Candidate Number

2001-AL
CHEM Centre Number
PAPER 1 Seat Number
HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY
HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2001

CHEMISTRY A-LEVEL PAPER 1

Question-Answer Book

8.30 am – 11.30 am (3 hours) Marker’s Examiner’s

This paper must be answered in English Use Only Use Only
Marker No. Examiner No.

1. There are THREE sections in this paper,

A1
Section A, Section B and Section C.

2. Section A carries 60 marks, A2

Section B carries 20 marks, and
Section C carries 20 marks.
A3
3. All questions in Sections A and B are
COMPULSORY. Answers are to be written
A4
in this Question-Answer Book. If you use
supplementary answer sheet(s) for these two
sections, write your Candidate Number on each A5
sheet and fasten them with string to this
Question-Answer Book.
A6
4. Answer ONE question in Section C. Answers
are to be written in the AL(D) Answer Book. A
Total
5. Write your Candidate Number, Centre Number
and Seat Number in the spaces provided on this
cover.
B7
6. Some useful constants and a Periodic Table are
respectively printed on pages 18 and 19 of this B8
Question-Answer Book.
B
Total

Checker’s Use Only

 香 港 考試 局 　　 保 留版 權 Checker No.
Hong Kong Examinations Authority
All Rights Reserved 2001 A Total

B Total
2001-AL-CHEM 1–1
 SECTION A Do not write in
this margin
Answer ALL questions in this Section. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

1. (a) Consider the phase diagram of water :

D
pressure /atm

6.03 × 10−3
B
A

273.16
temperature/K
(i) What do curves AB and BC signify ?

AB :

BC :

(ii) What is the physical significance of point B ?

(iii) Explain, in terms of structure and intermolecular force, why water is denser than ice.

2001-AL-CHEM 1–2 –1–

1. (a) (iv) Use the Le Chatelier’s principle to explain why curve BD has a negative slope. Do not write in
this margin

(5 marks)

(b) Account for each of the following observations :

(i) At 298 K, the vapour pressure of a mixture of methyl ethanoate and trichloromethane is
lower than that predicted by Raoult’s Law.

(ii) At 1 atm pressure, the boiling point of an aqueous solution of sucrose is higher than
100 oC.

(4 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–3 –2– Go on to the next page

2. (a) (i) Provide a piece of evidence to support the statement : Do not write in
this margin
‘The energy of an electron in an atom is quantized.’

(ii) Sketch the pictorial representations of an s-orbital and a p-orbital, showing the location
of the atomic nucleus.

s-orbital

p-orbital

(4 marks)

(b) Sketch the variation of the second ionization enthalpies of O, F, Ne, Na and Mg.
second ionization enthalpy

O F Ne Na Mg

(2 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–4 –3–

2. (c) Draw the three-dimensional structure for each molecule below, showing the lone electron pair(s), Do not write in
if any, of the central atom. State the shape of each molecule. this margin

(i) BF3

(ii) ClF3

(3 marks)

(d) The lattice structure of BaO(s) is described as the interpenetration of two simple cubic lattices,
one of Ba2+ ions and the other of O2– ions.

(i) Draw the unit cell of BaO(s), labelling the Ba2+ and O2– ions.

(ii) What is the coordination number of each O2– ion in the structure ?

(2 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–5 –4– Go on to the next page

3. (a) In an enclosed reaction vessel at 1100 K and in the presence of a catalyst, an initial 1:1 mole ratio Do not write in
mixture of SO2(g) and O2(g) was allowed to attain equilibrium: this margin

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

(i) At 1100 K, Kp of the reaction is 0.13 atm–1. Calculate the total pressure of the reaction
mixture if the conversion of SO2(g) to SO3(g) is 20%.

(ii) At 700 K and under the same total pressure, Kp of the reaction is 3.0 × 104 atm–1.
Calculate the enthalpy change for the conversion of SO2(g) to SO3(g).
∆H
(You may assume that ln Kp = constant − .)
RT

(iii) State, with explanation, the effect of each of the following changes on the position of
the above equilibrium.

(I) Reducing the volume of the reaction vessel

(II) Injecting helium gas while keeping the volume of the reaction vessel
unchanged

(7 marks)
2001-AL-CHEM 1–6 –5–
3. (b) A current of 0.50 A was passed for 6.0 minutes through an electrolytic cell containing Do not write in
K[Au(CN)2](aq) and KCN(aq) to gold-plate a metal object with a surface area of 4.0 cm2. this margin

(i) Assuming 100% current efficiency, calculate the thickness of gold deposited.
(Density of gold = 19.3 g cm–3)

(ii) Suggest one way to treat the cyanide ions in the spent electrolytic solution.

(4 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–7 –6– Go on to the next page

4. (a) (i) What is meant by ‘the standard reduction potential of a half cell’ ? Do not write in
this margin

(ii) Having considered the standard reduction potentials listed below :

__
Eo/V

I2(aq) + 2e– 2I–(aq) + 0.54

S2O82–(aq) + 2e– 2SO42–(aq) + 2.01

a student suggested, ‘The reaction of I–(aq) with S2O82–(aq) is feasible and will proceed
rapidly at room temperature.’

Comment on the student’s suggestion.

(5 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–8 –7–

4. (b) The overall reaction occurring in a Leclanché cell when delivering a current can be represented Do not write in
by the equation: this margin

2MnO2(s) + 2NH4Cl(aq) + Zn(s) → Mn2O3(s) + 2NH3(aq) + H2O(l) + ZnCl2(aq)

(i) Write half equations for the anodic and cathodic reactions.

(ii) If the cell contains 25.0 g of MnO2(s), calculate the theoretical mass of Zn(s) that would
be consumed for the MnO2(s) to undergo complete reaction.

(4 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–9 –8– Go on to the next page

5. (a) Consider the reaction : Do not write in
this margin

CH3CH2 CH3
C DBr
C
H H

(D is deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen.)

(i) Draw the structure of the major product.

(ii) Outline a mechanism of the reaction.

(iii) Is the product optically active ? Explain your answer.

