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Design Values for Wood Construction

2012 EDITION
Updates and Errata
While every precaution has been taken to
ensure the accuracy of this document, errors
may have occurred during development.
Updates or Errata are posted to the American
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National Design Specification ®

Design Values for Wood Construction

2012 EDITION
Copyright © 2011, 2012
American Wood Council
ii DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT

National Design Specification (NDS) Supplement: Design Values for Wood Construction 2012 Edition

First Web Version: November 2011

Second Web Version: February 2014

First Printing: October 2012

Second Printing: November 2013

ISBN 978-0-9827380-3-0

Copyright © 2011, 2012 by American Wood Council

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT iii

Introduction
This Supplement is a compendium of reference de- for conformance to established certification and quality
sign values for structural sawn lumber, structural glued control procedures.
laminated timber, and round timber piles and poles. These For additional information on development and appli-
reference design values have been obtained from the or- cability of lumber reference design values, grading rules
ganizations responsible for establishing design values for published by individual agencies and referenced ASTM
these products. Reference design values in this Supple- Standards should be consulted.
ment are provided as a courtesy for use with the design Structural Glued Laminated Timber
provisions of the National Design Specification® (NDS®) Reference design values in this Supplement for struc-
for Wood Construction, 2012 Edition. tural glued laminated timber are developed and published
Lumber by the American Institute of Timber Construction (AITC)
Reference design values for lumber in this Supple- and APA–The Engineered Wood Association (APA) in
ment are obtained from grading rules published by seven accordance with principles originally established by the
agencies: National Lumber Grades Authority (a Canadian U.S. Forest Products Laboratory in the early 1950s. These
agency), Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association, principles involve adjusting strength properties of clear
Northern Softwood Lumber Bureau, Redwood Inspection straight grained lumber to account for knots, slope of grain,
Service, Southern Pine Inspection Bureau, West Coast density, size of member, number of laminations, and other
Lumber Inspection Bureau, and Western Wood Products factors unique to laminated timber.
Association. Grading rules promulgated by these agencies, Specific methods used to establish reference design
including reference design values therein, have been ap- values have been periodically revised and improved to
proved by the Board of Review of the American Lumber reflect results of tests of large structural glued laminated
Standard Committee and certified for conformance with timber members conducted by the U.S. Forest Products
U.S. Department of Commerce Voluntary Product Stan- Laboratory and other accredited testing agencies. The
dard PS 20-10 (American Softwood Lumber Standard). performance history of structures made with structural
Reference design values for most species and grades of glued laminated timber conforming to AITC or APA speci-
visually graded dimension lumber are based on provisions fications and manufactured in accordance with American
of ASTM Standard D 1990-07 (Establishing Allowable National Standard ANSI/AITC A190.1-2007 (Structural
Properties for Visually Graded Dimension Lumber from Glued Laminated Timber) has demonstrated the validity
In-Grade Tests of Full-Size Specimens). Reference design of methods used to establish structural glued laminated
values for visually graded timbers, decking, and some timber reference design values.
species and grades of dimension lumber are based on pro- Round Timber Piles and Poles
visions of ASTM Standard D 245-06 (2011) (Establishing Reference design values in this Supplement for round
Structural Grades and Related Allowable Properties for timber piles and poles are developed by the Timber Piling
Visually Graded Lumber). Methods in ASTM Standard Council of the Southern Pressure Treaters’ Association in
D 245 involve adjusting strength properties of small clear accordance with principles originally established by the
specimens of wood, as given in ASTM Standard D 2555- U.S. Forest Products Laboratory in the early 1950s and
06 (Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values), for effects contained in ASTM D 2899-03 (Standard Practice for
of knots, slope of grain, splits, checks, size, duration of Establishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timber Piles)
load, moisture content, and other influencing factors, to and ASTM D 3200-74 (2005) (Standard Practice for Estab-
obtain reference design values applicable to normal condi- lishing Allowable Stresses for Round Timber Construction
tions of service. Lumber structures designed on the basis Poles), respectively. These principles involve adjusting
of working stresses derived from ASTM Standard D 245 strength properties of clear straight grained poles to ac-
procedures and standard design criteria have a long history count for knots, slope of grain, density, size of member,
of satisfactory performance. and other factors unique to timber poles.
Reference design values for machine stress rated Specific methods used to establish reference design
(MSR) lumber and machine evaluated lumber (MEL) are values are contained in D 2899 and are used by D 3200.
based on nondestructive testing of individual pieces. Cer- These methods have been revised to reflect results of full-
tain visual grade requirements also apply to such lumber. size tests of timber piles.
The stress rating system used for MSR and MEL lumber Conditions of Use
is regularly checked by the responsible grading agency Reference design values presented in this Supplement
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
iv DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT

are for normal load duration under dry conditions of ser-

vice. Because the strength of wood varies with conditions
under which it is used, these reference design values should
only be applied in conjunction with appropriate design
and service recommendations from the NDS. Additionally,
reference design values in this Supplement apply only to
material identified by the grade mark of, or certificate of
inspection issued by, a grading or inspection bureau or
agency recognized as being competent.
American Wood Council

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT v

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter/Title Page Chapter/Title Page

1 Sawn Lumber Grading 3 Section Properties ...................................................... 11

Agencies .................................................................................................................. 1 3.1 Section Properties of Sawn Lumber
1.1 List of Sawn Lumber Grading Agencies and Structural Glued Laminated Timber

2 Species Combinations ............................................ 3 4 Reference Design Values ..................... 29

2.1 List of Sawn Lumber Species
Combinations
2.2 List of Non-North American Sawn
Lumber Species Combinations
2.3 List of Structural Glued Laminated Timber
Species Combinations

LIST OF TABLES
1A Nominal and Minimum Dressed Sizes of 4F Reference Design Values for Non-North
Sawn Lumber........................................................ 13 American Visually Graded Dimension
Lumber (2" - 4" thick).......................................... 55
1B Section Properties of Standard Dressed
(S4S) Sawn Lumber.............................................. 14 5A Reference Design Values for Structural Glued
Laminated Softwood Timber (Members stressed
1C Section Properties of Western Species Structural
primarily in bending)............................................ 60
Glued Laminated Timber...................................... 16
5B Reference Design Values for Structural Glued
1D Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural
Laminated Softwood Timber (Members stressed
Glued Laminated Timber...................................... 22
primarily in axial tension or compression)........... 64
4A Reference Design Values for Visually Graded
5C Reference Design Values for Structural Glued
Dimension Lumber (2" - 4" thick) (All species
Laminated Hardwood Timber (Members stressed
except Southern Pine)........................................... 30
primarily in bending)............................................ 66
4B Reference Design Values for Visually Graded
5D Reference Design Values for Structural Glued
Southern Pine Dimension Lumber
Laminated Hardwood Timber (Members stressed
(2" - 4" thick) ....................................................... 37
primarily in axial tension or compression)........... 69
4C Reference Design Values for Mechanically
6A Reference Design Values for Treated Round
Graded Dimension Lumber.................................. 40
Timber Piles Graded per ASTM D25................... 72
4D Reference Design Values for Visually Graded
6B Reference Design Values for Round Timber
Timbers (5" x 5" and larger) ................................ 44
Construction Poles Graded per ASTM D3200..... 72
4E Reference Design Values for Visually Graded
Decking................................................................. 51

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vi DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 1

SAWN LUMBER
GRADING
AGENCIES

1.1 List of Sawn Lumber Grading Agencies 2

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2 SAWN LUMBER GRADING AGENCIES

1.1 List of Sawn Lumber Grading Agencies

Following is a list of agencies certified by the American Lumber Standard Committee Board of Review (as of 2011)
for inspection and grading of untreated lumber under the rules indicated. For the most up-to-date list of certified agen-
cies contact:

American Lumber Standard Committee

P.O. Box 210
Germantown, Maryland 20875-0210
www.alsc.org

Rules for which grading

Rules Writing Agencies is authorized

Northeastern Lumber Manufacturers Association (NELMA).............. NELMA, NLGA, NSLB, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA
272 Tuttle Road, P.O. Box 87A, Cumberland Center, Maine 04021
Northern Softwood Lumber Bureau (NSLB).................................................................. NLGA, NSLB, WCLIB, WWPA
272 Tuttle Road, P.O. Box 87A, Cumberland Center, Maine 04021
Redwood Inspection Service (RIS)................................................................................................... RIS, WCLIB, WWPA
818 Grayson Road, Suite 201, Pleasant Hill, California 94523
Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB).............................................. NELMA, NLGA, NSLB, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA
4709 Scenic Highway, Pensacola, Florida 32504
West Coast Lumber Inspection Bureau (WCLIB).....................................................NLGA, RIS, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA
6980 SW Varnes Road, P.O. Box 23145, Tigard, Oregon 97223
Western Wood Products Association (WWPA)......................................... NELMA, NLGA, RIS, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA
522 SW Fifth Avenue, Suite 500, Portland, Oregon 97204
National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA)
13401-108th Avenue, Suite 105, Surrey, BC, Canada V3T 5T3

Non-Rules Writing Agencies

American Institute of Timber Construction.......................................................................NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA

Continental Inspection Agency, LLC................................................................................... NLGA, RIS, WCLIB, WWPA
Pacific Lumber Inspection Bureau, Inc................................................................................ NLGA, RIS, WCLIB, WWPA
Renewable Resource Associates, Inc.................................................... NELMA, NLGA, NSLB, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA
Stafford Inspection and Consulting, LLC............................................. NELMA, NLGA, NSLB, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA
Timber Products Inspection.......................................................... NELMA, NLGA, NSLB, RIS, SPIB,­WCLI­B, WWPA

Alberta Forest Products Association......................................................................................................................... NLGA

Canadian Mill Services Association........................................................................................................... NLGA, WWPA
Canadian Softwood Inspection Agency, Inc................................................................................ NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA
Central Forest Products Association......................................................................................................... NELMA, NLGA
Council of Forest Industries........................................................................................................................ NLGA, WWPA
Macdonald Inspection.................................................................................................................. NLGA, WCLI­B, WWPA
Maritime Lumber Bureau......................................................................................................................... NELMA, NLGA
Newfoundland and Labrador Lumber Producers Association.................................................................................. NLGA
Ontario Forest Industries Association – Home of CLA Grading and Inspection..................................... NELMA, NLGA
Ontario Lumber Manufacturers Agency................................................................................................... NELMA, NLGA
Quebec Forest Industry Council............................................................................................................... NELMA, NLGA

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 3

SPECIES 2

COMBINATIONS

2.1 List of Sawn Lumber Species

Combinations 4
2.2 List of Non-North American Sawn
Lumber Species Combinations 8
2.3 List of Structural Glued Laminated
Timber Species Combinations 9

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4 SPECIES COMBINATIONS

2.1 List of Sawn Lumber Species Combinations

Species or Species Species That May Be Grading Design Values
Combination Included in Combination Rules Agencies Provided in Tables
Alaska Cedar WCLIB 4A
Alaska Hemlock WWPA 4A
Alaska Spruce Alaska Sitka Spruce WWPA 4A
Alaska White Spruce
Alaska Yellow Cedar WCLIB, WWPA 4A
Aspen Big Tooth Aspen NELMA 4A
Quaking Aspen NSLB
WWPA
Baldcypress SPIB 4A, 4D
Balsam Fir NELMA 4D, 4E
NSLB
Beech-Birch-Hickory American Beech NELMA 4A, 4D
Bitternut Hickory
Mockernut Hickory
Nutmeg Hickory
Pecan Hickory
Pignut Hickory
Shagbark Hickory
Shellbark Hickory
Sweet Birch
Water Hickory
Yellow Birch
Coast Sitka Spruce NLGA 4A, 4D, 4E
Coast Species Amabilis Fir NLGA 4E
Coast Sitka Spruce
Douglas Fir
Western Hemlock
Western Larch
Cottonwood NSLB 4A
Douglas Fir-Larch Douglas Fir WCLIB 4A, 4C, 4D, 4E
Western Larch WWPA
Douglas Fir-Larch (North) Douglas Fir NLGA 4A, 4C, 4D, 4E
Western Larch
Douglas Fir-South WWPA 4A, 4C, 4D, 4E
Eastern Hemlock NELMA 4D
NSLB
Eastern Hemlock-Balsam Fir Balsam Fir NELMA 4A
Eastern Hemlock
Tamarack
Eastern Hemlock-Tamarack Eastern Hemlock NELMA 4A, 4D, 4E
Tamarack NSLB
Eastern Hemlock-Tamarack (North) Eastern Hemlock NLGA 4D, 4E
Tamarack

