Soran University

Faculty of Science
Department of Computer

First Semester
Fall 2023
Lect . Zhila Yaseen & Sabat Salih

Digital logic 1
Lecture 1 1
Topics covered
• Introduction
• Digital and Analog
• Advantages of Digital Techniques
• Number Systems
• Conversion Among Bases

2
❖ Digital
• The term "digital" refers to a method or technology that represents and processes

information using discrete values or digits, typically in binary form (0s and 1s).

• In the context of computing and electronics, digital technology involves encoding

data into this binary format.

• Encoding typically involves transforming real-world data or analog signals into a

digital format , which consists of binary digits (0s and 1s)

3
❖ Digital Versus Analog
• Digital: - means signals are represented using discrete values, typically binary

digits (0s and 1s).

• Analog:- means signals vary continuously.

4
 ❖ Digitallogic
• Digital logic, is a branch of mathematics and electronics that deals with the
manipulation of binary (two-state) signals and the design of circuits that perform
logical operations on these signals

• Digital logic consists of binary variables and a set of logical operations.

• Variables are represented using letters from the alphabet, such as A, B, C, x,
y, z, etc. Each variable can only take on one of two distinct values: 1 or 0.

• Digital logic defines various logical operations, including AND, OR, NOT,
XOR, and others. These operations are performed on binary inputs to
produce binary outputs based on predefined rules.
5
 ❖ Advantagesof Digital Techniques
Digital systems offer advantages such as
• Simpler design.
• Easy information storage.
• higher accuracy.
• Programmability.
• Resilience to noise .
• Ability to integrate more circuitry on integrated circuits (ICs)

6
❖ Limitations of Digital Techniques
The world around us is analog
• It is common to convert analog parameters into digital form.
(analog-to-digital converter, ADC)
• Process (operate on) the digital information.
• Convert the digital output back to real-world analog form.
(digital-to-analog converter, DAC)

7
Numbering Systems

8
❖ CommonNumberSystems
System Base Symbols

Decimal 10 0, 1, … 9

Binary 2 0, 1

Octal 8 0, 1, … 7

Hexa-decimal 16 0, 1, … 9, A,
B, … F

9
❖ Quantities/Counting
Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
4 100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8

10
❖ Quantities/Counting

Decimal Binary Octal Hexa-decimal

9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 17 F
16 10000 20 10

11
 ❖ Conversionamong bases
The possibilities:

Decimal Octal

Hexa-
Binary
decimal

12
❖ Decimalto any Number base
• Take the decimal number, and divide by the new number base
• Keep track of the quotient and remainder
• Repeat until quotient = 0
• Read number from the bottom to the top

13
❖ DecimaltoBinary
• Binary is base 2
Example: convert 45 (decimal) to binary

Quotient Remainder
45 / 2 = 22.5 1 LSB
22 / 2 = 11 0
11 / 2 = 5.5 1
5 / 2 = 2.5 1
2/2=1 0
1 / 2 = 0.5 1 MSB
▪ So (45)10 = (101101)2
▪ Left hand side is the Most Significant Bit (MSB) and right hand side is the Least
Significant Bit (LSB).
14
❖ Decimalto Octal
• Octal is base 8
Example. Convert the decimal number (350)10 to an octal number.

Quotient Remainder

350/8 = 43.75 6 LSB

43/8 =5.375 3
5/8 = 0.625 5 MSB

• So (350)10 = (536)8

15
❖ Decimalto Hexadecimal
• Hexadecimal is base 16
Example. Convert the Convert (5386)10 to a hexadecimal number.

Quotient Remainder
5386/16 = 336.625 10 =A
336 /16 =21 0
21/16 = 1.3125 5
1/16 = 0.0625 1

• So (5286)10 = (150A)16

16
❖ Any Number Base to Decimal
• From right to left, multiply the digit of the number to convert by
its base position
• Sum all results

17
❖ Binary to Decimal
Binary is base 2
Example, convert (10110)2 to decimal

➔ (1 × 24) + (0 × 23) + (1 × 22) +(1 × 21) + (0 × 20)

➔ (1 × 16) + (0 × 8) + (1 × 4) +(1 × 2) + (0 ×1)

➔ 16+0 + 4 + 2 + 0

➔=22 10
➔ So 10110 2= 2210

18
❖ Octal to Decimal
• Octal is base 8
Example , convert (140)8 into a decimal number.

➔1408
➔1 × 82 + 4 × 81 + 0 × 80

➔1 × 64 + 4 × 8 + 0 × 1 = 64 + 32 + 0

➔64 + 32 + 0 = 96
So (140)8 = (96)10

19
❖ Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Hexadecimal is base 16
Example , convert (16)16 into a Decimal number.

➔ 1616
➔ 1x161 + 6x160
➔ 1x16 + 6x1
➔ 16 + 6
➔ 22
▪ So 1616 = 2210

20
Example 2 , convert (ABC)16 into a Decimal
number.

21
 ❖ Binary to Octal

• Octal is base 8.
Example, convert (1011010111)2 to Octal number.
➢ Group it in threes , starting on right to left , convert to octal digits.

1 011 010 111

1 3 2 7
• So (1011010111)2 =(1327)8

22
 ❖ Octal to Binary
➢ Convert each Octal digit to a 3-bit equivalent binary representation.

Example, convert (1024)8 to binary number.

1 0 2 4

001 000 010 100

• So (1024)8 = (1000010100)2

23
❖ Binary to Hexadecimal
• Hexadecimal is base 16.
Example, convert (1010111011)2 to Octal number.
➢ Group it in fours , starting on right to left , convert to hexadecimal digits.

10 1011 1011

2 B B
• So (1010111011)2 =(2BB)16

24
❖ Hexadecimal to Binary
Example, convert (10AF)16 to binary number.
➢ Convert each hexadecimal digit to a 4-bit equivalent binary representation.

1 0 A F

0001 0000 1010 1111

➢ So (10AF)16 = (0001000010101111)2

25
❖ Home work 1
1. Convert Octal to Hexadecimal.
2. Convert Hexadecimal to Octal.

26
Number Systems
Continues….

27