(5 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–10 –9–

5. (b) Give the structures of the organic compounds, D, E, F, G and H. Do not write in
this margin
CH3
(1) O3
(i) D
(2) Zn/H3O+

O O
H3 O+
(ii) CH3O C C OCH3 + HOCH2CH2OH E

heat
(iii) HO2CCH2CH2CO2H F

CH2NH2
(iv) Br2/NaOH NaNO2/H3O+
G H
~ 5 oC

(5 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–11 – 10 – Go on to the next page

6. (a) Consider the following thermochemical data : Do not write in
this margin
__
∆H o / kJ mol −1

+ H2 – 119

+ 3H2 – 208

+ H2 – 96

+ 4H2 – 410

(All chemical species are in gaseous state.)

(i) Deduce the stabilization energy of benzene.

(ii) Deduce the stabilization energy of cyclooctatetraene.

(iii) Comment on the significance of the values obtained in (i) and in (ii).

(4 marks)
2001-AL-CHEM 1–12 – 11 –
6. (b) After some lessons in organic chemistry, a student remarked, ‘Alkanes are more stable than Do not write in
alkenes, therefore alkanes do not react with chlorine but alkenes do.’ this margin

Do you agree with the student ? Explain.

(3 marks)

(c) With the help of equations, explain the function of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as
an anti-oxidant to prevent unsaturated oils from turning rancid.

OH
(CH3)3C C(CH3)3

CH3
BHT

(3 marks)

END OF SECTION A

2001-AL-CHEM 1–13 – 12 – Go on to the next page

 SECTION B Do not write in
this margin
Answer ALL questions in this Section. Write your answers in the spaces provided.

7. (a) Suggest how you would prepare a sample of dry hydrogen chloride gas in a school laboratory.
Draw a labelled diagram of the set-up of apparatus used in the preparation.

(4 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–14 – 13 –
7. (b) Office paper contains calcium carbonate (up to 50%) as an additive to enhance its brightness, Do not write in
whiteness and opacity. Devise an experiment to estimate the percentage by mass of calcium this margin
carbonate in a sample of office paper.

(4 marks)

(c) Suggest a method to remove stains of colloidal sulphur in a conical flask. State the chemistry
involved.

(2 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–15 – 14 – Go on to the next page

8. (a) The graph below shows the solubility curves of a solid organic compound X in four mutually Do not write in
miscible solvents J, K, L and M. this margin
solvent J

solvent M

solubility of X

solvent L
solvent K

25 100
temperature/oC

(i) (I) Which solvent among J, K, L and M is the best for the recrystallization of X ?

(II) You are provided with a sample of X contaminated with some coloured
impurities. Outline the procedure to purify X by recrystallization.

(ii) Decide which two of these solvents form the best solvent system for the recrystallization
of X at 25 °C.

(5 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 1–16 – 15 –
8. (b) In an experiment to prepare propanal from propan-1-ol, Do not write in
this margin

Cr2O72-/H3O+
CH3CH2CH2OH CH3CH2CHO
heat

a side-product N (C6H12O2) was formed.

(i) What is N ? Suggest how N is formed.

(ii) Suggest one method to separate propanal from a mixture of propanal and N.

(iii) Suggest two methods to confirm the identity of propanal.

(5 marks)

END OF SECTION B

2001-AL-CHEM 1–17 – 16 – Go on to the next page

 SECTION C

Answer ONE question only and write your answers in the AL(D) Answer Book.

Marks will be allocated approximately as follows :

chemical knowledge 50%

organization 30%
presentation (including use of language) 20%

Equations, suitable diagrams and examples are expected where appropriate.

The examiners are looking for the ability to analyse, to evaluate and to express ideas clearly.

9. Write an essay on the chemistry of iron.

(20 marks)

10. Write a proposal on behalf of the Chief Executive on the improvement of the air quality in Hong Kong.
Your proposal should include the current pollution problems and possible solutions supported by chemical
principles.
(20 marks)

END OF PAPER

2001-AL-CHEM 1–18 – 17 –
 Useful Constants

Gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Faraday constant, F = 9.65 × 104 C mol–1

Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

Planck constant, h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Speed of light in vacuum, c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

Ionic product of water at 298 K, Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g–1 K–1

Characteristic Infra-red Absorption Wavenumber Ranges

(Stretching modes)

Bond Compound type Wavenumber range /cm–1

C=C Alkenes 1610 to 1680

C=O Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters 1680 to 1750
C≡C Alkynes 2070 to 2250
C≡N Nitriles 2200 to 2280
O–H Acids (hydrogen-bonded) 2500 to 3300
C–H Alkanes, alkenes, arenes 2840 to 3095
O–H Alcohols, phenols (hydrogen-bonded) 3230 to 3670
N–H Amines 3350 to 3500

2001-AL-CHEM 1–19 – 18 –
 PERIODIC TABLE 週期表

GROUP 族 atomic number 原子序

I 0
1 1 2

2001-AL-CHEM 1–20
H H He
1.008 II 1.008 III IV V VI VII 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 relative atomic mass 相對原子質量 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.70 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

– 19 –
55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 ** 104 105
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262)

* 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
** 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 (231) 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
2001 A-Level Chemistry

Paper 1

Section A

2. (d) (ii) 8

3. (a) (i) 1.01 atm

(ii) –198 kJ mol–1

(b) (i) 4.76 × 10–3 cm

4. (b) (ii) 9.40 g

6. (a) (i) –149 kJ mol–1

(ii) +26 kJ mol–1

Paper 2

Section A

1. (a) (ii) 3850 years

(c) (ii) 0.0534 M

(iii) (I) I2 : S2O32– = 1 : 2

2. (a) (i) –3838 kJ mol–1

(b) (i) 2.37

(ii) 64.0 cm3

3. (a) (ii) 8.7 × 109 (mol dm–3)–2 s–1

4. (a) (iii) 1.31 × 10–5 mol dm–3

(b) (iii) 24.4

Section B

5. (a) (iii) (II) 3.42 g

2001-AL
CHEM HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY
PAPER 2
HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2001

CHEMISTRY A-LEVEL PAPER 2

1.30 pm – 4.30 pm (3 hours)

This paper must be answered in English

1. There are TWO sections in this paper, Section A and

Section B.

