Industrial Gases

Presented by: Group 11

 Industrial Gases
Nitrogen (N2)
Oxygen (O2)
Acetylene
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Hydrogen (H2)
Rare Gases of the atmosphere (Neon, Krypton and Xenon)
Helium
Surfur Dioxide (SO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
Acetylene
acétylène, from acetyle + ene
 Acetylene
With the systematic name of "ethene" and a chemical
formula of C2H2, this is the simplest alkyne and is
usually combined with other compounds due to its
unstable nature.
 history
In 1836, Edmund Davy
discovered acetylene while
trying to isolate potassium
from potassium carbonate.
In the heating process,
potassium carbide (K2C2)
reacted with water which
produced acetylene.
 history
In 1860, French chemist Marcellin
Berthelot coined the term acetylene.
Although he was mistaken in
believing that acetylene has 4 carbon
atoms instead of 2, he was able to
collect acetylene by passing vapors of
alcohols through a red hot tube. He
also discovered that acetylene can be
formed by passing hydrogen through
a carbon arc.
 properties
At 1 atm, pure acetylene does not have a melting point
and can usually exist as a gas. Liquid acetylene can only
exist at 1.27 atm, and solid acetylene directly turns into
vapor. Little is known about its solid and liquid forms.
manufacturing process
 uses
In 1800s, acetylene has been used as a
light source in the form of carbide lamps.
These lamps have separate chambers
containing calcium carbide and water, with
a valve controlling the water dripping on
the calcium carbide. This produces
acetylene, which gives off flame.
Currently:
Acetylene is combined with HBr producing ethylene dibromide
used in dye making, pharmaceuticals and fertilizers, and as well
as a solvent for plastics.
It is also commonly used in welding, known as oxyfuel cutting,
when it is combined with oxygen to produced flames as hot as
3,160 degrees Celsius.
it is also one of the gases commonly used in chemical synthesis,
such as the commercial production of vitamins A and E,
perfumes, and other household products.
 hazards
Although odourless in its pure
form, when formed from calcium
carbide, it has a strong garlic-like
scent.