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 5

2.1 List of Sawn Lumber Species Combinations (Cont.)

Species or Species Species That May Be Grading Design Values
Combination Included in Combination Rules Agencies Provided in Tables
Eastern Softwoods Balsam Fir NELMA 4A 2
Black Spruce NSLB
Eastern Hemlock

SPECIES COMBINATIONS
Eastern White Pine
Jack Pine
Norway (Red) Pine
Pitch Pine
Red Spruce
Tamarack
White Spruce
Eastern Spruce Black Spruce NELMA 4D, 4E
Red Spruce NSLB
White Spruce
Eastern White Pine

NELMA
NSLB
4A, 4D, 4E
6
Eastern White Pine (North) NLGA 4E
Hem-Fir California Red Fir WCLIB 4A, 4C, 4D, 4E
Grand Fir WWPA
Noble Fir
Pacific Silver Fir
Western Hemlock
White Fir
Hem-Fir (North) Amabilis Fir NLGA 4A, 4C, 4D, 4E
Western Hemlock
Mixed Maple Black Maple NELMA 4A, 4D
Red Maple
Silver Maple
Sugar Maple
Mixed Oak All Oak Species NELMA 4A, 4D
graded under NELMA rules
Mixed Southern Pine Any species in the Southern SPIB 4B, 4C, 4D
Pine species combination, plus
either or both of the following:
  Pond Pine
  Virginia Pine
Mountain Hemlock WWPA, WCLIB 4D
Northern Pine Jack Pine NELMA 4D, 4E
Norway (Red) Pine NSLB
Pitch Pine
Northern Red Oak Black Oak NELMA 4A, 4D
Northern Red Oak
Pin Oak
Scarlet Oak
Northern Species Any species graded NLGA 4A, 4C, 4E
under NLGA rules except
Red Alder, White Birch,
and Norway Spruce
Northern White Cedar NELMA 4A, 4D, 4E
Ponderosa Pine NLGA 4D, 4E

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6 SPECIES COMBINATIONS

2.1 List of Sawn Lumber Species Combinations (Cont.)

Species or Species Species That May Be Grading Design Values
Combination Included in Combination Rules Agencies Provided in Tables
Red Maple NELMA 4A, 4D
Red Oak Black Oak NELMA 4A, 4D
Cherrybark Oak
Laurel Oak
Northern Red Oak
Pin Oak
Scarlet Oak
Southern Red Oak
Water Oak
Willow Oak
Red Pine NLGA 4D, 4E
Redwood RIS 4A, 4D, 4E
Sitka Spruce WWPA, WCLIB 4D, 4E
Southern Pine Loblolly Pine SPIB 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E
Longleaf Pine
Shortleaf Pine
Slash Pine
Spruce-Pine-Fir Alpine Fir NLGA 4A, 4C, 4D, 4E
Balsam Fir
Black Spruce
Engelmann Spruce
Jack Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Red Spruce
White Spruce
Spruce-Pine-Fir (South) Balsam Fir NELMA 4A, 4C, 4D, 4E
Black Spruce NSLB
Engelmann Spruce WCLIB
Jack Pine WWPA
Lodgepole Pine
Norway (Red) Pine
Red Spruce
Sitka Spruce
White Spruce
Western Cedars Alaska Cedar WCLIB 4A, 4C, 4D, 4E
Incense Cedar WWPA
Port Orford Cedar
Western Red Cedar
Western Cedars (North) Pacific Coast Yellow Cedar NLGA 4D, 4E
Western Red Cedar
Western Hemlock WWPA, WCLIB 4D, 4E
Western Hemlock (North) NLGA 4D, 4E
Western White Pine NLGA 4D, 4E

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 7

2.1 List of Sawn Lumber Species Combinations (Cont.)

Species or Species Species That May Be Grading Design Values
Combination Included in Combination Rules Agencies Provided in Tables
Western Woods Any species in the Douglas WCLIB 4A, 4C, 4D, 4E 2
Fir-Larch, Douglas Fir-South, WWPA
Hem-Fir, and Spruce-Pine-Fir

SPECIES COMBINATIONS
(South) species combinations,
plus any or all of the
following:
Alpine Fir
Idaho White Pine
Mountain Hemlock
Ponderosa Pine
Sugar Pine
White Oak Bur Oak NELMA 4A, 4D
Chestnut Oak
Live Oak
Overcup Oak 6
Post Oak
Swamp Chestnut Oak
Swamp White Oak
White Oak
Yellow Cedar NLGA 4A
Yellow Poplar NSLB 4A

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8 SPECIES COMBINATIONS

2.2 List of Non-North American Sawn Lumber Species

Combinations
Species or Species Combination Species That May Be Grading DesignValues
Included in Combination Rules Agency Provided in Tables
Austrian Spruce - Austria & The Czech Republic WCLIB 4F
Douglas Fir - France & Germany WCLIB 4F
Douglas Fir/European Larch - Austria, The Douglas Fir WCLIB 4F
Czech Republic, & Bavaria European Larch
Montane Pine - South Africa WCLIB 4F
Norway Spruce - Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania WCLIB 4F
Norway Spruce - Finland WCLIB 4F
Norway Spruce - Germany, NE France, WCLIB 4F
& Switzerland
Norway Spruce - Romania & the Ukraine WCLIB 4F
Norway Spruce - Sweden WCLIB 4F
Scots Pine - Austria, The Czech Republic, WCLIB 4F
Romania, & the Ukraine
Scots Pine - Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania WCLIB 4F
Scots Pine - Finland WCLIB 4F
Scots Pine - Germany* WCLIB 4F
Scots Pine - Sweden WCLIB 4F
Silver Fir (Abies alba) - Germany, NE France, WCLIB 4F
& Switzerland
Southern Pine - Misiones Argentina SPIB 4F
Southern Pine - Misiones Argentina, Free of SPIB 4F
Heart Center and Medium Grain Density
* Does not include states of Baden-Wurttemburg and Saarland.

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 9

2.3 List of Structural Glued Laminated Timber Species

Combinations
Species or Symbol Species That May Be Design Values
Species Group Included in Group Provided in Tables 2
Alaska Cedar AC Alaska Cedar 5A, 5B
Douglas Fir-Larch DF Douglas Fir, Western Larch 5A, 5B

SPECIES COMBINATIONS
Eastern Spruce ES Black Spruce 5A
Red Spruce
White Spruce
Hem-Fir HF California Red Fir 5A, 5B
Grand Fir
Noble Fir
Pacific Silver Fir
Western Hemlock
White Fir
Softwood Species SW Alpine Fir 5A, 5B
Balsam Fir 6
Black Spruce
Douglas Fir
Douglas Fir South
Engelmann Spruce
Idaho White Pine
Jack Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Mountain Hemlock
Ponderosa Pine
Red Spruce
Sugar Pine
Western Larch
Western Red Cedar
White Spruce
Southern Pine SP Loblolly Pine 5A, 5B
Longleaf Pine
Shortleaf Pine
Slash Pine
Spruce-Pine-Fir SPF Alpine Fir 5A
Balsam Fir
Black Spruce
Engelmann Spruce
Jack Pine
Lodgepole Pine
Norway Pine
Red Spruce
Sitka Spruce
White Spruce

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10 SPECIES COMBINATIONS

2.3 List of Structural Glued Laminated Timber Species

Combinations (Cont.)
Species or Symbol Species That May Be Design Values
Species Group Included in Group Provided in Tables
Group A Hardwoods A Ash, White 5C, 5D
Beech, American
Birch, Sweet
Birch, Yellow
Hickory, Bitternut
Hickory, Mockernut
Hickory, Nutmeg
Hickory, Pecan
Hickory, Pignut
Hickory, Shagbark
Hickory, Shellbark
Hickory, Water
Oak, Northern Red
Oak, White
Group B Hardwoods B Elm, Rock 5C, 5D
Maple, Black
Maple, Red
Mixed Oak:
Black
Bur
Cherrybark
Chestnut
Laurel
Live
Northern Red
Overcup
Pin
Post
Scarlet
Southern Red
Swamp Chestnut
Swamp White
Water
White
Sweetgum
Group C Hardwoods C Ash, Black 5C, 5D
Elm, American
Tupulo, Water
Yellow Poplar
Group D Hardwoods D Aspen, Bigtooth 5C, 5D
Aspen, Quaking
Cottonwood, Eastern
Mixed Maple:
Black
Red
Silver
Sugar

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 11

SECTION
PROPERTIES 3

3.1 Section Properties of Sawn Lumber

and Structural Glued Laminated
Timber 12

Table 1A Nominal and Minimum Dressed Sizes of Sawn

Lumber................................................................... 13
Table 1B Section Properties of Standard Dressed (S4S)
Sawn Lumber......................................................... 14
Table 1C Section Properties of Western Species
Structural Glued Laminated Timber.................. 16
Table 1D Section Properties of Southern Pine
Structural Glued Laminated Timber.................. 22

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12 SECTION PROPERTIES

3.1 Section Properties of Sawn Lumber and Structural

Glued Laminated Timber
3.1.1 Standard Sizes of Sawn MOMENT OF INERTIA, I, of the cross section of a
Lumber beam is the sum of the products of each of its elementary
areas multiplied by the square of their distance from the
Details regarding the dressed sizes of various spe- neutral axis of the section.
cies of lumber in the grading rules of the agencies which SECTION MODULUS, S, is the moment of inertia
formulate and maintain such rules. The dressed sizes in divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the extreme
Table 1A conform to the sizes set forth in U.S. Depart- fiber of the section.
ment of Commerce Voluntary Product Standard PS 20-10 CROSS SECTION is a section taken through the
(American Softwood Lumber Standard). While these sizes member perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
are generally available on a commercial basis, it is good The following symbols and formulas apply to rectan-
practice to consult the local lumber dealer to determine gular beam cross sections:
what sizes are on hand or can be readily secured.
X-X = neutral axis for edgewise bending (load
Dry lumber is defined as lumber which has been sea-
applied to narrow face)
soned to a moisture content of 19% or less. Green lumber
is defined as lumber having a moisture content in excess Y-Y = neutral axis for flatwise bending (load
of 19%. applied to wide face)

b = breadth (thickness) of rectangular bending

3.1.2 Properties of Standard member, in.
Dressed Sizes
d = depth (width) of rectangular bending member, in.

Certain mathematical expressions of the properties A = bd = area of cross section, in.2

or elements of sections are used in design calculations c = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber of
for various member shapes and loading conditions. The cross section, in.
section properties for selected standard sizes of boards,
dimension lumber, and timbers are given in Table 1B. Ix = bd3/12 = moment of inertia about the X-X axis,

Section properties for selected standard sizes of structural in.4

glued laminated timber are given in Tables 1C and 1D. Iy = db3/12 = moment of inertia about the Y-Y axis,
in.4
3.1.3 Definitions rx = I x / A = d / 12 = radius of gyration about the
X-X axis, in.
NEUTRAL AXIS, in the cross section of a beam, is
the line on which there is neither tension nor compression ry = I y / A = b / 12 = radius of gyration about

stress. the Y-Y axis, in.