2. Section A carries 60 marks and Section B carries 40

marks.

3. Answer THREE questions from Section A and TWO

questions from Section B.

4. Answers to questions in Sections A and B are to be

written in the AL(C)1 and AL(C)2 Answer Books
respectively.

5. Some useful constants and a Periodic Table are

respectively printed on pages 18 and 19 of this
question book.

香 港 考 試 局 　 　 保 留 版 權
Hong Kong Examinations Authority
All Rights Reserved 2001

2001-AL-CHEM 2–1
 SECTION A

Answer any THREE questions, using the AL(C)1 Answer Book.

1. (a) (i) Outline the principles underlying the use of carbon-14

dating in the estimation of the age of an ancient biological
specimen.

(ii) A wood sample from an ancient tomb has an activity of

9.6 counts per gram of carbon per minute. A similar
piece of modern wood has an activity of 15.3 counts per
gram of carbon per minute. Estimate the age of the
wood sample from the tomb.

(Half life for the decay of carbon-14 = 5730 years.)

(5 marks)

(b) Briefly describe the principle of mass spectrometry and its use to
determine the relative atomic mass of a noble gas.
(8 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–2 –1–

1. (c) A standard iodine solution was prepared by dissolving 0.953 g of
KIO3(s) in excess KI(aq) and H2SO4(aq) and then making up the
solution to 250.0 cm3.

(i) Why are standard iodine solutions not prepared directly

from solid iodine ?

(ii) Calculate the molarity of the standard iodine solution.

(iii) 25.00 cm3 of the standard iodine solution was titrated

against 0.0981 M Na2S2O3(aq). 27.25 cm3 of the
Na2S2O3(aq) was required to reach the end-point.

(I) Deduce the stoichiometry of the reaction of I2(aq)

with Na2S2O3(aq), and write a balanced equation
for the reaction.

(II) Suggest an appropriate indicator for the titration

and state the colour change at the end-point.
(7 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–3 –2– Go on to the next page

2. (a) (i) Using the thermochemical data listed below, calculate the
lattice enthalpy of solid magnesium oxide.

___
o
∆H 298 / kJ mol −1

Mg(s) → Mg(g) +149

Mg(g) → Mg2+(g) + 2e– +2188
O2(g) → 2O(g) +498
O(g) + 2e– → O2–(g) +650
Mg(s) + ½O2(g) → MgO(s) –602

(ii) The enthalpy change of formation of solid magnesium

oxide can be estimated in a school laboratory by using
common apparatus, magnesium metal, solid magnesium
oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid. Outline the
experimental procedure and data treatment involved.

(You may assume that the enthalpy change of formation of

water is known.)
(8 marks)

(b) (i) Calculate the pH of 0.10 M HCO2H(aq) at 298 K.

(ii) Calculate the volume of 0.10 M NaOH(aq) that must be

added to 100.0 cm3 of 0.10 M HCO2H(aq) to obtain a
solution of pH 4.0 at 298 K.

(iii) Explain why the solution in (ii) can act as a buffer.

(At 298 K, dissociation constant Ka of HCO2H in water

= 1.78 × 10–4 mol dm–3 .)

(7 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–4 –3–

2. (c) For each of the experiments below, state the expected observation
and give the relevant balanced equation(s).

(i) Concentrated HCl(aq) is added to CuSO4(aq) dropwise

until in excess.

(ii) A mixture of NH3(g) and air is passed over a piece of red-

hot platinum wire.
(5 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–5 –4– Go on to the next page

3. (a) At an elevated temperature and in the presence of argon, iodine
atoms combine to form iodine molecules :

2I(g) → I2(g)

The table below lists some data about the reaction :

Initial concentration / mol dm–3 Initial rate

d [I 2 (g)]
[I(g)] /mol dm–3 [Ar(g)] / mol dm–3 / mol dm −3 s −1
dt
1.0 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–3 8.70 × 10–4
2.0 × 10–5 1.0 × 10–3 3.48 × 10–3
1.0 × 10–5 5.0 × 10–4 4.35 × 10–4

For this reaction,

(i) deduce the rate equation,

(ii) calculate the rate constant,

(iii) suggest a possible reaction mechanism consistent with the

rate equation, state the role of argon, and sketch the
energy profile.
(8 marks)

(b) Give two examples to illustrate the statement :

‘Some lithium compounds differ in their chemical properties from

corresponding compounds of other Group I elements.’
(4 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–6 –5–

3. (c) Li2O, CO2 and F2O are oxides of the Period 2 elements.

(i) Explain why Li2O and CO2 react differently with water.

(ii) What products are formed when F2O reacts with water ?
(5 marks)

(d) Suggest chemical tests to distinguish the following compounds

from one another :

NaNO2(s), NaNO3(s) and NH4NO3(s)

(3 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–7 –6– Go on to the next page

4. (a) Consider the electrochemical cell :

+ –

salt bridge
Ag(s) Ag(s)

0.01 M AgNO3(aq) saturated AgCl(aq)

AgCl(s)

(i) Name the device used for measuring the e.m.f. of the cell.

(ii) Suggest how a workable salt bridge can be prepared.

(iii) At 298 K, the reduction potential, E, of Ag+(aq) | Ag(s)

can be obtained from the equation :
__
E = E o + 0.059 log10[Ag+(aq)]

The e.m.f. of the cell was found to be 0.17 V at 298 K.

Calculate the concentration of silver ions in the saturated
AgCl(aq).
__
(Given : E o of Ag (aq) | Ag(s) = +0.80 V at 298 K)
+

(iv) State, with explanation, the effect on the cell e.m.f. of

adding a small volume of KCl(aq) to the saturated
AgCl(aq).
(7 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–8 –7–

4. (b) (i) State the partition law for the distribution of a non-volatile
solute between two immiscible solvents.

(ii) State and explain one example in which the partition law
is not applicable.

