of MnO4– ion in acidic medium.
(D) 1 mole of Cu2S can be oxidised by 1.33 moles of Cr2O72– ion in acidic medium.

3. Which of the following samples of reducing agents is /are chemically equivalent to 25 mL of 0.2 N
KMnO4 to be reduced to Mn2+ and water :
(A) 25 mL of 0.2 M FeSO4 to be oxidized to Fe3+
(B) 50 mL of 0.1 M H3AsO3 to be oxidized to H3AsO4
(C) 25 mL of 0.1 M H2O2 to be oxidized to H+ and O2
(D) 25 mL of 0.1 M SnCl2 to be oxidized to Sn4+

4. To a 25 ml H2O2 solution excess acidified solution of KI was added. The iodine liberated 20 ml of 0.3 N
sodium thiosulphate solution. Use these data to choose the correct statements from the following :
(A) The weight of H2O2 present in 25 ml solution is 0.102 g
(B) The molarity of H2O2 solution is 0.12 M
(C) The weight of H2O2 present in 1 L of the solution is 0.816 g
(D) The volume strength of H2O2 is 1.344 L

5. There are two sample of HCl having molarity 1N and 0.25 N. Find volume of these sample taken in
order to prepare 0.75 N HCl solution. (Assume no water is used) :
(A) 20 mL, 10 mL (B) 100 mL, 50 mL (C) 40 mL, 20 mL (D) 50 mL, 25 mL

6. If mass of KHC2O4 (potassium acid oxalate) required to reduce 100 mL of 0.02 M KMnO4 in acidic
medium is x g and to neutralise 100 mL of 0.05 M Ca(OH)2 is y g, then which of the following options
may be correct :
(A) 2x = y (B) x = 2y
(C) x = y (D) absolute values of x & y cannot be determined.
 PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions.
Comprehension # 1
Equivalent Mass :
The equivalent mass of a substance is defined as the number of parts by mass of it which combine with
or displace 1.0078 parts by mass of hydrogen, 8 parts by mass of oxygen and 35.5 parts by mass of
chlorine.
The equivalent mass of a substance expressed in grams is called gram equivalent mass.
The equivalent mass of a substance is not constant. It depends upon the reaction in which the
substance is participating. A compound may have different equivalent mass in different chemical
reactions and under different experimental conditions.
(A) Equivalent mass of an acid : It is the mass of an acid in grams which contains 1.0078 g of
replaceable H+ ions or it is the mass of acid which contains one mole of replaceable H+ ions. It may be
calculated as :
Molecular mass of acid
Equivalent mass of acid =
Basicity of acid
Basicity of acid = number of replaceable hydrogen atoms present in one molecule of acid
(B) Equivalent mass of a base : It is the mass of the base which contains one mole of replaceable
OH– ions in molecule.
Molecular mass of base
Equivalent mass of base =
Aciditiy of base
Acidity of base = Number of replaceable OH– ions present in one molecule of the base

Equivalent mass of an oxidising agent :

Molecular mass of oxidising agent
(a) Electron concept : Equivalent mass of oxidising agent =
Number of electrons gained by one molecule
Molecular mass of oxidising agent
(b) Oxidation number concept : Equivalent mass of oxidising agent =
Total change in oxidation number
per molecule of oxidising agent

1. Equivalent mass of Ba(MnO4)2 in acidic medium is : (where M stands for molar mass)
(A) M/5 (B) M/6 (C) M/10 (D) M/2

2. Equivalent mass of Fe0.9O in reaction with acidic K2Cr2O7 is : (M = Molar mass)

(A) 7 M/10 (B) 10 M/7 (C) 7 M/9 (D) 9 M/7

3. Equivalent weight of oxalic acid salt in following reaction is : (Atomic masses : O = 16, C = 12, K = 39)
H2C2O4 + Ca(OH)2  CaC2O4 + H2O
(A) 90 (B) 45 (C) 64 (D) 128

Comprehension # 2
Some amount of “20V” H2O2 is mixed with excess of acidified solution of KI. The iodine so liberated
required 200 mL of 0.1 N Na2S2O3 for titration.