Sx = Ix/c = bd2/6 = section modulus about the X-X

Figure 1A Dimensions for Rectangular axis, in.3
Cross Section Sy = Iy/c = db2/6 = section modulus about the Y-Y
Y axis, in.3
Y
The following formula shall be used to determine the
density in lbs/ft3 of wood:

 G   m.c. 
density = 62.4  1+
)( )   100 
X X
X X  1 + G ( 0.009 m.c.

where:
G = specific gravity of wood
Y Y
Structural Glued Laminated Timber Sawn Lumber m.c. = moisture content of wood, %
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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 13

Table 1A Nominal and Minimum Dressed Sizes of Sawn Lumber

Thickness (in.) Face Widths (in.)

Minimum dressed Minimum dressed

Item
Nominal Dry Green Nominal Dry Green
Boards 3/4 5/8 11/16 2 1-1/2   1-9/16
1 3/4 25/32 3 2-1/2   2-9/16


1-1/4
1-1/2
1
1-1/4
1-1/32
1-9/32
4
5
3-1/2   3-9/16
4-1/2   4-5/8
3
6 5-1/2   5-5/8
7 6-1/2   6-5/8

SECTION PROPERTIES
8 7-1/4   7-1/2
9 8-1/4   8-1/2
10 9-1/4   9-1/2
11 10-1/4 10-1/2
12 11-1/4 11-1/2 
14 13-1/4 13-1/2
16 15-1/4 15-1/2
Dimension
2 1-1/2 1-9/16 2 1-1/2   1-9/16
Lumber
2-1/2 2 2-1/16 3 2-1/2   2-9/16
3 2-1/2 2-9/16 4 3-1/2   3-9/16
3-1/2 3 3-1/16 5 4-1/2   4-5/8
4 3-1/2 3-9/16 6 5-1/2   5-5/8
4-1/2 4 4-1/16 8 7-1/4   7-1/2
10 9-1/4   9-1/2
12 11-1/4 11-1/2
14 13-1/4 13-1/2
16 15-1/4 15-1/2
Timbers 5 & 6 thick 1/2 off 1/2 off 5 & 6 wide 1/2 off 1/2 off
7-15 thick 3/4 off 1/2 off 7-15 wide 3/4 off 1/2 off
≥16 thick 1 off 1/2 off ≥16 wide 1 off 1/2 off

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14 SECTION PROPERTIES

Table 1B Section Properties of Standard Dressed (S4S) Sawn Lumber

X-X AXIS Y-Y AXIS

Standard Area Moment Moment Approximate weight in pounds per linear foot (lbs/ft)
Nominal Dressed of Section of Section of of piece when density of wood equals:
Size Size (S4S) Section Modulus Inertia Modulus Inertia
bxd bxd A Sxx Ixx Syy Iyy 25 lbs/ft3 30 lbs/ft3 35 lbs/ft3 40 lbs/ft3 45 lbs/ft3 50 lbs/ft3
2 3 4 3 4
in. x in. in. in. in. in. in.
Boards1
1x3 3/4 x 2-1/2 1.875 0.781 0.977 0.234 0.088 0.326 0.391 0.456 0.521 0.586 0.651
1x4 3/4 x 3-1/2 2.625 1.531 2.680 0.328 0.123 0.456 0.547 0.638 0.729 0.820 0.911
1x6 3/4 x 5-1/2 4.125 3.781 10.40 0.516 0.193 0.716 0.859 1.003 1.146 1.289 1.432
1x8 3/4 x 7-1/4 5.438 6.570 23.82 0.680 0.255 0.944 1.133 1.322 1.510 1.699 1.888
1 x 10 3/4 x 9-1/4 6.938 10.70 49.47 0.867 0.325 1.204 1.445 1.686 1.927 2.168 2.409
1 x 12 3/4 x 11-1/4 8.438 15.82 88.99 1.055 0.396 1.465 1.758 2.051 2.344 2.637 2.930
Dimension Lumber (see NDS 4.1.3.2) and Decking (see NDS 4.1.3.5)
2x3 1-1/2 x 2-1/2 3.750 1.56 1.953 0.938 0.703 0.651 0.781 0.911 1.042 1.172 1.302
2x4 1-1/2 x 3-1/2 5.250 3.06 5.359 1.313 0.984 0.911 1.094 1.276 1.458 1.641 1.823
2x5 1-1/2 x 4-1/2 6.750 5.06 11.39 1.688 1.266 1.172 1.406 1.641 1.875 2.109 2.344
2x6 1-1/2 x 5-1/2 8.250 7.56 20.80 2.063 1.547 1.432 1.719 2.005 2.292 2.578 2.865
2x8 1-1/2 x 7-1/4 10.88 13.14 47.63 2.719 2.039 1.888 2.266 2.643 3.021 3.398 3.776
2 x 10 1-1/2 x 9-1/4 13.88 21.39 98.93 3.469 2.602 2.409 2.891 3.372 3.854 4.336 4.818
2 x 12 1-1/2 x 11-1/4 16.88 31.64 178.0 4.219 3.164 2.930 3.516 4.102 4.688 5.273 5.859
2 x 14 1-1/2 x 13-1/4 19.88 43.89 290.8 4.969 3.727 3.451 4.141 4.831 5.521 6.211 6.901
3x4 2-1/2 x 3-1/2 8.75 5.10 8.932 3.646 4.557 1.519 1.823 2.127 2.431 2.734 3.038
3x5 2-1/2 x 4-1/2 11.25 8.44 18.98 4.688 5.859 1.953 2.344 2.734 3.125 3.516 3.906
3x6 2-1/2 x 5-1/2 13.75 12.60 34.66 5.729 7.161 2.387 2.865 3.342 3.819 4.297 4.774
3x8 2-1/2 x 7-1/4 18.13 21.90 79.39 7.552 9.440 3.147 3.776 4.405 5.035 5.664 6.293
3 x 10 2-1/2 x 9-1/4 23.13 35.65 164.9 9.635 12.04 4.015 4.818 5.621 6.424 7.227 8.030
3 x 12 2-1/2 x 11-1/4 28.13 52.73 296.6 11.72 14.65 4.883 5.859 6.836 7.813 8.789 9.766
3 x 14 2-1/2 x 13-1/4 33.13 73.15 484.6 13.80 17.25 5.751 6.901 8.051 9.201 10.35 11.50
3 x 16 2-1/2 x 15-1/4 38.13 96.90 738.9 15.89 19.86 6.619 7.943 9.266 10.59 11.91 13.24
4x4 3-1/2 x 3-1/2 12.25 7.15 12.51 7.146 12.51 2.127 2.552 2.977 3.403 3.828 4.253
4x5 3-1/2 x 4-1/2 15.75 11.81 26.58 9.188 16.08 2.734 3.281 3.828 4.375 4.922 5.469
4x6 3-1/2 x 5-1/2 19.25 17.65 48.53 11.23 19.65 3.342 4.010 4.679 5.347 6.016 6.684
4x8 3-1/2 x 7-1/4 25.38 30.66 111.1 14.80 25.90 4.405 5.286 6.168 7.049 7.930 8.811
4 x 10 3-1/2 x 9-1/4 32.38 49.91 230.8 18.89 33.05 5.621 6.745 7.869 8.993 10.12 11.24
4 x 12 3-1/2 x 11-1/4 39.38 73.83 415.3 22.97 40.20 6.836 8.203 9.570 10.94 12.30 13.67
4 x 14 3-1/2 x 13-1/4 46.38 102.41 678.5 27.05 47.34 8.051 9.661 11.27 12.88 14.49 16.10
4 x 16 3-1/2 x 15-1/4 53.38 135.66 1034 31.14 54.49 9.266 11.12 12.97 14.83 16.68 18.53
Timbers (5" x 5" and larger)2
Post and Timber (see NDS 4.1.3.4 and 4.1.5.3)
5x5 4-1/2 x 4-1/2 20.25 15.19 34.17 15.19 34.17 3.516 4.219 4.922 5.625 6.328 7.031
6x6 5-1/2 x 5-1/2 30.25 27.73 76.26 27.73 76.26 5.252 6.302 7.352 8.403 9.453 10.50
6x8 5-1/2 x 7-1/2 41.25 51.56 193.4 37.81 104.0 7.161 8.594 10.03 11.46 12.89 14.32
8x8 7-1/2 x 7-1/2 56.25 70.31 263.7 70.31 263.7 9.766 11.72 13.67 15.63 17.58 19.53
8 x 10 7-1/2 x 9-1/2 71.25 112.8 535.9 89.06 334.0 12.37 14.84 17.32 19.79 22.27 24.74
10 x 10 9-1/2 x 9-1/2 90.25 142.9 678.8 142.9 678.8 15.67 18.80 21.94 25.07 28.20 31.34
10 x 12 9-1/2 x 11-1/2 109.3 209.4 1204 173.0 821.7 18.97 22.76 26.55 30.35 34.14 37.93
12 x 12 11-1/2 x 11-1/2 132.3 253.5 1458 253.5 1458 22.96 27.55 32.14 36.74 41.33 45.92
12 x 14 11-1/2 x 13-1/2 155.3 349.3 2358 297.6 1711 26.95 32.34 37.73 43.13 48.52 53.91
14 x 14 13-1/2 x 13-1/2 182.3 410.1 2768 410.1 2768 31.64 37.97 44.30 50.63 56.95 63.28
14 x 16 13-1/2 x 15-1/2 209.3 540.6 4189 470.8 3178 36.33 43.59 50.86 58.13 65.39 72.66
16 x 16 15-1/2 x 15-1/2 240.3 620.6 4810 620.6 4810 41.71 50.05 58.39 66.74 75.08 83.42
16 x 18 15-1/2 x 17-1/2 271.3 791.1 6923 700.7 5431 47.09 56.51 65.93 75.35 84.77 94.18
18 x 18 17-1/2 x 17-1/2 306.3 893.2 7816 893.2 7816 53.17 63.80 74.44 85.07 95.70 106.3
18 x 20 17-1/2 x 19-1/2 341.3 1109 10813 995.3 8709 59.24 71.09 82.94 94.79 106.6 118.5
20 x 20 19-1/2 x 19-1/2 380.3 1236 12049 1236 12049 66.02 79.22 92.4 105.6 118.8 132.0
20 x 22 19-1/2 x 21-1/2 419.3 1502 16150 1363 13285 72.79 87.34 101.9 116.5 131.0 145.6
22 x 22 21-1/2 x 21-1/2 462.3 1656 17806 1656 17806 80.25 96.30 112.4 128.4 144.5 160.5
22 x 24 21-1/2 x 23-1/2 505.3 1979 23252 1810 19463 87.72 105.3 122.8 140.3 157.9 175.4
24 x 24 23-1/2 x 23-1/2 552.3 2163 25415 2163 25415 95.88 115.1 134.2 153.4 172.6 191.8

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 15

Table 1B Section Properties of Standard Dressed (S4S) Sawn Lumber (Cont.)