(iii) In an experiment, an aqueous solution of ammonia was

shaken with trichloromethane until equilibrium was
attained. 10.00 cm3 of the aqueous layer required
32.55 cm3 of 0.203 M hydrochloric acid for neutralization,
while 25.00 cm3 of the organic layer required 14.55 cm3 of
0.0465 M hydrochloric acid for neutralization.

Calculate the partition coefficient of ammonia between

water and trichloromethane.
(7 marks)

(c) Compare the oxidizing power of fluorine, chlorine and bromine.

Illustrate your answer with appropriate examples.
(3 marks)

(d) Comment on the statement :

‘The acids HF, HCl and HBr are of comparable strength.’

(3 marks)

END OF SECTION A

2001-AL-CHEM 2–9 –8– Go on to the next page

 SECTION B

Answer any TWO questions, using the AL(C)2 Answer Book.

5. (a) Compound A has the following structure :

b a

Br CH CH2 Br
CH3

(i) The carbon atom indicated by arrow a is more reactive

towards SN2 reaction with C2H5ONa than that indicated by
arrow b. Explain.

(ii) 5.56 g of A is treated with 1.36 g of C2H5ONa. Deduce

the structure of the major substitution product B.

(iii) 5.56 g of A is treated with 3.00 g of C2H5ONa. The

reaction gives two products, D and E. E has the
molecular formula C11H14O.

(I) Give the structure of D.

(II) If the yield of D is 82%, calculate the mass of D

that can be obtained.

(III) Give the structure of E and name the types of

reactions involved in the formation of E.
(8 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–10 –9–

5. (b) (i) Give the reagent(s) and conditions for Step 1 and Step 2
in the reaction sequence below :

CH3 CH3 CO2H

Step 1 Step 2

NO2 NO2
4-nitrobenzoic acid

(ii) 4-nitrobenzoic acid can be converted to benzocaine, an

anaesthetic, in not more than three steps.

CO2CH2CH3

NH2
benzocaine

Use equations to show how you would carry out the

conversion. In each step, give the reagent(s), conditions
and structure of the product.
(5 marks)

(c) Consider the information below concerning the production of low

density polyethene from ethene.

benzoyl peroxide
n CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
high pressure n

(i) Outline a mechanism for the polymerization and name

each mechanistic step.

(ii) Explain why benzoyl peroxide is used.

(iii) Why is high pressure needed for the polymerization ?

(iv) Is the product a single compound ? Explain.

(7 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–11 – 10 – Go on to the next page

6. (a) The table below lists some information about five compounds, two
of which are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) :

Name Structure Flammability Lifetime/years

CFC-11 CCl3F No 75
CFC-12 CCl2F2 No 108
HCFC-22 CHClF2 No 22
HCFC-123 CHCl2CF3 No 2
HFC-152 CH3CHF2 Yes 2

(i) Give two uses of CFCs in daily life.

(ii) Explain why the use of CFCs poses a problem to our

environment.

(iii) Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons

(HFCs) are possible replacements for CFCs. Which
compound in the above table is the best choice ? Explain
your answer.
(7 marks)

(b) Arrange compounds F, G, H and J in order of decreasing pKa

values. Explain your arrangement.

CH3(CH2)3CO2H CH3CH2CHClCH2CO2H
G
F

CH3(CH2)2CHClCO2H CH3(CH2)2CHFCO2H

H J

(4 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–12 – 11 –
6. (c) Alanine, an amino acid, can be synthesized from ethanal in two
steps :

NH4Cl/NaCN
Step 1: CH3CHO CH3CHCN
H2O
NH2
K

-
Step 2: CH3CHCN CH3CHCO2
NH2 + NH3

alanine

(i) In Step 1, ethanal reacts with NH4Cl to give an

intermediate L (CH3CH=NH). L then reacts with NaCN
to give K. Outline a mechanism for the formation of K
from L.

(Hint : N is more electronegative than C.)

(ii) Give the reagent(s) and conditions for Step 2.

(iii) Hydrolysis of a protein gives a mixture of amino acids

including alanine. Suggest a method to separate alanine
from the mixture.

(iv) The alanine obtained from the hydrolysis of natural

proteins and that synthesized from ethanal have different
melting points. Why ?
(6 marks)

(This question is continued on the next page.)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–13 – 12 – Go on to the next page

6. (d) The equation below shows the complete hydrolysis of a
pentapeptide M.

- + - +
M 2 O2CCHNH3 + 3 O2CCHNH3
CH3 CH2

Under mild conditions, M undergoes partial hydrolysis to give,

among other products, two dipeptides:

O O
- + - +
O2CCHNH CCHNH3 and O2CCHNH CCHNH3
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3

Deduce the amino acid sequence of M.

(3 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–14 – 13 –
7. (a) For each of the following reactions, suggest a possible reactant :

CH3
H2NCH(CH3)2
(i) N CH3OCH(CH2)2CONHCH(CH3)2

OH
(ii) (1) NaBH4
P
(2) H2O CH3

(iii) Q conc HCl

Cl CH2Cl

O
conc H2SO4
(iv) R C
heat CH3

D
DCH2 C CH2CH3
D2/Pd
(v) S
CO2CH3

(D is deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen.)

(5 marks)

(This question is continued on the next page.)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–15 – 14 – Go on to the next page

7. (b) Study the following information:

Aromatic compounds T and U have the same molecular formula

C10H12O.

T gives positive result in iodoform test.

U reacts with hydrogen in the presence of a palladium catalyst to

give compound V (C10H14O). V can also be obtained from the
reaction of T with LiAlH4.

Treatment of U with ozone followed by acidified KMnO4 gives two

products, one of which is benzoic acid.

(i) Deduce the structures of T, U and V. For each compound,

give all possible stereoisomers.

(ii) Suggest how infra-red spectroscopy can be used to

distinguish between T and U.
(9 marks)

2001-AL-CHEM 2–16 – 15 –
7. (c) Compound W is an artificial sweetener and has the structure shown
below.

OH
CH2OH O
O O C
(CH2)2 OH
OH
OH
OH OCH3
O
OH O
CH3

OH OH

(i) Identify four functional groups in W.