4. The volume of H2O2 solution is :

(A) 11.2 mL (B) 37.2 mL (C) 5.6 mL (D) 22.4 mL

5. The mass of K2Cr2O7 needed to oxidise the above volume of H2O2 solution is :
(A) 3.6 g (B) 0.8 g (C) 4.2 g (D) 0.98 g

6. The volume of O2 at STP that would be liberated by above H2O2 solution on disproportionation is :
(A) 56 mL (B) 112 mL (C) 168 mL (D) 224 mL
Comprehension # 3
Answer Q.7, Q.8 and Q.9 by appropriately matching the information given in the three columns
of the following table.
Molecular weight / Atomic weight
Equivalent weight = n-factor is very important in redox as well as non-
n  factor
redox reactions.
In general n-factor of acid/base is number of moles of H+/OH– furnished per mole of acid/base. n-factor
of reactions is number of moles of electrons lost or gained per mole of reactant columns 1, 2, 3 contain
reactions, n-factor & equivalent weight respectively.
Column-1 Column-2 Column-3
(I) MnO4 + 2H2O MnO2+4OH
– – (i) 1 (P) 158
10
(II) MnO4–  MnO4–2 (ii) (Q) 96
6
(III) Br2 + OH–  BrO3– + Br– (iii) 3 (R) 34
(IV) H2O2  O2 + H2O (iv) 2 (S) 52.6
7. For KMnO4 in strong basic medium correct combination is -
(A) (I) (ii) (R) (B) (II) (i) (P) (C) (II) (iii) (S) (D) (I) (iv) (Q)
8. For KMnO4 in neutral medium correct combination is -
(A) (I) (iii) (Q) (B) (II) (i) (R) (C) (I) (iii) (S) (D) (II) (iii) (R)
9. For a disproportionation reaction the only correct combination is -
(A) (I) (ii) (R) (B) (II) (ii) (Q) (C) (IV) (i) (S) (D) (III) (ii) (Q)
Equivalent Concept & Titration

EXERCISE - 1
PART - I
35.5
A-1. (a) 23 ; (b) E = 9 ; (c) E = 30 ; (d) E = ; (e) E = 30 ; (f) E = 48 ; (g) E = 31.67
1
A-2. (a) E = 58.5 or E = 58.5 ; (b) E = 87 or E = 87 ; (c) E = 51.67 or E = 51.67
M1 M2 M3
A-3. 20.1 B-1. , , B-2. (a) 31.6 ; (b) 52.67 C-1. 72.61
6 8 5
C-2. 0.06 N, 0.03 M C-3. 537.6 mL D-1. 20 D-2. +3
D-3. 0.12 M. D-4. 2.22 mL. E-1. 7.1% E-2. 0.25075 g
F-1. 2.12 g/L F-2. 126 ppm
F-3. Temporary hardness - due to bicarbonates of Ca & Mg
Permanent hardness - due to chlorides & sulphates of Ca & Mg.
F-4. There are some method by which we can soften the water sample.
(a) By boiling : 2HCO3–  H2O + CO2 + CO32–
or By Slaked lime : Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2  CaCO3 + 2H2O
Ca2+ + CO32–  CaCO3
(b) By Washing Soda : CaCl2 + Na2CO3  CaCO3 + 2NaCl
(c) By ion exchange resins : Na2R + Ca2+  CaR + 2Na+
(d) By adding chelating agents like (PO3–)3 etc.

PART - II
A-1. (B) A-2. (A) A-3. (A) B-1. (C) B-2. (D)
B-3. (A) C-1. (A) C-2. (A) C-3. (D) D-1. (B)
D-2. (D) D-3. (B) D-4. (A) E-1. (B) E-2. (B)
F-1. (D) F-2. (A) F-3. (D) F-4. (B)

PART - III
1. (A – p,s) ; (B – q,r) ; (C – p,q,s) ; (D – r)

EXERCISE - 2
PART - I
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (D) 4. (D) 5. (A)
6. (D) 7. (D) 8. (A) 9. (D) 10. (A)
11. (A) 12. (A) 13. (A) 14. (A)

PART - II
1. 4 2. 1 3. 90 4. 2 5. 2
6. 68 7. 12 8. 21 9. 10 mL 10. 16
11. 32
Equivalent Concept & Titration
PART - III
1. (AC) 2. (ABCD) 3. (ACD) 4. (ABD) 5. (ABCD)
6. (BCD)
PART - IV
1. (C) 2. (B) 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. (D)
6. (B) 7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (D)