X-X AXIS Y-Y AXIS

Standard Area Moment Moment Approximate weight in pounds per linear foot (lbs/ft)
Nominal Dressed of Section of Section of of piece when density of wood equals:
Size Size (S4S) Section Modulus Inertia Modulus Inertia
bxd bxd A Sxx Ixx Syy Iyy 25 lbs/ft3 30 lbs/ft3 35 lbs/ft3 40 lbs/ft3 45 lbs/ft3 50 lbs/ft3
2 3 4 3 4
in. x in. in. in. in. in. in.
Beams & Stringers (see NDS 4.1.3.3 and 4.1.5.3)
6 x 10 5-1/2 x 9-1/2 52.25 82.73 393.0 47.90 131.7 9.071 10.89 12.70 14.51 16.33 18.14 3
6 x 12 5-1/2 x 11-1/2 63.25 121.2 697.1 57.98 159.4 10.98 13.18 15.37 17.57 19.77 21.96
6 x 14 5-1/2 x 13-1/2 74.25 167.1 1128 68.06 187.2 12.89 15.47 18.05 20.63 23.20 25.78
6 x 16 5-1/2 x 15-1/2 85.25 220.2 1707 78.15 214.9 14.80 17.76 20.72 23.68 26.64 29.60

SECTION PROPERTIES
6 x 18 5-1/2 x 17-1/2 96.25 280.7 2456 88.23 242.6 16.71 20.05 23.39 26.74 30.08 33.42
6 x 20 5-1/2 x 19-1/2 107.3 348.6 3398 98.31 270.4 18.62 22.34 26.07 29.79 33.52 37.24
6 x 22 5-1/2 x 21-1/2 118.3 423.7 4555 108.4 298.1 20.53 24.64 28.74 32.85 36.95 41.06
6 x 24 5-1/2 x 23-1/2 129.3 506.2 5948 118.5 325.8 22.44 26.93 31.41 35.90 40.39 44.88
8 x 12 7-1/2 x 11-1/2 86.3 165.3 950.5 107.8 404.3 14.97 17.97 20.96 23.96 26.95 29.95
8 x 14 7-1/2 x 13-1/2 101.3 227.8 1538 126.6 474.6 17.58 21.09 24.61 28.13 31.64 35.16
8 x 16 7-1/2 x 15-1/2 116.3 300.3 2327 145.3 544.9 20.18 24.22 28.26 32.29 36.33 40.36
8 x 18 7-1/2 x 17-1/2 131.3 382.8 3350 164.1 615.2 22.79 27.34 31.90 36.46 41.02 45.57
8 x 20 7-1/2 x 19-1/2 146.3 475.3 4634 182.8 685.5 25.39 30.47 35.55 40.63 45.70 50.78
8 x 22 7-1/2 x 21-1/2 161.3 577.8 6211 201.6 755.9 27.99 33.59 39.19 44.79 50.39 55.99
8 x 24 7-1/2 x 23-1/2 176.3 690.3 8111 220.3 826.2 30.60 36.72 42.84 48.96 55.08 61.20
10 x 14 9-1/2 x 13-1/2 128.3 288.6 1948 203.1 964.5 22.27 26.72 31.17 35.63 40.08 44.53
10 x 16 9-1/2 x 15-1/2 147.3 380.4 2948 233.1 1107 25.56 30.68 35.79 40.90 46.02 51.13
10 x 18 9-1/2 x 17-1/2 166.3 484.9 4243 263.2 1250 28.86 34.64 40.41 46.18 51.95 57.73
10 x 20 9-1/2 x 19-1/2 185.3 602.1 5870 293.3 1393 32.16 38.59 45.03 51.46 57.89 64.32
10 x 22 9-1/2 x 21-1/2 204.3 731.9 7868 323.4 1536 35.46 42.55 49.64 56.74 63.83 70.92
10 x 24 9-1/2 x 23-1/2 223.3 874.4 10274 353.5 1679 38.76 46.51 54.26 62.01 69.77 77.52
12 x 16 11-1/2 x 15-1/2 178.3 460.5 3569 341.6 1964 30.95 37.14 43.32 49.51 55.70 61.89
12 x 18 11-1/2 x 17-1/2 201.3 587.0 5136 385.7 2218 34.94 41.93 48.91 55.90 62.89 69.88
12 x 20 11-1/2 x 19-1/2 224.3 728.8 7106 429.8 2471 38.93 46.72 54.51 62.29 70.08 77.86
12 x 22 11-1/2 x 21-1/2 247.3 886.0 9524 473.9 2725 42.93 51.51 60.10 68.68 77.27 85.85
12 x 24 11-1/2 x 23-1/2 270.3 1058 12437 518.0 2978 46.92 56.30 65.69 75.07 84.45 93.84
14 x 18 13-1/2 x 17-1/2 236.3 689.1 6029 531.6 3588 41.02 49.22 57.42 65.63 73.83 82.03
14 x 20 13-1/2 x 19-1/2 263.3 855.6 8342 592.3 3998 45.70 54.84 63.98 73.13 82.27 91.41
14 x 22 13-1/2 x 21-1/2 290.3 1040 11181 653.1 4408 50.39 60.47 70.55 80.63 90.70 100.8
14 x 24 13-1/2 x 23-1/2 317.3 1243 14600 713.8 4818 55.08 66.09 77.11 88.13 99.14 110.2
16 x 20 15-1/2 x 19-1/2 302.3 982.3 9578 780.8 6051 52.47 62.97 73.46 83.96 94.45 104.9
16 x 22 15-1/2 x 21-1/2 333.3 1194 12837 860.9 6672 57.86 69.43 81.00 92.57 104.1 115.7
16 x 24 15-1/2 x 23-1/2 364.3 1427 16763 941.0 7293 63.24 75.89 88.53 101.2 113.8 126.5
18 x 22 17-1/2 x 21-1/2 376.3 1348 14493 1097 9602 65.32 78.39 91.45 104.5 117.6 130.6
18 x 24 17-1/2 x 23-1/2 411.3 1611 18926 1199 10495 71.40 85.68 99.96 114.2 128.5 142.8
20 x 24 19-1/2 x 23-1/2 458.3 1795 21089 1489 14521 79.56 95.47 111.4 127.3 143.2 159.1

1. According to the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau’s (SPIB) Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber: Section 265 stress rated boards:
Industrial 55 (IND 55) shall be graded as per No. 1 dimension
Industrial 45 (IND 45) shall be graded as per No. 2 dimension
Industrial 26 (IND 26) shall be graded as per No. 3 dimension
See Table 4B for Southern Pine dimension lumber design values.

2. Neither Redwood nor Southern Pine are classified as Beams and Stringers or Posts and Timbers.

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16 SECTION PROPERTIES

Table 1C Section Properties of Western Species Structural Glued Laminated

Timber

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
2-1/2 in. Width (ry = 0.722 in.)
6 15.00 45.00 15.00 1.732 7.813 6.250
7-1/2 18.75 87.89 23.44 2.165 9.766 7.813
9 22.50 151.9 33.75 2.598 11.72 9.375
10-1/2 26.25 241.2 45.94 3.031 13.67 10.94
12 30.00 360.0 60.00 3.464 15.63 12.50
13-1/2 33.75 512.6 75.94 3.897 17.58 14.06
15 37.50 703.1 93.75 4.330 19.53 15.63
16-1/2 41.25 935.9 113.4 4.763 21.48 17.19
18 45.00 1215 135.0 5.196 23.44 18.75
19-1/2 48.75 1545 158.4 5.629 25.39 20.31
21 52.50 1929 183.8 6.062 27.34 21.88
3-1/8 in. Width (ry = 0.902 in.)
6 18.75 56.25 18.75 1.732 15.26 9.766
7-1/2 23.44 109.9 29.30 2.165 19.07 12.21
9 28.13 189.8 42.19 2.598 22.89 14.65
10-1/2 32.81 301.5 57.42 3.031 26.70 17.09
12 37.50 450.0 75.00 3.464 30.52 19.53
13-1/2 42.19 640.7 94.92 3.897 34.33 21.97
15 46.88 878.9 117.2 4.330 38.15 24.41
16-1/2 51.56 1170 141.8 4.763 41.96 26.86
18 56.25 1519 168.8 5.196 45.78 29.30
19-1/2 60.94 1931 198.0 5.629 49.59 31.74
21 65.63 2412 229.7 6.062 53.41 34.18
22-1/2 70.31 2966 263.7 6.495 57.22 36.62
24 75.00 3600 300.0 6.928 61.04 39.06
3-1/2 in. Width (ry = 1.010 in.)
6 21.00 63.00 21.00 1.732 21.44 12.25
7-1/2 26.25 123.0 32.81 2.165 26.80 15.31
9 31.50 212.6 47.25 2.598 32.16 18.38
10-1/2 36.75 337.6 64.31 3.031 37.52 21.44
12 42.00 504.0 84.00 3.464 42.88 24.50
13-1/2 47.25 717.6 106.3 3.897 48.23 27.56
15 52.50 984.4 131.3 4.330 53.59 30.63
16-1/2 57.75 1310 158.8 4.763 58.95 33.69
18 63.00 1701 189.0 5.196 64.31 36.75
19-1/2 68.25 2163 221.8 5.629 69.67 39.81
21 73.50 2701 257.3 6.062 75.03 42.88
22-1/2 78.75 3322 295.3 6.495 80.39 45.94
24 84.00 4032 336.0 6.928 85.75 49.00

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 17

Table 1C Section Properties of Western Species Structural Glued Laminated

Timber (Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
5-1/8 in. Width (ry = 1.479 in.)
6 30.75 92.25 30.75 1.732 67.31 26.27
7-1/2 38.44 180.2 48.05 2.165 84.13 32.83 3
9 46.13 311.3 69.19 2.598 101.0 39.40
10-1/2 53.81 494.4 94.17 3.031 117.8 45.96

SECTION PROPERTIES
12 61.50 738.0 123.0 3.464 134.6 52.53
13-1/2 69.19 1051 155.7 3.897 151.4 59.10
15 76.88 1441 192.2 4.330 168.3 65.66
16-1/2 84.56 1919 232.5 4.763 185.1 72.23
18 92.25 2491 276.8 5.196 201.9 78.80
19-1/2 99.94 3167 324.8 5.629 218.7 85.36
21 107.6 3955 376.7 6.062 235.6 91.93
22-1/2 115.3 4865 432.4 6.495 252.4 98.50
24 123.0 5904 492.0 6.928 269.2 105.1
25-1/2 130.7 7082 555.4 7.361 286.0 111.6
27 138.4 8406 622.7 7.794 302.9 118.2
28-1/2 146.1 9887 693.8 8.227 319.7 124.8
30 153.8 11530 768.8 8.660 336.5 131.3
31-1/2 161.4 13350 847.5 9.093 353.4 137.9
33 169.1 15350 930.2 9.526 370.2 144.5
34-1/2 176.8 17540 1017 9.959 387.0 151.0
36 184.5 19930 1107 10.39 403.8 157.6
5-1/2 in. Width (ry = 1.588 in.)
6 33.00 99.00 33.00 1.732 83.19 30.25
7-1/2 41.25 193.4 51.56 2.165 104.0 37.81
9 49.50 334.1 74.25 2.598 124.8 45.38
10-1/2 57.75 530.6 101.1 3.031 145.6 52.94
12 66.00 792.0 132.0 3.464 166.4 60.50
13-1/2 74.25 1128 167.1 3.897 187.2 68.06
15 82.50 1547 206.3 4.330 208.0 75.63
16-1/2 90.75 2059 249.6 4.763 228.8 83.19
18 99.00 2673 297.0 5.196 249.6 90.75
19-1/2 107.3 3398 348.6 5.629 270.4 98.31
21 115.5 4245 404.3 6.062 291.2 105.9
22-1/2 123.8 5221 464.1 6.495 312.0 113.4
24 132.0 6336 528.0 6.928 332.8 121.0
25-1/2 140.3 7600 596.1 7.361 353.5 128.6
27 148.5 9021 668.3 7.794 374.3 136.1
28-1/2 156.8 10610 744.6 8.227 395.1 143.7
30 165.0 12380 825.0 8.660 415.9 151.3
31-1/2 173.3 14330 909.6 9.093 436.7 158.8
33 181.5 16470 998.3 9.526 457.5 166.4
34-1/2 189.8 18820 1091 9.959 478.3 173.9
36 198.0 21380 1188 10.39 499.1 181.5
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18 SECTION PROPERTIES