(ii) Upon treatment with dilute mineral acids, W gives two

monosaccharides. Draw a ring structure for each
monosaccharide.

(iii) Suggest two reasons for using artificial sweeteners as

substitutes for sugar.
(6 marks)

END OF PAPER

2001-AL-CHEM 2–17 – 16 –
 This is a blank page.

2001-AL-CHEM 2–18 – 17 –
 Useful Constants

Gas constant, R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1

Faraday constant, F = 9.65 × 104 C mol–1

Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1

Planck constant, h = 6.63 × 10–34 J s

Speed of light in vacuum, c = 3.00 × 108 m s–1

Ionic product of water at 298 K, Kw = 1.00 × 10–14 mol2 dm–6

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g–1 K–1

Characteristic Infra-red Absorption Wavenumber Ranges

(Stretching modes)

Bond Compound type Wavenumber range /cm–1

C=C Alkenes 1610 to 1680

C=O Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters 1680 to 1750
C≡C Alkynes 2070 to 2250
C≡N Nitriles 2200 to 2280
O–H Acids (hydrogen-bonded) 2500 to 3300
C–H Alkanes, alkenes, arenes 2840 to 3095
O–H Alcohols, phenols (hydrogen-bonded) 3230 to 3670
N–H Amines 3350 to 3500

2001-AL-CHEM 2–19 – 18 –
E H- M C 2 L 0 – 1 A
PERIODIC TABLE 週期表

GROUP 族 atomic number 原子序

I 0
1 1 2
H H He
1.008 II 1.008 III IV V VI VII 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne

-1 9
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 relative atomic mass 相對原子質量 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.70 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 ** 104 105
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262)

* 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
** 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 (231) 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
2001 A-Level Chemistry

Paper 1

Section A

2. (d) (ii) 8

3. (a) (i) 1.01 atm

(ii) –198 kJ mol–1

(b) (i) 4.76 × 10–3 cm

4. (b) (ii) 9.40 g

6. (a) (i) –149 kJ mol–1

(ii) +26 kJ mol–1

Paper 2

Section A

1. (a) (ii) 3850 years

(c) (ii) 0.0534 M

(iii) (I) I2 : S2O32– = 1 : 2

2. (a) (i) –3838 kJ mol–1

(b) (i) 2.37

(ii) 64.0 cm3

3. (a) (ii) 8.7 × 109 (mol dm–3)–2 s–1

4. (a) (iii) 1.31 × 10–5 mol dm–3

(b) (iii) 24.4

Section B

5. (a) (iii) (II) 3.42 g

 HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY
HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2001

CHEMISTRY PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

(Group 01)

This paper must be answered in English

Three hours

Part I : Volumetric Exercise

As soon as you obtain your results, record them on Answer Sheet I.
Use a pipette and a pipette filler to transfer solutions when high precision is required.

Following the instructions given below, determine the molarity of the ammonium
iron(II) sulphate(VI) solution labelled 'A'.

Experimental Details

Standardization of the potassium manganate(VII) solution provided : Transfer

25.00 cm3 of the 0.102 M iron(II) solution labelled 'Standard' into a flask. Add to it
25 cm3 of 1 M sulphuric(VI) acid, then titrate it with the potassium manganate(VII)
solution until a permanent pale pink colour appears.

Determination of the molarity of iron(II) ions in 'A' : Transfer 25.00 cm3 of 'A'
into a flask. Add to it 25 cm3 of 1 M sulphuric(VI) acid, then titrate it with the
potassium manganate(VII) solution until a permanent pale pink colour appears.

Relevant Equation

5Fe2+ + MnO4– + 8H+ → 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O

/P.T.O.

 香港考試局　　保留版權
Hong Kong Examinations Authority
All Rights Reserved 2001
Part II : Observational and Deductive Exercise

1. Carry out the instructions, listed on Answer Sheet II, on the sample contained in the tube
which is labelled with a sample number.

2. For each test, observe carefully what happens and record your observations concisely in
the space provided on Answer Sheet II. Identify any gas evolved, indicating the test(s)
you have employed.
Record ‘no observable change’ where appropriate.

3. Summarize, in the space provided on the back of the sheet, your conclusions as to the
chemical nature of the sample. Deduce, where possible, what ionic and/or molecular
species are present in the sample.
 考生編號

試場編號
2001-ASL
化㈻
座位編號
㆙部及
㆛部
香 港 考 試 局
2 0 0 1 年 香 港 高 級 程 度 會 考

化㈻　高級補充程度　㆙部及㆛部
由閱 卷 員填 ㊢ 由試 卷 主席 填 ㊢
試題答題簿 閱 卷 員 編號 試 卷 主 席編 號

本 試 卷 必須 用 ㆗文 作 答
㆔ 小 時 完卷 ( ㆖ 午八 時 ㆔ 十分 至㆖ 午 十㆒ 時 ㆔十 分 )
㆙1

㆙2

㊟意事㊠(㆙部及㆛部) ㆙3

1. 在本封面所示的位置㆖，填寫考生編號、 ㆙4
試場編號及座位編號。

2. ㆙部各題均須作答；㆛部選答㆒題。 ㆙5

3. 把答案寫在本試題答題簿所預留的空位內。 ㆙6

4. 考生可要求派發補充答題紙。每㆒紙張均須
寫㆖考生編號，並用繩縛於本試題答題簿。 ㆙7

5. 本試題答題簿的第1頁印有㆒元素週期表。 ㆙部
總分

㆛部
+
13/14
+ 請將不適用者刪去

核分 員 專用

核 分 員 編號
 香 港 考試 局 　　 保 留版 權
Hong Kong Examinations Authority ㆙部總分
All Rights Reserved 2001
㆛部總分
2001-AS-CHEM A&C–1
 PERIODIC TABLE 週期表

GROUP 族 atomic number 原子序

I 0
1 1 2
H H He

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–2
1.008 II 1.008 III IV V VI VII 4.003
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
6.941 9.012 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18
11 12 relative atomic mass 相對原子質量 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.06 35.45 39.95
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.10 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.70 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.90 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3

–1–
55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 ** 104 105
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262)

