A Micro Project Report On

“Architecture of Operating System”

Under Subject:
OPERATING SYSTEM(22516)

Submitted by:

Gangawane Subodh[37]
Class:-CM5I Div:-A

Department of Computer Technology

Sanjivani K.B.P Polytechnic, Kopargaon
2022-23

Subject teacher: HOD:

Prof. G. N. Jorvekar Prof. G. N. Jorvekar
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. / Ms. Gangawane Subodh Maruti

Roll No. 37 of Fifth Semester Diploma in COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY of

S.K.B.P. POLYTECHNIC,KOPARGAON

has completed the MicroProject work satisfactory in Operating System for

the academic year 2022 - 2023 as prescribed in the MSBTE curriculum.

Place: Kopargaon Enrollment No. 2000340381

Date:07/12/2022 Exam Seat No.:

Subject teacher: HOD:

Prof. G. N. Jorvekar Prof. G. N. Jorvekar
|Overview:
The operating system provides an environment for the users
to execute computer programs. Operating systems are
already installed on the computers you buy for eg personal
computers have windows, Linux, and macOS, mainframe
computers have z/OS, z/VM, etc, and mobile phones have
operating systems such as Android, and iOS. The architecture
of an operating system consists of four major components
hardware, kernel, shell, and application and we shall explore
all of them in detail one by one.

|Scope:
. Operating system acts as an intermediary for the users
.Components of the operating system include process
management, memory management, security, error
detection, and I/O management.

.There are majorly four architectures of operating systems

monolithic, layered, microkernel, and hybrid.

.Hybrid architecture of operating systems includes all of the

previously mentioned operating systems.

|Architecture of an Operating
System:
Highlights:
.Operating system gives an environment for
executing programs by the users.
.Kernel is the most central part of the
operating systems.
.Software running on any operating system
can be system software and application
software. The operating system as we know is
an intermediary and its functionalities include
file management, memory management,
process management, handling input and
output, and peripheral devices as well.

The operating system handles all of the above

tasks for the system as well as application
software. The architecture of an operating
system is basically the design of its software
and hardware components. Depending upon
the tasks or programs we need to run users
can use the operating system most suitable
for that program/software.
Before explaining various architectures of the
operating systems, let's explore a few terms
first which are part of the operating system.

1) Application: The application represents the

software that a user is running on an
operating system it can be either system or
application software eg slack, sublime text
editor, etc.
2) Shell: The shell represents software that
provides an interface for the user where it
serves to launch or start some program for
which the user gives instructions.

It can be of two types first is a command line

and another is a graphical user interface for
eg: MS-DOS Shell, PowerShell, csh, ksh, etc.

3) Kernel: Kernel represents the most central

and crucial part of the operating system
where it is used for resource management i.e.
it provides necessary I/O, processor, and
memory to the application processes through
inter-process communication mechanisms
and system calls. Let's understand the various
types of architectures of the
operating system.

1)Monolithic Architecture
In monolithic architecture, each component of
the operating system is contained in the kernel
i.e. it is working in kernel space, and the
components of the operating system
communicate with each other using function
calls.

Examples of this type of architecture are

OS/360,VMX,and LINUX.

Advantages:
1.The main advantage of having a monolithic architecture of
the operating system is that it provides CPU scheduling,
memory management, memory management, etc through
system calls.
2.In a single address space, the entire large process is running.
3.It is a single static binary file.

2)Layered architecture:
In Layered architecture, components with similar
functionalities are grouped to form a layer and in this way,
total n+1 layers are constructed and counted from 0 to n
where each layer has a different set of functionalities and
services. Example: THE operating system, also windows XP,
and LINUX implements some level of layering.

The layers are implemented according to the following rule:

1. Each layer can communicate with all of its lower layers but
not with its upper layer i.e. any ith layer can communicate
with all layers from 0 to i-1 but not with the i+1th layer.
2. Each layer is designed in such a way that it will only need the
functionalities which are present in itself or the layers below
it.
There are 6 layers in layered architecture as shown below:
Let’s explain the layers one by one
1) Hardware: This layer is the lowest layer in the layered
operating system architecture, this layer is responsible for
the coordination with peripheral devices such as
keyboards, mice, scanners etc.
2) CPU scheduling: This layer is responsible for process
scheduling, multiple queues are used for scheduling.
Process entering the system are kept in the job queue
while those which are ready to be executed are put into
the ready queue. It manages the processes which are to
be kept in the CPU and those which are to be kept out of
the CPU.
3) Memory Management: This layer handles the aspect of
memory management i.e. moving the processes from the
secondary to primary memory for execution and vice-
versa. There are memories like RAM, and ROM. RAM is
the memory where our processes run they are moved to
 the RAM for execution and when they exit they are
removed from RAM.