Table 1C Section Properties of Western Species Structural Glued Laminated

Timber (Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
6-3/4 in. Width (ry = 1.949 in.)
7-1/2 50.63 237.3 63.28 2.165 192.2 56.95
9 60.75 410.1 91.13 2.598 230.7 68.34
10-1/2 70.88 651.2 124.0 3.031 269.1 79.73
12 81.00 972.0 162.0 3.464 307.5 91.13
13-1/2 91.13 1384 205.0 3.897 346.0 102.5
15 101.3 1898 253.1 4.330 384.4 113.9
16-1/2 111.4 2527 306.3 4.763 422.9 125.3
18 121.5 3281 364.5 5.196 461.3 136.7
19-1/2 131.6 4171 427.8 5.629 499.8 148.1
21 141.8 5209 496.1 6.062 538.2 159.5
22-1/2 151.9 6407 569.5 6.495 576.7 170.9
24 162.0 7776 648.0 6.928 615.1 182.3
25-1/2 172.1 9327 731.5 7.361 653.5 193.6
27 182.3 11070 820.1 7.794 692.0 205.0
28-1/2 192.4 13020 913.8 8.227 730.4 216.4
30 202.5 15190 1013 8.660 768.9 227.8
31-1/2 212.6 17580 1116 9.093 807.3 239.2
33 222.8 20210 1225 9.526 845.8 250.6
34-1/2 232.9 23100 1339 9.959 884.2 262.0
36 243.0 26240 1458 10.39 922.6 273.4
37-1/2 253.1 29660 1582 10.83 961.1 284.8
39 263.3 33370 1711 11.26 999.5 296.2
40-1/2 273.4 37370 1845 11.69 1038 307.5
42 283.5 41670 1985 12.12 1076 318.9
43-1/2 293.6 46300 2129 12.56 1115 330.3
45 303.8 51260 2278 12.99 1153 341.7
46-1/2 313.9 56560 2433 13.42 1192 353.1
48 324.0 62210 2592 13.86 1230 364.5
49-1/2 334.1 68220 2757 14.29 1269 375.9
51 344.3 74620 2926 14.72 1307 387.3
52-1/2 354.4 81400 3101 15.16 1346 398.7
54 364.5 88570 3281 15.59 1384 410.1
55-1/2 374.6 96160 3465 16.02 1422 421.5
57 384.8 104200 3655 16.45 1461 432.8
58-1/2 394.9 112600 3850 16.89 1499 444.2
60 405.0 121500 4050 17.32 1538 455.6

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 19

Table 1C Section Properties of Western Species Structural Glued Laminated

Timber (Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
8-3/4 in. Width (ry = 2.526 in.)
9 78.75 531.6 118.1 2.598 502.4 114.8
10-1/2 91.88 844.1 160.8 3.031 586.2 134.0 3
12 105.0 1260 210.0 3.464 669.9 153.1
13-1/2 118.1 1794 265.8 3.897 753.7 172.3

SECTION PROPERTIES
15 131.3 2461 328.1 4.330 837.4 191.4
16-1/2 144.4 3276 397.0 4.763 921.1 210.5
18 157.5 4253 472.5 5.196 1005 229.7
19-1/2 170.6 5407 554.5 5.629 1089 248.8
21 183.8 6753 643.1 6.062 1172 268.0
22-1/2 196.9 8306 738.3 6.495 1256 287.1
24 210.0 10080 840.0 6.928 1340 306.3
25-1/2 223.1 12090 948.3 7.361 1424 325.4
27 236.3 14350 1063 7.794 1507 344.5
28-1/2 249.4 16880 1185 8.227 1591 363.7
30 262.5 19690 1313 8.660 1675 382.8
31-1/2 275.6 22790 1447 9.093 1759 402.0
33 288.8 26200 1588 9.526 1842 421.1
34-1/2 301.9 29940 1736 9.959 1926 440.2
36 315.0 34020 1890 10.39 2010 459.4
37-1/2 328.1 38450 2051 10.83 2094 478.5
39 341.3 43250 2218 11.26 2177 497.7
40-1/2 354.4 48440 2392 11.69 2261 516.8
42 367.5 54020 2573 12.12 2345 535.9
43-1/2 380.6 60020 2760 12.56 2428 555.1
45 393.8 66450 2953 12.99 2512 574.2
46-1/2 406.9 73310 3153 13.42 2596 593.4
48 420.0 80640 3360 13.86 2680 612.5
49-1/2 433.1 88440 3573 14.29 2763 631.6
51 446.3 96720 3793 14.72 2847 650.8
52-1/2 459.4 105500 4020 15.16 2931 669.9
54 472.5 114800 4253 15.59 3015 689.1
55-1/2 485.6 124700 4492 16.02 3098 708.2
57 498.8 135000 4738 16.45 3182 727.3
58-1/2 511.9 146000 4991 16.89 3266 746.5
60 525.0 157500 5250 17.32 3350 765.6

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
20 SECTION PROPERTIES

Table 1C Section Properties of Western Species Structural Glued Laminated

Timber (Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
10-3/4 in. Width (ry = 3.103 in.)
12 129.0 1548 258.0 3.464 1242 231.1
13-1/2 145.1 2204 326.5 3.897 1398 260.0
15 161.3 3023 403.1 4.330 1553 288.9
16-1/2 177.4 4024 487.8 4.763 1708 317.8
18 193.5 5225 580.5 5.196 1863 346.7
19-1/2 209.6 6642 681.3 5.629 2019 375.6
21 225.8 8296 790.1 6.062 2174 404.5
22-1/2 241.9 10200 907.0 6.495 2329 433.4
24 258.0 12380 1032 6.928 2485 462.3
25-1/2 274.1 14850 1165 7.361 2640 491.1
27 290.3 17630 1306 7.794 2795 520.0
28-1/2 306.4 20740 1455 8.227 2950 548.9
30 322.5 24190 1613 8.660 3106 577.8
31-1/2 338.6 28000 1778 9.093 3261 606.7
33 354.8 32190 1951 9.526 3416 635.6
34-1/2 370.9 36790 2133 9.959 3572 664.5
36 387.0 41800 2322 10.39 3727 693.4
37-1/2 403.1 47240 2520 10.83 3882 722.3
39 419.3 53140 2725 11.26 4037 751.2
40-1/2 435.4 59510 2939 11.69 4193 780.0
42 451.5 66370 3161 12.12 4348 808.9
43-1/2 467.6 73740 3390 12.56 4503 837.8
45 483.8 81630 3628 12.99 4659 866.7
46-1/2 499.9 90070 3874 13.42 4814 895.6
48 516.0 99070 4128 13.86 4969 924.5
49-1/2 532.1 108700 4390 14.29 5124 953.4
51 548.3 118800 4660 14.72 5280 982.3
52-1/2 564.4 129600 4938 15.16 5435 1011
54 580.5 141100 5225 15.59 5590 1040
55-1/2 596.6 153100 5519 16.02 5746 1069
57 612.8 165900 5821 16.45 5901 1098
58-1/2 628.9 179300 6132 16.89 6056 1127
60 645.0 193500 6450 17.32 6211 1156

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 21

Table 1C Section Properties of Western Species Structural Glued Laminated

Timber (Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
12-1/4 in. Width (ry = 3.536 in.)
13-1/2 165.4 2512 372.1 3.897 2068 337.6
15 183.8 3445 459.4 4.330 2298 375.2 3
16-1/2 202.1 4586 555.8 4.763 2528 412.7
18 220.5 5954 661.5 5.196 2757 450.2

SECTION PROPERTIES
19-1/2 238.9 7569 776.3 5.629 2987 487.7
21 257.3 9454 900.4 6.062 3217 525.2
22-1/2 275.6 11630 1034 6.495 3447 562.7
24 294.0 14110 1176 6.928 3677 600.3
25-1/2 312.4 16930 1328 7.361 3906 637.8
27 330.8 20090 1488 7.794 4136 675.3
28-1/2 349.1 23630 1658 8.227 4366 712.8
30 367.5 27560 1838 8.660 4596 750.3
31-1/2 385.9 31910 2026 9.093 4825 787.8
33 404.3 36690 2223 9.526 5055 825.3
34-1/2 422.6 41920 2430 9.959 5285 862.9
36 441.0 47630 2646 10.39 5515 900.4
37-1/2 459.4 53830 2871 10.83 5745 937.9
39 477.8 60550 3105 11.26 5974 975.4
40-1/2 496.1 67810 3349 11.69 6204 1013
42 514.5 75630 3602 12.12 6434 1050
43-1/2 532.9 84030 3863 12.56 6664 1088
45 551.3 93020 4134 12.99 6893 1125
46-1/2 569.6 102600 4415 13.42 7123 1163
48 588.0 112900 4704 13.86 7353 1201
49-1/2 606.4 123800 5003 14.29 7583 1238
51 624.8 135400 5310 14.72 7813 1276
52-1/2 643.1 147700 5627 15.16 8042 1313
54 661.5 160700 5954 15.59 8272 1351
55-1/2 679.9 174500 6289 16.02 8502 1388
57 698.3 189100 6633 16.45 8732 1426
58-1/2 716.6 204400 6987 16.89 8962 1463
60 735.0 220500 7350 17.32 9191 1501

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
22 SECTION PROPERTIES

Table 1D Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
2-1/2 in. Width (ry = 0.722 in.)
5-1/2 13.75 34.66 12.60 1.588 7.161 5.729
6-7/8 17.19 67.70 19.69 1.985 8.952 7.161
8-1/4 20.63 117.0 28.36 2.382 10.74 8.594
9-5/8 24.06 185.8 38.60 2.778 12.53 10.03
11 27.50 277.3 50.42 3.175 14.32 11.46
12-3/8 30.94 394.8 63.81 3.572 16.11 12.89
13-3/4 34.38 541.6 78.78 3.969 17.90 14.32
15-1/8 37.81 720.9 95.32 4.366 19.69 15.76
16-1/2 41.25 935.9 113.4 4.763 21.48 17.19
17-7/8 44.69 1190 133.1 5.160 23.27 18.62
19-1/4 48.13 1486 154.4 5.557 25.07 20.05
20-5/8 51.56 1828 177.2 5.954 26.86 21.48
22 55.00 2218 201.7 6.351 28.65 22.92
23-3/8 58.44 2661 227.7 6.748 30.44 24.35
3 in. Width (ry = 0.866 in.)
5-1/2 16.50 41.59 15.13 1.588 12.38 8.250
6-7/8 20.63 81.24 23.63 1.985 15.47 10.31
8-1/4 24.75 140.4 34.03 2.382 18.56 12.38
9-5/8 28.88 222.9 46.32 2.778 21.66 14.44
11 33.00 332.8 60.50 3.175 24.75 16.50
12-3/8 37.13 473.8 76.57 3.572 27.84 18.56
13-3/4 41.25 649.9 94.53 3.969 30.94 20.63
15-1/8 45.38 865.0 114.4 4.366 34.03 22.69
16-1/2 49.50 1123 136.1 4.763 37.13 24.75
17-7/8 53.63 1428 159.8 5.160 40.22 26.81
19-1/4 57.75 1783 185.3 5.557 43.31 28.88
20-5/8 61.88 2193 212.7 5.954 46.41 30.94
22 66.00 2662 242.0 6.351 49.50 33.00
23-3/8 70.13 3193 273.2 6.748 52.59 35.06
3-1/8 in. Width (ry = 0.902 in.)
5-1/2 17.19 43.33 15.76 1.588 13.99 8.952
6-7/8 21.48 84.62 24.62 1.985 17.48 11.19
8-1/4 25.78 146.2 35.45 2.382 20.98 13.43
9-5/8 30.08 232.2 48.25 2.778 24.48 15.67
11 34.38 346.6 63.02 3.175 27.97 17.90
12-3/8 38.67 493.5 79.76 3.572 31.47 20.14
13-3/4 42.97 677.0 98.47 3.969 34.97 22.38
15-1/8 47.27 901.1 119.1 4.366 38.46 24.62
16-1/2 51.56 1170 141.8 4.763 41.96 26.86
17-7/8 55.86 1487 166.4 5.160 45.46 29.09
19-1/4 60.16 1858 193.0 5.557 48.96 31.33
20-5/8 64.45 2285 221.6 5.954 52.45 33.57
22 68.75 2773 252.1 6.351 55.95 35.81
23-3/8 73.05 3326 284.6 6.748 59.45 38.05
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 23