It is also highly flammable, and

can explode when it's affected by
extreme heat and pressure, or is
affected by shockwaves.
Nitrogen
'nitron' and 'genes' meaning nitre
forming
 history
In the form of ammonium chloride (NH4Cl),
which was known to alchemists as sal
ammonia, was manufactured in Egypt by
heating a mixture of dung, salt and urine
.
In the 1760s, Henry Cavendish and Joseph
Priestley obtained nitrogen gas by removing
the oxygen from air.
daniel rutherford
In September 1772, Daniel Rutherford was
the first person to suggest nitrogen as an
element in his doctorate thesis.
properties
Colorless.
Odorless
Nontoxic
Noncombustible
Unreactive
Constitutes 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere
uses
Used as an inert purge gas in the food, chemical, and
metallurgical industries
used to make fertilisers, nitric acid, nylon, dyes and
explosives.
Large quantities of nitrogen are used in annealing
stainless steel and other steel mill products.
As a unique grinding aid for very hard or heat-
sensitive materials
manufacturing process
The liquefaction and separation of the purified, compressed, and
cooled air is based on the following fundamental principles:
The interchange of heat in heat exchangers such as double pipe coils.
Joule-Thompson effect - states that as the pressure of a gas changes, its
temperature also changes. At ordinary temperatures and pressures, all
real gases except hydrogen and helium cool upon such expansion; this
phenomenon often is utilized in liquefying gases.
The cooling of the liquids by evaporation.
The separation of liquid oxygen from the more volatile nitrogen in a
bubble cap column. The difference in their boiling points permits a
fractional separation.
These principles are applied to the Linde and Claude systems:
Both systems involve the cooling of compressed
gas and the gradual lowering of the
temperature by countercurrent cooling.
The Linde system uses the Joule-Thompson
effect for critical cooling.
The Claude system uses the Joule-Thompson
cooling for only 30% of the incoming air, the
other 70% being cooled by performing external
work.
The Claude system is more complicated as it
diverts 70% of the high-pressure air to perform
useful low compression of the incoming air and
to cool itself simultaneously.
The heart of the Linde system is the double
column liquefier and rectifier (shown in the next
slide).
handling and storage
Compressed Nitrogen Gas
Hazard statements: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if
heated. May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation.
General: Read label before use. Keep out of reach of children. If
medical advice is needed, have product container or label at hand.
Close valve after each use and when empty. Use equipment rated for
cylinder pressure. Do not open valve until connected to equipment
prepared for use. Use a back flow preventative device in the piping.
Use only equipment of compatible materials of construction.
Storage: Protect from sunlight. Store in a well-ventilated place. Keep
container tightly closed.
 Oxygen (O2)
oxygen (oxygène) from the Greek words for “acid former.”
 history
In 1608, Cornelius Drebbel
had shown that heating
saltpetre (potassium
nitrate, KNO3) released a
gas. This was oxygen
although it was not
identified as such.
In June 1771, a Swedish
chemist, pharmacist Carl
Wilhelm Scheele, discovered
oxygen and obtained it by
heating potassium nitrate,
mercuric oxide, and many
other substances. He had
written an account of his
discovery but it was not
published until 1777.
In 1774, An English
chemist, Joseph Priestley,
independently discovered
oxygen in 1774 by the
thermal decomposition of
mercuric oxide and
published his findings the
same year, three years
before Scheele published.
In 1775–80, French chemist
Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier, with
remarkable insight, interpreted
the role of oxygen in respiration
as well as combustion, discarding
the phlogiston theory, which had
been accepted up to that time;
he noted its tendency to form
acids by combining with many
different substances and
accordingly named the element
oxygen (oxygène) from the Greek
words for “acid former.”
In 1895, Karl Paul Gottfried von Linde of Germany and William Hampson of
England independently developed a process for lowering the temperature of
air until it liquefied. By carefully distillation of the liquid air, the various
component gases could be boiled off one at a time and captured. This
process quickly became the principal source of high quality oxygen,
nitrogen, and argon.
In 1901, compressed oxygen gas was burned with acetylene gas
in the first demonstration of oxy-acetylene welding. This
technique became a common industrial method of welding and
cutting metals.
After World War II, new technologies brought significant
improvements to the air separation process used to produce
oxygen. Production volumes and purity levels increased while
costs decreased. In 1991, over 470 billion cubic feet (13.4 billion
cubic meters) of oxygen were produced in the United States,
making it the second-largest-volume industrial gas in use.
Worldwide the five largest oxygen-producing areas are Western
Europe, Russia (formerly the USSR), the United States, Eastern
Europe, and Japan.
physical properties
It is a colorless, odorless and tasteless gas.
It readily dissolves in cold water.
It is highly reactive and form oxides with almost all elements
except noble gases.
Liquid oxygen is strongly paramagnetic.
It exists in three allotropic forms- monoatomic, diatomic and
triatomic.
It supports combustion.
Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume.
Oxygen is an element with the chemical symbol O and atomic
number 8. Oxygen has 8 electrons and 8 protons.
It has a melting point of -218.79℃ and boiling point of
-182.95℃.
 uses
Physiological Uses of Oxygen:
In cells, oxygen is needed for aerobic respiration, which allows for the
extraction of energy from ingested foods. Thus supplemental
oxygen at home and in hospitals is vital for those with breathing
disorders such as emphysema.
Compressed oxygen tanks are used by mountaineers at high
elevations to counteract the decreased O2 pressure at these
altitudes.
Supplemental oxygen is needed for surgical patients intentionally
rendered paralyzed for medical procedures, in which "heart-lung
machines" keep their vital functions going.
Oxygen can be used as a sterilizing agent to kill certain anaerobic
bacteria that are killed by sufficient exposure to the gas.
Industrial Uses of Oxygen:
Oxygen is needed for the reaction that converts carbon to carbon dioxide
gas in steel working, which takes place under high temperatures in a blast
furnace. The carbon dioxide produced allows for the reduction of iron oxides
into more pure iron compounds.
Oxygen is used in other applications involving metal and requiring high
temperatures, such as welding torches.
Aerospace Uses of Oxygen:
In liquid form, oxygen is used widely as an oxidizing agent for use in missiles
and rockets, where it reacts with liquid hydrogen to produce the terrific
thrust needed for take-off. Astronaut spacesuits include a nearly pure form of
oxygen.
Oxygen is used to degrade hydrocarbon compounds, which are broken apart
by heating them. This is used to create combustion that usually liberates
water and carbon dioxide, but can also produce the hydrocarbons acetylene,
propylene and ethylene.
Oxygen is used in sewage-treatment and water-purification plants. It
is forced through water to increase the production of bacteria that
metabolize waste products in the water.
Oxygen gas (O2) is needed to produce energy in things not linked to
an electrical supply of their own, such as generators and vehicles
(e.g., ships, airplanes and cars).
 impact on human health
Oxygen is essential to human life and is needed by most
lifeforms on Earth to survive. Animals and plants require it for
respiration. It is found in the air we breathe and the water we
drink (as H2O).
Too much oxygen is however bad for us and causes a condition
called the bends which is a particular problem for astronauts
and scuba divers. This causes tiny bubbles in the blood which
can be painful and sometimes deadly.
Effect of Oxygen to Environment
Manufacturing Process
Flowchart Diagram of Oxygen
Cylinders
handling and storing Oxygen (02)
Prior to working with compressed or liquefied oxygen you should be
trained on its proper handling and storage.
Oxygen may ignite or explode on contact with combutible materials
such as wood, paper, oil, grease and fuels.
Oxygen is not compatible with halogenated hydrocarbons such as
trichloroethanes; metals; strong bases such as sodium, hydroxide and
potassium hydroxide; reducing agents; amines; metal salts; and
oxidizing agents such as perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates,
chlorates, nitrates, chlorine, bromine and fluorines.
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away
from heat.
Clothing that becomes saturated with oxygen becomes a severe fire
hazard.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
history of carbon dioxide
1640 - Flemish Chemist Jan Baptist described Carbon Dioxide as
discrete substance.
1750 - Scottish Chemist and Physician Joseph Black further
studied and the one who properly identified the substance.
1772 – English Chemist Joseph Priestley published a paper which
describes a process of dripping sulfuric acid on chalk in order to
produce carbon dioxide and forcing the gas to dissolve by Joseph Black
agitating a bowl of water in contact with the gas.
1823 – Carbon Dioxide was first liquified by Humphry Davy and
Michael Faraday.
1835 - Solid Carbon Dioxide by French inventor Adrien-Jean-
Pierre Thilorier.
properties
It is a colorless and odorless gas.
It is a non-flammable gas.
It is slightly toxic.
It is denser than air.
It has a melting point of -55.6°C and has a boiling point of -78.5°C.
It has a density of 1.977g/ml.
It is soluble in water, solubility decreases as temperature increases.
uses of carbon dioxide
Used as an inert gas in chemical processes, in the storage of
carbon powder and in fire extinguishers.
Carbonate soft drinks, beers and wine.
As an additive to oxygen for medical use as a respiration stimulant.
Manufacturing Process
Purification of CO2
Hazards