* 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
** 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
232.0 (231) 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
 ㆙部 不可在此欄
書寫
各題均須作答。把答案寫在預留的空位內。

1. 將帶負電荷的棒子放近從滴定管流出的水柱，水柱因此偏移。如㆘圖所示︰

(a) 參照水的結構，解釋為何水柱會偏移。

(b) 若以帶正電荷的棒子替代帶負電荷的棒子，對水柱有何影響 ? 試加以解釋。

(c) 若以環己烷替代水，並將帶負電荷的棒子放近液柱，液柱會否偏移 ? 試加以解

釋。

（6 分 ）
2001-AS-CHEM A&C–3 –2– 　續　　後　　頁
2. 可逆反應 不可在此欄
書寫
A(g) + B(g) C(g)

的能線圖如㆘︰
位能

A(g) + B(g)

C(g)

反應坐標

A(g)、B(g) 與 C(g) 的 混 合 物 在 固 定 體 積 的 密 閉 容 器 內 達 致 平 衡 。

在㆘表㆗，寫出

(i) 在混合物㆗加入催化劑

(ii) 提高混合物的溫度

所造成的影響。

(i) 在混合物㆗加入催化劑 (ii) 提高混合物的溫度

對正向反應速率的影響

對逆向反應速率的影響

對平衡位置的影響

（6分）
2001-AS-CHEM A&C–4 –3–
3. 在 ㆒ 個 測 定 鐵 線 ㆗ 鐵 的 質 量 百 分 率 的 實 驗 裏 ， 把 ㆒ 個 0.160 g 的 鐵 線 樣 本 加 入 50 cm3 的 不 可 在 此 欄
2 M 硫(VI) 酸 ㆗ ； 用 0.0215 M 錳(VII) 酸 鉀 溶 液 滴 定 所 得 溶 液 ， 需 24.30 cm3 的 錳(VII) 酸 鉀 書寫
溶液達致滴定終點。

(a) 把 鐵 線 加 入 硫(VI) 酸 時 ， 會 觀 察 到 什 麼 變 化 ?

(b) 寫出滴定進行時發生的反應的離子方程式，從而計算該鐵線樣本㆗鐵的質量百
分率。

(c) 建議怎樣可測出滴定的終點。

（6分）

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–5 –4– 　續　　後　　頁

4. 聚合 物 凱 夫 拉 爾 (Kevlar) 可 用 來 製 造 防 彈 衣 和 抗 撞 物 料 ， 它 的 重 複 單 位 如 ㆘ ︰ 不可在此欄
書寫

O O
C C NH NH

(a) 繪出凱夫拉爾各單體的結構。

(b) 繪圖顯示在凱夫拉爾㆗聚合物鏈如何彼此相吸，從而解釋為什麼凱夫拉爾具有
高拉伸強度。

(c) 很多海㆖鑽油台以凱夫拉爾繩纜替代鋼纜。寫出在海㆖鑽油台使用凱夫拉爾繩
纜的兩項優點（不必考慮拉伸強度這因素）。

（6分）

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–6 –5–

 不可在此欄
5. X 是週期表㆗的第3週期元素。X 和它的㆒個氧化物的結構如㆘。 書寫

X 氧

(a) 指出 X 是哪㆒元素，並加以解釋。

(b) 分別寫出 X 及其氧化物的㆒項用途。

(c) (i) 繪出 X 的氯化物的立體結構。

(ii) 把 X 的氯化物加入水㆗。寫出預期的觀察結果和所涉及反應的方程式。

（7分）
2001-AS-CHEM A&C–7 –6– 　續　　後　　頁
 不可在此欄
6. 選 答 (I) 或 (II)
(II) 。 書寫

(I) 塑膠工業

從 石 腦 油 （ 石 油 的 ㆒ 種 餾 分 ） 可 製 得 聚 ㆛ 烯 (PP)及 聚 氯 ㆚ 烯 (PVC)。

(a) 寫出從石腦油製造聚㆛烯所涉及的㆔個主要過程。

(b) 為什麼聚氯㆚烯的剛性高於聚㆛烯 ?

(c) 在聚氯㆚烯㆗加入增塑劑可降低其剛性，這類軟性聚氯㆚烯可用來製造供澆灌
用的喉管。

(i) 解釋增塑劑的功用。

(ii) 舉出㆒項理由說明為什麼這類聚氯㆚烯喉管經過㆒段時間後會變脆。

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–8 –7–

 不可在此欄
(d) 解釋為什麼焚化聚氯㆚烯廢物會導致嚴重的環境問題。 書寫

（10 分）

（此題的第 (II) 部分 印於第 9 和 10 頁。）

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–9 –8– 　續　　後　　頁

 不可在此欄
(II) 電鍍工業 書寫

在某電鍍廠㆗，把鋼製物件鍍鎳。鍍鎳過程前，先用煤油及氫氧化鈉的乳狀液處理鋼
製物件，繼而用稀氫氯酸處理。

(a) 為什麼要用㆘列物質處理鋼製物件 ?

(i) 煤油和氫氧化鈉的乳狀液

(ii) 稀氫氯酸

(b) 鍍 鎳 浴 含 硫 (VI)酸 鎳 (II) 、碳 酸 鉀 和 硼 酸 。 寫 出 ㆘ 列 物 質 的 功 用 ︰

(i) 碳酸鉀

(ii) 硼酸

(c) 在鍍鎳過程㆗，會將鋼製物件置於管狀陽極㆗。

(i) 為什麼要用管狀陽極 ?