Table 1D Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber

(Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
3-1/2 in. Width (ry = 1.010 in.)
5-1/2 19.25 48.53 17.65 1.588 19.65 11.23
6-7/8 24.06 94.78 27.57 1.985 24.56 14.04 3
8-1/4 28.88 163.8 39.70 2.382 29.48 16.84
9-5/8 33.69 260.1 54.04 2.778 34.39 19.65

SECTION PROPERTIES
11 38.50 388.2 70.58 3.175 39.30 22.46
12-3/8 43.31 552.7 89.33 3.572 44.21 25.27
13-3/4 48.13 758.2 110.3 3.969 49.13 28.07
15-1/8 52.94 1009 133.4 4.366 54.04 30.88
16-1/2 57.75 1310 158.8 4.763 58.95 33.69
17-7/8 62.56 1666 186.4 5.160 63.87 36.49
19-1/4 67.38 2081 216.2 5.557 68.78 39.30
20-5/8 72.19 2559 248.1 5.954 73.69 42.11
22 77.00 3106 282.3 6.351 78.60 44.92
23-3/8 81.81 3725 318.7 6.748 83.52 47.72
5 in. Width (ry = 1.443 in.)
6-7/8 34.38 135.4 39.39 1.985 71.61 28.65
8-1/4 41.25 234.0 56.72 2.382 85.94 34.38
9-5/8 48.13 371.5 77.20 2.778 100.3 40.10
11 55.00 554.6 100.8 3.175 114.6 45.83
12-3/8 61.88 789.6 127.6 3.572 128.9 51.56
13-3/4 68.75 1083 157.6 3.969 143.2 57.29
15-1/8 75.63 1442 190.6 4.366 157.6 63.02
16-1/2 82.50 1872 226.9 4.763 171.9 68.75
17-7/8 89.38 2380 266.3 5.160 186.2 74.48
19-1/4 96.25 2972 308.8 5.557 200.5 80.21
20-5/8 103.1 3656 354.5 5.954 214.8 85.94
22 110.0 4437 403.3 6.351 229.2 91.67
23-3/8 116.9 5322 455.3 6.748 243.5 97.40
24-3/4 123.8 6317 510.5 7.145 257.8 103.1
26-1/8 130.6 7429 568.8 7.542 272.1 108.9
27-1/2 137.5 8665 630.2 7.939 286.5 114.6
28-7/8 144.4 10030 694.8 8.335 300.8 120.3
30-1/4 151.3 11530 762.6 8.732 315.1 126.0
31-5/8 158.1 13180 833.5 9.129 329.4 131.8
33 165.0 14970 907.5 9.526 343.8 137.5
34-3/8 171.9 16920 984.7 9.923 358.1 143.2
35-3/4 178.8 19040 1065 10.32 372.4 149.0

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
24 SECTION PROPERTIES

Table 1D Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber

(Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) Ix (in.4) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) Iy (in.4) Sy (in.3)
5-1/8 in. Width (ry = 1.479 in.)
6-7/8 35.23 138.8 40.37 1.985 77.12 30.10
8-1/4 42.28 239.8 58.14 2.382 92.55 36.12
9-5/8 49.33 380.8 79.13 2.778 108.0 42.13
11 56.38 568.4 103.4 3.175 123.4 48.15
12-3/8 63.42 809.4 130.8 3.572 138.8 54.17
13-3/4 70.47 1110 161.5 3.969 154.2 60.19
15-1/8 77.52 1478 195.4 4.366 169.7 66.21
16-1/2 84.56 1919 232.5 4.763 185.1 72.23
17-7/8 91.61 2439 272.9 5.160 200.5 78.25
19-1/4 98.66 3047 316.5 5.557 215.9 84.27
20-5/8 105.7 3747 363.4 5.954 231.4 90.29
22 112.8 4548 413.4 6.351 246.8 96.31
23-3/8 119.8 5455 466.7 6.748 262.2 102.3
24-3/4 126.8 6475 523.2 7.145 277.6 108.3
26-1/8 133.9 7615 583.0 7.542 293.1 114.4
27-1/2 140.9 8882 646 7.939 308.5 120.4
28-7/8 148.0 10280 712.2 8.335 323.9 126.4
30-1/4 155.0 11820 781.6 8.732 339.3 132.4
31-5/8 162.1 13510 854.3 9.129 354.8 138.4
33 169.1 15350 930.2 9.526 370.2 144.5
34-3/8 176.2 17350 1009 9.923 385.6 150.5
35-3/4 183.2 19510 1092 10.32 401.0 156.5
5-1/2 in. Width (ry = 1.588 in.)
6-7/8 37.81 148.9 43.33 1.985 95.32 34.66
8-1/4 45.38 257.4 62.39 2.382 114.4 41.59
9-5/8 52.94 408.7 84.92 2.778 133.4 48.53
11 60.50 610.0 110.9 3.175 152.5 55.46
12-3/8 68.06 868.6 140.4 3.572 171.6 62.39
13-3/4 75.63 1191 173.3 3.969 190.6 69.32
15-1/8 83.19 1586 209.7 4.366 209.7 76.26
16-1/2 90.75 2059 249.6 4.763 228.8 83.19
17-7/8 98.31 2618 292.9 5.160 247.8 90.12
19-1/4 105.9 3269 339.7 5.557 266.9 97.05
20-5/8 113.4 4021 389.9 5.954 286.0 104.0
22 121.0 4880 443.7 6.351 305.0 110.9
23-3/8 128.6 5854 500.9 6.748 324.1 117.8
24-3/4 136.1 6949 561.5 7.145 343.1 124.8
26-1/8 143.7 8172 625.6 7.542 362.2 131.7
27-1/2 151.3 9532 693.2 7.939 381.3 138.6
28-7/8 158.8 11030 764.3 8.335 400.3 145.6
30-1/4 166.4 12690 838.8 8.732 419.4 152.5
31-5/8 173.9 14500 916.8 9.129 438.5 159.4
33 181.5 16470 998.3 9.526 457.5 166.4
34-3/8 189.1 18620 1083 9.923 476.6 173.3
35-3/4 196.6 20940 1172 10.32 495.7 180.2
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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 25

Table 1D Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber

(Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
6-3/4 in. Width (ry = 1.949 in.)
6-7/8 46.41 182.8 53.17 1.985 176.2 52.21
8-1/4 55.69 315.9 76.57 2.382 211.4 62.65 3
9-5/8 64.97 501.6 104.2 2.778 246.7 73.09
11 74.25 748.7 136.1 3.175 281.9 83.53

SECTION PROPERTIES
12-3/8 83.53 1066 172.3 3.572 317.2 93.97
13-3/4 92.81 1462 212.7 3.969 352.4 104.4
15-1/8 102.1 1946 257.4 4.366 387.6 114.9
16-1/2 111.4 2527 306.3 4.763 422.9 125.3
17-7/8 120.7 3213 359.5 5.160 458.1 135.7
19-1/4 129.9 4012 416.9 5.557 493.4 146.2
20-5/8 139.2 4935 478.6 5.954 528.6 156.6
22 148.5 5990 544.5 6.351 563.8 167.1
23-3/8 157.8 7184 614.7 6.748 599.1 177.5
24-3/4 167.1 8528 689.1 7.145 634.3 187.9
26-1/8 176.3 10030 767.8 7.542 669.6 198.4
27-1/2 185.6 11700 850.8 7.939 704.8 208.8
28-7/8 194.9 13540 938.0 8.335 740.0 219.3
30-1/4 204.2 15570 1029 8.732 775.3 229.7
31-5/8 213.5 17790 1125 9.129 810.5 240.2
33 222.8 20210 1225 9.526 845.8 250.6
34-3/8 232.0 22850 1329 9.923 881.0 261.0
35-3/4 241.3 25700 1438 10.32 916.2 271.5
37-1/8 250.6 28780 1551 10.72 951.5 281.9
38-1/2 259.9 32100 1668 11.11 986.7 292.4
39-7/8 269.2 35660 1789 11.51 1022 302.8
41-1/4 278.4 39480 1914 11.91 1057 313.2
42-5/8 287.7 43560 2044 12.30 1092 323.7
44 297.0 47920 2178 12.70 1128 334.1
45-3/8 306.3 52550 2316 13.10 1163 344.6
46-3/4 315.6 57470 2459 13.50 1198 355.0
48-1/8 324.8 62700 2606 13.89 1233 365.4
49-1/2 334.1 68220 2757 14.29 1269 375.9
50-7/8 343.4 74070 2912 14.69 1304 386.3
52-1/4 352.7 80240 3071 15.08 1339 396.8
53-5/8 362.0 86740 3235 15.48 1374 407.2
55 371.3 93590 3403 15.88 1410 417.7
56-3/8 380.5 100800 3575 16.27 1445 428.1
57-3/4 389.8 108300 3752 16.67 1480 438.5
59-1/8 399.1 116300 3933 17.07 1515 449.0
60-1/2 408.4 124600 4118 17.46 1551 459.4

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
26 SECTION PROPERTIES

Table 1D Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber

(Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
8-1/2 in. Width (ry = 2.454 in.)
9-5/8 81.81 631.6 131.2 2.778 492.6 115.9
11 93.50 942.8 171.4 3.175 562.9 132.5
12-3/8 105.2 1342 216.9 3.572 633.3 149.0
13-3/4 116.9 1841 267.8 3.969 703.7 165.6
15-1/8 128.6 2451 324.1 4.366 774.1 182.1
16-1/2 140.3 3182 385.7 4.763 844.4 198.7
17-7/8 151.9 4046 452.6 5.160 914.8 215.2
19-1/4 163.6 5053 525.0 5.557 985.2 231.8
20-5/8 175.3 6215 602.6 5.954 1056 248.4
22 187.0 7542 685.7 6.351 1126 264.9
23-3/8 198.7 9047 774.1 6.748 1196 281.5
24-3/4 210.4 10740 867.8 7.145 1267 298.0
26-1/8 222.1 12630 966.9 7.542 1337 314.6
27-1/2 233.8 14730 1071 7.939 1407 331.1
28-7/8 245.4 17050 1181 8.335 1478 347.7
30-1/4 257.1 19610 1296 8.732 1548 364.3
31-5/8 268.8 22400 1417 9.129 1618 380.8
33 280.5 25460 1543 9.526 1689 397.4
34-3/8 292.2 28770 1674 9.923 1759 413.9
35-3/4 303.9 32360 1811 10.32 1830 430.5
37-1/8 315.6 36240 1953 10.72 1900 447.0
38-1/2 327.3 40420 2100 11.11 1970 463.6
39-7/8 338.9 44910 2253 11.51 2041 480.2
41-1/4 350.6 49720 2411 11.91 2111 496.7
42-5/8 362.3 54860 2574 12.30 2181 513.3
44 374.0 60340 2743 12.70 2252 529.8
45-3/8 385.7 66170 2917 13.10 2322 546.4
46-3/4 397.4 72370 3096 13.50 2393 562.9
48-1/8 409.1 78950 3281 13.89 2463 579.5
49-1/2 420.8 85910 3471 14.29 2533 596.1
50-7/8 432.4 93270 3667 14.69 2604 612.6
52-1/4 444.1 101000 3868 15.08 2674 629.2
53-5/8 455.8 109200 4074 15.48 2744 645.7
55 467.5 117800 4285 15.88 2815 662.3
56-3/8 479.2 126900 4502 16.27 2885 678.8
57-3/4 490.9 136400 4725 16.67 2955 695.4
59-1/8 502.6 146400 4952 17.07 3026 712.0
60-1/2 514.3 156900 5185 17.46 3096 728.5

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 27

Table 1D Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber

(Cont.)