Gas under pressure which may explode if heated.

May displace oxygen and may cause rapid
suffocation
May increase respiration and heart rate.
 Handling and Storing CO2
cylinders
Handling: Do not puncture or incinerate container. Use equipment rated for
cylinder pressure. Close valve after each use and when empty. Protect cylinders
from physical damage; do not drag, roll, slide, or drop. Use a suitable hand truck for
cylinder movement.

Storing: Store in a cool, well-ventilated place. Store and use with adequate
ventilation. Store only where temperature will not exceed 125°F (52°C). Firmly
secure containers upright to keep them from falling or being knocked over. Install
valve protection cap, if provided, firmly in place by hand. Store full and empty
containers separately.
Other Industrial
Gases
 Hydrogen (H2)
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable and nontoxic gas at atmospheric
temperatures and pressures.
The lightest of all gases, approximately one-fifteenth as heavy as air.

Application And Uses:

Required to prevent oxidation of the large tin bath in float glass manufacturing.
To hydrogenate unsaturated fatty acids in animal and vegetable oils.
Remove the sulfur that contained in crude oil in refineries
Rare Gases of the atmosphere (Neon, Krypton and Xenon)
Present in air in very low concentrations.
Valued for their light emitting properties when electrically charged.

Application And Uses:

Krypton
- is used in halogen sealed beam headlights to increase light output
Argon
- welding and casting industries, especially in the making of specialty alloys and
manufacturing titanium
Neon
-is also used to produce a red glow in indicator lamps and lasers.
Helium
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, non- toxic, inert,
monatomic gas that heads the noble gas group in
the periodic table.
The second lightest element and is the second
most abundant element in the observable universe
Application And Uses:
Fill up balloons and airbags right after a collision.
Detect leaks
 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
inorganic compound, a heavy, colourless, poisonous gas, and rotten
smell.

Application And Uses:

It is used in calibration of gas mixtures for emmission monitoring
and petrochemical industry.
It is used as a fumigant, preservatives, bleach, and steeping agent
for grain.
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Colorless and odorless which is slightly less dense than air.
Toxic to humans and animals if it is in higher concentrations.

Application And Uses:

Used in fuel gas mixtures with hydrogen and other gases for
industrial and domestic heating.
Pharmaceutical manufacture.
Strong reducing agent.
Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

Colorless, non-flammable gas, and sweet odor.

Application And Uses:

Anesthetic agent for medical, dental, and veterinary operations.
Food processing propellant.
 10 tips on handling gas cylinders
1. Unload cylinders immediately upon arrival and transport them in a well-
ventilated vehicle.
2. All gases behave differently.
3. Keep the cylinders locked so that they don’t move or topple.
4. Get the training you need.
5. Maintain a proper storage method for the cylinders.
6. Be aware of what you are handling.
7. Inspect your cylinders for safety.
8. Practice safe lifting and manual handling techniques.
9. Wear the appropriate safety equipment.
10. Use a forklift truck or cylinder trolley to move cylinders.
Industrial Gases Companies
Air Liquide Philippines

Linde Philippines

Cebu Premier Industrial Gases Corporation (CPIGAS)

Thank you
for listening!