4)Process Management: This layer is responsible for

managing the various processes i.e. assigning the CPU to
those processes on a priority basis for their execution.
Process management uses many scheduling algorithms
for prioritizing the processes for execution such as the
Round-Robin algorithm, FCFS(First Come First Serve),
SJF(Shortest Job First), etc.

5)I/O Buffer: Buffering is the temporary storage of data and

I/O Buffer means that the data input is first buffered before
storing it in the secondary memory. All I/O devices have
buffers attached to them for the temporary storage of the
input data because it cannot be stored directly in the
secondary storage as the speed of the I/O devices is slow as
compared to the processor.
6) User Programs: This is the application layer of the layered
architecture of the operating system, it deals with all the
application programs running eg games, browsers, words,
etc. It is the highest layer of layered architecture.

Advantages:
1) Layered architecture of the operating system provides
modularity because each layer is programmed to perform its
own tasks only.
2) Since the layered architecture has independent
components changing or updating one of them will not affect
the other component or the entire operating system will not
stop working, hence it is easy to debug and update.
3) The user can access the services of the hardware layer but
cannot access the hardware layer itself because it is the
innermost layer.
4) Each layer has its own functionalities and it is concerned
with itself only and other layers are abstracted from it.

Disadvantages:
1. Layered architecture is complex in implementation
because one layer may use the services of the other
layer and therefore, the layer using the services of
another layer must be put below the other one.
2. In a layered architecture, if one layer wants to
communicate with another it has to send a request
which goes through all layers in between which
increases response time causing inefficiency in the
system.
3)Microkernal Architecture
In this architecture, the components like process
management, networking, file system interaction, and device
management are executed outside the kernel while memory
management and synchronization are executed inside the
kernel. The processes inside the kernel have relatively high
priority, the components possess high modularity hence even
if one or more components fail the operating system keeps
on working.

Example:Linux and Windows XP contain Modular

components.

Advantages:
1. Microkernel operating systems are modular and hence,
disturbing one of the components will not affect the
other component.
 2. The architecture is compact and isolated and hence
relatively efficient.
3. New featurers can be added without recompilation.

Disadvantages:
1.Implementing drivers as procedures require a function call
or context switch.
2.In microkernel architecture,provding services is costlier
than monolithic operating systems.

4)Hybrid Architecture
Hybrid architecture as the name suggests consists of a hybrid
of all the architectures explained so far and hence it has
properties of all of those architectures which makes it highly
useful in present-day operating systems.
The hybrid-architecture consists of three layers

1.Hardware abstraction layer: It is the interface between the

kernel and hardware and is present at the lowest level.
2.Microkernel Layer: This is the old microkernel that we know
and it consists of CPU scheduling, memory management, and
inter-process communication.
3)

Application Layer: It acts as an interface between the user and

the microkernel. It contains the functionalities like a file
server, error detection, I/O device management, etc.

Example:Microsoft Windows NT kernel implemets hybrid

architecture of operating system.

Advantages:
1. Since it is a hybrid of other architectures it allows
various architectures to provide their services
respectively.
2. It is easy to manage because it uses a layered approach.
3. Number of layers is relatively lesser.
4. Security and protection are relatively improved.

Disadvantage:
1)Hybrid architecture of the operating system keeps certain
services in the kernel space while moving less critical services
to the user space.

|Conclusion
.We conclude that the operating system has various
architectures with which we can describe the functionality of
various components.

. The components of the operating system are process

management, memory management, I/O management, Error
Detection, and controlling peripheral devices.

. These architectures include monolithic, layered,

microkernel, and hybrid architectures classified on the basis
of the structure of components.

. Hybrid architecture is the most efficient and useful

architecture as it implements the functionalities of all other
architectures.

. Hybrid architecture is better in terms of security as well.