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis

d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
10-1/2 in. Width (ry = 3.031 in.)
11 115.5 1165 211.8 3.175 1061 202.1
12-3/8 129.9 1658 268.0 3.572 1194 227.4 3
13-3/4 144.4 2275 330.9 3.969 1326 252.7
15-1/8 158.8 3028 400.3 4.366 1459 277.9

SECTION PROPERTIES
16-1/2 173.3 3931 476.4 4.763 1592 303.2
17-7/8 187.7 4997 559.2 5.160 1724 328.5
19-1/4 202.1 6242 648.5 5.557 1857 353.7
20-5/8 216.6 7677 744.4 5.954 1990 379.0
22 231.0 9317 847.0 6.351 2122 404.3
23-3/8 245.4 11180 956.2 6.748 2255 429.5
24-3/4 259.9 13270 1072 7.145 2388 454.8
26-1/8 274.3 15600 1194 7.542 2520 480.0
27-1/2 288.8 18200 1323 7.939 2653 505.3
28-7/8 303.2 21070 1459 8.335 2786 530.6
30-1/4 317.6 24220 1601 8.732 2918 555.8
31-5/8 332.1 27680 1750 9.129 3051 581.1
33 346.5 31440 1906 9.526 3183 606.4
34-3/8 360.9 35540 2068 9.923 3316 631.6
35-3/4 375.4 39980 2237 10.32 3449 656.9
37-1/8 389.8 44770 2412 10.72 3581 682.2
38-1/2 404.3 49930 2594 11.11 3714 707.4
39-7/8 418.7 55480 2783 11.51 3847 732.7
41-1/4 433.1 61420 2978 11.91 3979 758.0
42-5/8 447.6 67760 3180 12.30 4112 783.2
44 462.0 74540 3388 12.70 4245 808.5
45-3/8 476.4 81740 3603 13.10 4377 833.8
46-3/4 490.9 89400 3825 13.50 4510 859.0
48-1/8 505.3 97530 4053 13.89 4643 884.3
49-1/2 519.8 106100 4288 14.29 4775 909.6
50-7/8 534.2 115200 4529 14.69 4908 934.8
52-1/4 548.6 124800 4778 15.08 5040 960.1
53-5/8 563.1 134900 5032 15.48 5173 985.4
55 577.5 145600 5294 15.88 5306 1011
56-3/8 591.9 156800 5562 16.27 5438 1036
57-3/4 606.4 168500 5836 16.67 5571 1061
59-1/8 620.8 180900 6118 17.07 5704 1086
60-1/2 635.3 193800 6405 17.46 5836 1112

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28 SECTION PROPERTIES

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 29

REFERENCE
DESIGN VALUES
4

Table 4A Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Dimension

Lumber (2" - 4" thick) (All species except Southern Pine).....30

Table 4B Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Southern

Pine Dimension Lumber (2" - 4" thick) ...................................37

Table 4C Reference Design Values for Mechanically Graded

Dimension Lumber.....................................................................40

Table 4D Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Timbers

(5" x 5" and larger) ....................................................................44

Table 4E Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Decking...........51

Table 4F Reference Design Values for Non-North American Visually

Graded Dimension Lumber (2" - 4" thick)..............................55

Table 5A Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated

Softwood Timber (Members stressed primarily in
bending).......................................................................................60

Table 5B Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated

Softwood Timber (Members stressed primarily in axial
tension or compression)..............................................................64

Table 5C Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated

Hardwood Timber (Members stressed primarily in
bending).......................................................................................66
Table 5D Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated
Hardwood Timber (Members stressed primarily in axial
tension or compression)..............................................................69

Table 6A Reference Design Values for Treated Round Timber Piles

Graded per ASTM D25..............................................................72

Table 6B Reference Design Values for Round Timber Construction

Poles Graded per ASTM D3200.................................................72

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
30 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4A Adjustment Factors

Repetitive Member Factor, Cr Flat Use Factor, Cfu

Bending design values, Fb, for dimension lumber 2" Bending design values adjusted by size factors are
to 4" thick shall be multiplied by the repetitive member based on edgewise use (load applied to narrow face). When
factor, Cr = 1.15, when such members are used as joists, dimension lumber is used flatwise (load applied to wide
truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking, or similar face), the bending design value, Fb, shall also be multiplied
members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24" by the following flat use factors:
on center, are not less than 3 in number and are joined by
floor, roof, or other load distributing elements adequate to Flat Use Factors, Cfu
support the design load. Width Thickness (breadth)
(depth) 2" & 3" 4"
Wet Service Factor, CM 2" & 3" 1.0 —
When dimension lumber is used where moisture con- 4" 1.1 1.0
tent will exceed 19% for an extended time period, design 5" 1.1 1.05
values shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service 6" 1.15 1.05
factors from the following table: 8" 1.15 1.05
10" & wider 1.2 1.1
Wet Service Factors, CM
Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin NOTE
0.85* 1.0 0.97 0.67 0.8** 0.9 To facilitate the use of Table 4A, shading has been
* when (Fb)(CF) ≤ 1,150 psi, CM = 1.0
employed to distinguish design values based on a
** when (Fc)(CF) ≤ 750 psi, CM = 1.0 4" nominal width (Construction, Standard, and Util-
ity grades) or a 6" nominal width (Stud grade) from
design values based on a 12" nominal width (Select
Structural, No.1 & Btr, No.1, No.2, and No.3 grades).

Size Factor, CF
Tabulated bending, tension, and compression parallel to grain design values for dimension lumber 2" to 4" thick shall
be multiplied by the following size factors:

Size Factors, CF
Fb Ft Fc
Thickness (breadth)

Grades Width (depth) 2" & 3" 4"

2", 3", & 4" 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.15
Select 5" 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1
Structural, 6" 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1
No.1 & Btr, 8" 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.05
No.1, No.2, 10" 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0
No.3 12" 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0
14" & wider 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
2", 3", & 4" 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.05
Stud 5" & 6" 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
8" & wider Use No.3 Grade tabulated design values and size factors
Construction, 2", 3", & 4" 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Standard
Utility 4" 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2" & 3" 0.4   —  0.4 0.6
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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 31

Table 4A Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Dimension Lumber

(2" - 4" thick)1,2,3
(All species except Southern Pine — see Table 4B) (Tabulated design values are for normal load
duration and dry service conditions. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value
adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4A ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency

ALASKA CEDAR
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
4
Select Structural 1,150 625 165 525 1,000 1,400,000 510,000
No. 1 975 525 165 525 900 1,300,000 470,000
2" & wider
No. 2 800 425 165 525 750 1,200,000 440,000

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

No. 3 450 250 165 525 425 1,100,000 400,000
0.47 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 625 350 165 525 475 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 900 500 165 525 950 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 500 275 165 525 775 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 250 125 165 525 500 1,000,000 370,000
ALASKA HEMLOCK
Select Structural 1,300 825 185 440 1,200 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1 900 550 185 440 1,100 1,600,000 580,000
2" & wider
No. 2 825 475 185 440 1,050 1,500,000 550,000
No. 3 475 275 185 440 600 1,400,000 510,000
0.46 WWPA
Stud 2" & wider 650 375 185 440 650 1,400,000 510,000
Construction 950 550 185 440 1,250 1,400,000 510,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 525 300 185 440 1,050 1,300,000 470,000
Utility 250 150 185 440 700 1,200,000 440,000
ALASKA SPRUCE
Select Structural 1,400 900 160 330 1,200 1,600,000 580,000
No. 1 950 600 160 330 1,100 1,500,000 550,000
2" & wider
No. 2 875 500 160 330 1,050 1,400,000 510,000
No. 3 500 300 160 330 600 1,300,000 470,000
0.41 WWPA
Stud 2" & wider 675 400 160 330 675 1,300,000 470,000
Construction 1,000 575 160 330 1,250 1,300,000 470,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 550 325 160 330 1,050 1,200,000 440,000
Utility 275 150 160 330 700 1,100,000 400,000
ALASKA YELLOW CEDAR
Select Structural 1,350 800 225 510 1,200 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 900 525 225 510 1,050 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 800 450 225 510 1,000 1,300,000 470,000
No. 3 475 250 225 510 575 1,200,000 440,000 WCLIB
0.46
Stud 2" & wider 625 350 225 510 625 1,200,000 440,000 WWPA
Construction 925 500 225 510 1,250 1,300,000 470,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 500 275 225 510 1,050 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 250 125 225 510 675 1,100,000 400,000
ASPEN
Select Structural 875 500 120 265 725 1,100,000 400,000
No. 1 625 375 120 265 600 1,100,000 400,000
2" & wider
No. 2 600 350 120 265 450 1,000,000 370,000
NELMA
No. 3 350 200 120 265 275 900,000 330,000
0.39 NSLB
Stud 2" & wider 475 275 120 265 300 900,000 330,000
WWPA
Construction 700 400 120 265 625 900,000 330,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 375 225 120 265 475 900,000 330,000
Utility 175 100 120 265 300 800,000 290,000
BALDCYPRESS
Select Structural 1,200 650 160 615 1,200 1,400,000 510,000
No. 1 1,000 550 160 615 1,050 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 825 450 160 615 900 1,300,000 470,000
No. 3 475 250 160 615 525 1,200,000 440,000
0.47 SPIB
Stud 2" & wider 650 350 160 615 575 1,200,000 440,000
Construction 925 500 160 615 1,100 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 525 275 160 615 925 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 250 125 160 615 600 1,000,000 370,000

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
32 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4A Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Dimension Lumber