(ii) 寫出陽極反應的半反應式。

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–10 –9–

 不可在此欄
(d) 舉出 ㆒ 項 理 由 說 明 為 什 麼 鍍 鎳 過 程 的 電 流 效 率 並 非 100%。 書寫

(e) 寫出與電鍍工業有關的㆒項環境問題，並提出㆒個解決的方法。

（10分）

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–11 – 10 – 　續　　後　　頁

 不可在此欄
7. 舉 出 適 當 的 試 驗 來 鑑 定 在 KCl(s) ㆗ 的 陽 離 子 和 陰 離 子 。 寫 出 各 試 驗 的 預 期 觀 察 結 果 。 書寫

（4 分）

㆙部完

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–12 – 11 –
 ㆚部

㆚ 部 各 題 （題 8 至 12）印 於 另 ㆒ 試 題 簿 。

㆛部

選 答 ㆒ 題 。 把 答 案 寫 在 本 試 題 答 題 簿 第 13 至 15 頁 的 空 位 內 。

分數的分配如㆘︰

化學知識 9分
組織與表達 6分

考生須適當㆞利用反應式、圖表和例子輔助作答。

評分時，考生的分析、評鑑和清晰表達能力均在考慮之列。

13. 寫㆒篇文章論述鹵素（氟、氯、溴和碘）的化學，內容須涵蓋它們相同和相異之處。
（15 分）

14. 解釋為什麼香港的空氣質素欠佳，並舉出可改善空氣質素的措施。
（15 分）

試 卷 完

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–13 – 12 –
 (只限用作回答㆛部試題)

題號 ︰

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–14 – 13 –
 (只限用作回答㆛部試題)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–15 – 14 –
 (只限用作回答㆛部試題)
㆛部
總分
(由閱卷員填寫)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2001-AS-CHEM A&C–16 – 15 –
2001 年

化學

㆙部

3. (b) 91.2%

㆚部

8. (a) (ii) 98.9

9. (c) (i) –2806 kJ mol–1

(ii) 155.8 kJ

(d) 398.0 kJ

12. (a) (i) (2) 1.58 × 10–5 mol dm–3

2001-ASL
CHEM HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY
SECTION B
HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION 2001

CHEMISTRY AS-LEVEL SECTION B

This paper must be answered in English

1. There are THREE sections in this paper, Section A, Section B and Section C.

2. Answer ALL questions in Section A, FOUR questions in Section B and ONE

question in Section C.

3. Section A carries 45 marks,

Section B carries 60 marks, and
Section C carries 15 marks.

4. Questions for Sections A and C are printed on a separate Question-Answer

Book.

5. Answers to Section B are to be written in the AL(C)1 Answer Book.

6. A Periodic Table is printed on page 1 of the Question-Answer Book for

Sections A and C.

香港考試局　　保留版權
Hong Kong Examinations Authority
All Rights Reserved 2001

2001-AS-CHEM B–1
 SECTION B

Answer any FOUR questions, using the AL(C)1 Answer Book.

8. (a) Consider the information about the naturally occurring isotopes of

carbon listed in the table below:

12 13
Isotope C C
Relative abundance (%) x y

(i) What is the meaning of the term ‘isotope of an element’ ?

(ii) Given that the relative atomic mass of carbon is 12.011,

calculate the value of x.

(iii) Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contains a trace amount

of 14C. 14C is radioactive and decays by emitting
β-particles.

(1) Write a nuclear equation for the decay of 14C.

(2) The 14C : 12C ratio of an archaeological specimen

decreases with time, but that of living things is
constant. Explain.

(3) What information can be obtained by comparing

the 14C : 12C ratio of an archaeological specimen
to that of living things ?
(7 marks)

2001-AS CHEM B–2 –1–

8. (b) The graph below shows the variations of the first and second
ionization enthalpies for the elements from helium to magnesium.
8000

ionization enthalpy / kJ mol–1

6000

second ionization enthalpies

4000

2000

first ionization enthalpies

0

He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg
element

(i) Write an equation to represent the second ionization of

helium.

(ii) Explain why

(1) the curve for the ‘second ionization enthalpies’ is

well above that for the ‘first ionization
enthalpies’,

(2) the first ionization enthalpy of boron is smaller

than that of beryllium, and

(3) the second ionization enthalpy of sodium is

greater than that of magnesium.

(iii) Which element, from lithium to magnesium, has the

greatest third ionization enthalpy ? Explain your answer.
(8 marks)
2001-AS CHEM B–3 –2– Go on to the next page
9. Glucose is a carbohydrate and tripalmitin is a fat. Their structures are
shown below :

CHO
CHOH
CH2OCO(CH2)14CH3
CHOH
CHOCO(CH2)14CH3
CHOH
CH2OCO(CH2)14CH3
CHOH
CH2OH
glucose tripalmitin

(a) Suggest a chemical test to show that glucose is a reducing sugar

and give the structure of the organic product formed.
(3 marks)

(b) Briefly describe how soap can be prepared from tripalmitin. Write
a chemical equation for the reaction involved.
(3 marks)

(c) The table below lists the standard enthalpy changes of formation of
three compounds :

Compound ∆H f—
O
, 298 /kJ mol–1
C6H12O6(s) –1274
glucose
CO2(g) – 394
H2O(l) – 286

(i) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of

glucose.

(ii) Calculate the theoretical amount of energy released when

10.0 g of glucose undergoes complete combustion.
(5 marks)

2001-AS CHEM B–4 –3–

9. (d) The thermochemical equation for the combustion of tripalmitin
(C51H98O6) is given below :

145
C51H98O6(s) + O2(g) → 51CO2(g) + 49H2O(l)
2
∆H —
O
,
c = –31400 kJ mol–1
298

Calculate the theoretical amount of energy released when 10.0 g of

tripalmitin undergoes complete combustion.
(2 marks)

(e) With reference to your answers in (c) and (d), suggest why plants
store their energy mainly in the form of carbohydrates, whereas
animals store their energy mainly in the form of fats.
(2 marks)

2001-AS CHEM B–5 –4– Go on to the next page

10. (a) The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be catalysed by
catalase which is an enzyme.

catalase
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O(l) + O2(g)

In an experiment to study the rate of decomposition of hydrogen

peroxide, 10.0 cm3 of 0.40 M hydrogen peroxide solution and a
small amount of catalase were used. The graph on page 6 shows
the results of the experiment.

(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the experimental set-up used.

(ii) Account for the change in the rate of decomposition of

hydrogen peroxide as shown in the graph.

(iii) The experiment was repeated using 30.0 cm3 of 0.20 M

hydrogen peroxide solution while keeping other
conditions unchanged. Sketch, on the same graph, the
results of the repeated experiment.

(iv) Suggest another substance which can catalyse the

decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
(7 marks)

(This question is continued on page 8.)

2001-AS CHEM B–6 –5–

 Page total

Candidate No. Centre No. Seat No.

If you attempt Question 10 (a), fill in the first three boxes above, detach this sheet
from the question book and tie it INSIDE your answer book.

80
volume of oxygen produced/cm3

60

40

20

0 40 80 120 160

time/s

2001-AS CHEM B–7 –6– Go on to the next page

 This is a blank page.

2001-AS CHEM B–8 –7–

10. (b) Consider the reactions of 1-methylcyclohexene shown below :

methylcyclohexane
CH3

1-methylcyclohexene HBr
A

(i) (1) Give the reagent(s) and conditions for

the conversion of 1-methylcyclohexene to
methylcyclohexane.

(2) Suggest a chemical test to distinguish between

1-methylcyclohexene and methylcyclohexane.

(ii) For the reaction of 1-methylcyclohexene with HBr,

(1) draw the structure of the major product A ,

(2) outline a mechanism and hence explain why A is

the major product.
(8 marks)

2001-AS CHEM B–9 –8– Go on to the next page

11. (a) In most sewage treatment plants, the sewage is treated in two
stages, namely primary treatment and secondary treatment. In
primary treatment, pieces of debris are removed. In secondary
treatment, bacteria are added and air is bubbled through the
sewage. Suspended solids in the sewage are allowed to settle and
are then removed. The bacteria are killed and the treated sewage is
discharged into the waterway.

(i) Suggest one way to remove pieces of debris from the

sewage in primary treatment.

(ii) Explain why in secondary treatment,

(1) bacteria are added, and

(2) air is bubbled through the sewage.

(iii) Explain why the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of

the sewage is greatly reduced after secondary treatment.

(iv) Suggest how the bacteria that have been added can be
killed when secondary treatment has been completed.
(7 marks)

2001-AS CHEM B–10 –9–

11. (b) 2-chloro-2-methylpropane can be prepared by reacting
2-methylpropan-2-ol with concentrated hydrochloric acid.

(CH3)3COH + HCl (CH3)3CCl + H2 O

This preparation consists of four stages as outlined below:

Stage 1 : Add concentrated hydrochloric acid slowly into a

vessel containing 2-methylpropan-2-ol while shaking
until the acid is in excess.
Stage 2 : Allow the mixture to settle into two layers. Separate
the organic layer and add to it sodium
hydrogencarbonate solution to neutralize the excess
acid.
Stage 3 : Transfer the organic layer obtained at the end of
Stage 2 into a conical flask. Add enough anhydrous
sodium sulphate(VI) and swirl the flask.
Stage 4 : Filter off sodium sulphate(VI) from the mixture
obtained in Stage 3. Distil the filtrate and collect
2-chloro-2-methylpropane in the temperature range
from 47°C to 53°C.

(i) A turbid mixture is formed in Stage 1. Explain.

(ii) How can one know that the excess acid has been
neutralized in Stage 2 ?

(iii) Why is anhydrous sodium sulphate(VI) used in Stage 3 ?

State the expected observation at the end of this stage.

(iv) Draw a labelled diagram for the experimental set-up that

is used in the distillation process in Stage 4.

(v) The boiling point of 2-methylpropan-2-ol is 82°C.

Explain why the boiling point of 2-methylpropan-2-ol is
higher than that of 2-chloro-2-methylpropane.
(8 marks)

2001-AS CHEM B–11 – 10 – Go on to the next page

12. (a) Solid sodium hydroxide was added in small amounts into a buffer
solution containing equal number of moles of butanoic acid and
sodium butanoate. The graph below shows the variation in pH of
the resulting solution at 298 K.

12

10
pH

4
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16
number of moles of NaOH(s) added

(i) (1) Write an expression for the dissociation constant,

Ka , of butanoic acid.

(2) From the initial pH, calculate Ka of butanoic acid.

(ii) Explain why

(1) the pH change of the solution was small for the

initial addition of solid sodium hydroxide (from
0.01 mole to 0.04 mole).

(2) the pH of the solution rose rapidly upon the

addition of 0.12 mole of sodium hydroxide.

(iii) Suggest one application of buffer solutions.

(7 marks)

2001-AS CHEM B–12 – 11 –

12. (b) Answer EITHER (I) OR (II).

(I) Chemistry and food

(i) The browning of apples is initiated by the aerial oxidation

of phenols in apples to diquinones. The oxidation is
catalysed by enzymes present in apples. The diquinones
formed then polymerize to give a brown substance in a
short period of time.

OH O
OH O polymerization
oxygen in air a brown
enzymes substance
R R
a phenol a diquinone

Suggest, with explanation, two methods that can be used

to prevent apples from browning.

(ii) For each of the following food additives, suggest one

application and state its function.

(1) butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)

(2) caramel
(8 marks)

(This question is continued on the next page.)

2001-AS CHEM B–13 – 12 – Go on to the next page

 (II) Chemistry and home hygiene

(i) A synthetic detergent has the following structure :

CH3CHCH2CHCH2CHCH2CHCH2 SO3-Na+
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3

With reference to its structure, explain why

(1) the detergent can be used to remove oily dirt,

(2) the detergent is not environmentally friendly.

(ii) Some washing powders contain phosphates as builders,

which improve the cleaning effect.

(1) One function of builders is to provide a mild

alkaline condition. Write a chemical equation to
illustrate that aqueous solutions of phosphates are
alkaline.

(2) Explain why alkaline conditions can assist

cleaning.

(3) Explain in detail why phosphates in washing

powders are also not environmentally friendly.
(8 marks)

END OF SECTION B

2001-AS CHEM B–14 – 13 –

2001 AS-Level Chemistry

Section A

3. (b) 91.2%

Section B

8. (a) (ii) 98.9

9. (c) (i) –2806 kJ mol–1

(ii) 155.8 kJ

(d) 398.0 kJ

12. (a) (i) (2) 1.58 × 10–5 mol dm–3