(Cont.) (2" - 4" thick)1,2,3
(All species except Southern Pine — see Table 4B) (Tabulated design values are for normal load
duration and dry service conditions. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value
adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4A ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
BEECH-BIRCH-HICKORY
Select Structural 1,450 850 195 715 1,200 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1 1,050 600 195 715 950 1,600,000 580,000
2" & wider
No. 2 1,000 600 195 715 750 1,500,000 550,000
No. 3 575 350 195 715 425 1,300,000 470,000
0.71 NELMA
Stud 2" & wider 775 450 195 715 475 1,300,000 470,000
Construction 1,150 675 195 715 1,000 1,400,000 510,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 650 375 195 715 775 1,300,000 470,000
Utility 300 175 195 715 500 1,200,000 440,000
COAST SITKA SPRUCE
Select Structural 1300 950 125 455 1200 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1/ No. 2 2" & wider 925 550 125 455 1100 1,500,000 550,000
No. 3 525 325 125 455 625 1,400,000 510,000
Stud 2" & wider 725 450 125 455 675 1,400,000 510,000 0.43 NLGA
Construction 1050 650 125 455 1300 1,400,000 510,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 600 350 125 455 1100 1,300,000 470,000
Utility 275 175 125 455 725 1,200,000 440,000
COTTONWOOD
Select Structural 875 525 125 320 775 1,200,000 440,000
No. 1 625 375 125 320 625 1,200,000 440,000
2" & wider
No. 2 625 350 125 320 475 1,100,000 400,000
No. 3 350 200 125 320 275 1,000,000 370,000
0.41 NSLB
Stud 2" & wider 475 275 125 320 300 1,000,000 370,000
Construction 700 400 125 320 650 1,000,000 370,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 400 225 125 320 500 900,000 330,000
Utility 175 100 125 320 325 900,000 330,000
DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH
Select Structural 1,500 1,000 180 625 1,700 1,900,000 690,000
No. 1 & Btr 1,200 800 180 625 1,550 1,800,000 660,000
No. 1 2" & wider 1,000 675 180 625 1,500 1,700,000 620,000
No. 2 900 575 180 625 1,350 1,600,000 580,000
WCLIB
No. 3 525 325 180 625 775 1,400,000 510,000 0.50
WWPA
Stud 2" & wider 700 450 180 625 850 1,400,000 510,000
Construction 1,000 650 180 625 1,650 1,500,000 550,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 575 375 180 625 1,400 1,400,000 510,000
Utility 275 175 180 625 900 1,300,000 470,000
DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH (NORTH)
Select Structural 1,350 825 180 625 1,900 1,900,000 690,000
No. 1 & Btr 1,150 750 180 625 1,800 1,800,000 660,000
2" & wider
No. 1/ No. 2 850 500 180 625 1,400 1,600,000 580,000
No. 3 475 300 180 625 825 1,400,000 510,000
0.49 NLGA
Stud 2" & wider 650 400 180 625 900 1,400,000 510,000
Construction 950 575 180 625 1,800 1,500,000 550,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 525 325 180 625 1,450 1,400,000 510,000
Utility 250 150 180 625 950 1,300,000 470,000
DOUGLAS FIR-SOUTH
Select Structural 1,350 900 180 520 1,600 1,400,000 510,000
No. 1 925 600 180 520 1,450 1,300,000 470,000
2" & wider
No. 2 850 525 180 520 1,350 1,200,000 440,000
No. 3 500 300 180 520 775 1,100,000 400,000
0.46 WWPA
Stud 2" & wider 675 425 180 520 850 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 975 600 180 520 1,650 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 550 350 180 520 1,400 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 250 150 180 520 900 1,000,000 370,000

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 33

Table 4A Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Dimension Lumber

(Cont.) (2" - 4" thick)1,2,3
(All species except Southern Pine — see Table 4B) (Tabulated design values are for normal load
duration and dry service conditions. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value
adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4A ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency

EASTERN HEMLOCK-BALSAM FIR

Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
4
Select Structural 1,250 575 140 335 1,200 1,200,000 440,000
No. 1 775 350 140 335 1,000 1,100,000 400,000
2" & wider
No. 2 575 275 140 335 825 1,100,000 400,000

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

No. 3 350 150 140 335 475 900,000 330,000 NELMA
0.36
Stud 2" & wider 450 200 140 335 525 900,000 330,000 NSLB
Construction 675 300 140 335 1,050 1,000,000 370,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 375 175 140 335 850 900,000 330,000
Utility 175 75 140 335 550 800,000 290,000
EASTERN HEMLOCK-TAMARACK
Select Structural 1,250 575 170 555 1,200 1,200,000 440,000
No. 1 775 350 170 555 1,000 1,100,000 400,000
2" & wider
No. 2 575 275 170 555 825 1,100,000 400,000
No. 3 350 150 170 555 475 900,000 330,000 NELMA
0.41
Stud 2" & wider 450 200 170 555 525 900,000 330,000 NSLB
Construction 675 300 170 555 1,050 1,000,000 370,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 375 175 170 555 850 900,000 330,000
Utility 175 75 170 555 550 800,000 290,000
EASTERN SOFTWOODS
Select Structural 1,250 575 140 335 1,200 1,200,000 440,000
No. 1 775 350 140 335 1,000 1,100,000 400,000
2" & wider
No. 2 575 275 140 335 825 1,100,000 400,000
No. 3 350 150 140 335 475 900,000 330,000 NELMA
0.36
Stud 2" & wider 450 200 140 335 525 900,000 330,000 NSLB
Construction 675 300 140 335 1,050 1,000,000 370,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 375 175 140 335 850 900,000 330,000
Utility 175 75 140 335 550 800,000 290,000
EASTERN WHITE PINE
Select Structural 1,250 575 135 350 1,200 1,200,000 440,000
No. 1 775 350 135 350 1,000 1,100,000 400,000
2" & wider
No. 2 575 275 135 350 825 1,100,000 400,000
No. 3 350 150 135 350 475 900,000 330,000 NELMA
0.36
Stud 2" & wider 450 200 135 350 525 900,000 330,000 NSLB
Construction 675 300 135 350 1,050 1,000,000 370,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 375 175 135 350 850 900,000 330,000
Utility 175 75 135 350 550 800,000 290,000
HEM-FIR
Select Structural 1,400 925 150 405 1,500 1,600,000 580,000
No. 1 & Btr 1,100 725 150 405 1,350 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 2" & wider 975 625 150 405 1,350 1,500,000 550,000
No. 2 850 525 150 405 1,300 1,300,000 470,000
WCLIB
No. 3 500 300 150 405 725 1,200,000 440,000 0.43
WWPA
Stud 2" & wider 675 400 150 405 800 1,200,000 440,000
Construction 975 600 150 405 1,550 1,300,000 470,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 550 325 150 405 1,300 1,200,000 440,000
Utility 250 150 150 405 850 1,100,000 400,000
HEM-FIR (NORTH)
Select Structural 1,300 775 145 405 1,700 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1 & Btr 1,200 725 145 405 1,550 1,700,000 620,000
2" & wider
No. 1/ No. 2 1,000 575 145 405 1,450 1,600,000 580,000
No. 3 575 325 145 405 850 1,400,000 510,000
0.46 NLGA
Stud 2" & wider 775 450 145 405 925 1,400,000 510,000
Construction 1,150 650 145 405 1,750 1,500,000 550,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 650 350 145 405 1,500 1,400,000 510,000
Utility 300 175 145 405 975 1,300,000 470,000

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
34 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4A Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Dimension Lumber

(Cont.) (2" - 4" thick)1,2,3
(All species except Southern Pine — see Table 4B) (Tabulated design values are for normal load
duration and dry service conditions. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value
adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4A ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
MIXED MAPLE
Select Structural 1,000 600 195 620 875 1,300,000 470,000
No. 1 725 425 195 620 700 1,200,000 440,000
2" & wider
No. 2 700 425 195 620 550 1,100,000 400,000
No. 3 400 250 195 620 325 1,000,000 370,000
0.55 NELMA
Stud 2" & wider 550 325 195 620 350 1,000,000 370,000
Construction 800 475 195 620 725 1,100,000 400,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 450 275 195 620 575 1,000,000 370,000
Utility 225 125 195 620 375 900,000 330,000
MIXED OAK
Select Structural 1,150 675 170 800 1,000 1,100,000 400,000
No. 1 825 500 170 800 825 1,000,000 370,000
2" & wider
No. 2 800 475 170 800 625 900,000 330,000
No. 3 475 275 170 800 375 800,000 290,000
0.68 NELMA
Stud 2" & wider 625 375 170 800 400 800,000 290,000
Construction 925 550 170 800 850 900,000 330,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 525 300 170 800 650 800,000 290,000
Utility 250 150 170 800 425 800,000 290,000
NORTHERN RED OAK
Select Structural 1,400 800 220 885 1,150 1,400,000 510,000
No. 1 1,000 575 220 885 925 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 975 575 220 885 725 1,300,000 470,000
No. 3 550 325 220 885 425 1,200,000 440,000
0.68 NELMA
Stud 2" & wider 750 450 220 885 450 1,200,000 440,000
Construction 1,100 650 220 885 975 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 625 350 220 885 750 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 300 175 220 885 500 1,000,000 370,000
NORTHERN SPECIES
Select Structural 975 425 110 350 1,100 1,100,000 400,000
No. 1/ No. 2 2" & wider 625 275 110 350 850 1,100,000 400,000
No. 3 350 150 110 350 500 1,000,000 370,000
Stud 2" & wider 475 225 110 350 550 1,000,000 370,000 0.35 NLGA
Construction 700 325 110 350 1,050 1,000,000 370,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 400 175 110 350 875 900,000 330,000
Utility 175 75 110 350 575 900,000 330,000
NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR
Select Structural 775 450 120 370 750 800,000 290,000
No. 1 575 325 120 370 600 700,000 260,000
2" & wider
No. 2 550 325 120 370 475 700,000 260,000
No. 3 325 175 120 370 275 600,000 220,000
0.31 NELMA
Stud 2" & wider 425 250 120 370 300 600,000 220,000
Construction 625 375 120 370 625 700,000 260,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 350 200 120 370 475 600,000 220,000
Utility 175 100 120 370 325 600,000 220,000
RED MAPLE
Select Structural 1,300 750 210 615 1,100 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1 925 550 210 615 900 1,600,000 580,000
2" & wider
No. 2 900 525 210 615 700 1,500,000 550,000
No. 3 525 300 210 615 400 1,300,000 470,000
0.58 NELMA
Stud 2" & wider 700 425 210 615 450 1,300,000 470,000
Construction 1,050 600 210 615 925 1,400,000 510,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 575 325 210 615 725 1,300,000 470,000
Utility 275 150 210 615 475 1,200,000 440,000

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 35

Table 4A Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Dimension Lumber

(Cont.) (2" - 4" thick)1,2,3
(All species except Southern Pine — see Table 4B) (Tabulated design values are for normal load
duration and dry service conditions. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value
adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4A ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency

RED OAK
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
4
Select Structural 1,150 675 170 820 1,000 1,400,000 510,000
No. 1 825 500 170 820 825 1,300,000 470,000
2" & wider
No. 2 800 475 170 820 625 1,200,000 440,000

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

No. 3 475 275 170 820 375 1,100,000 400,000
0.67 NELMA
Stud 2" & wider 625 375 170 820 400 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 925 550 170 820 850 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 525 300 170 820 650 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 250 150 170 820 425 1,000,000 370,000
REDWOOD
Clear Structural 1,750 1,000 160 650 1,850 1,400,000 510,000 0.44
Select Structural 1,350 800 160 650 1,500 1,400,000 510,000 0.44
Select Structural, open grain 1,100 625 160 425 1,100 1,100,000 400,000 0.37
No. 1 975 575 160 650 1,200 1,300,000 470,000 0.44
No. 1, open grain 2" & wider 775 450 160 425 900 1,100,000 400,000 0.37
No. 2 925 525 160 650 950 1,200,000 440,000 0.44
No. 2, open grain 725 425 160 425 700 1,000,000 370,000 0.37 RIS
No. 3 525 300 160 650 550 1,100,000 400,000 0.44
No. 3, open grain 425 250 160 425 400 900,000 330,000 0.37
Stud 2" & wider 575 325 160 425 450 900,000 330,000 0.44
Construction 825 475 160 425 925 900,000 330,000 0.44
Standard 2" - 4" wide 450 275 160 425 725 900,000 330,000 0.44
Utility 225 125 160 425 475 800,000 290,000 0.44
SPRUCE-PINE-FIR
Select Structural 1,250 700 135 425 1,400 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1/ No. 2 2" & wider 875 450 135 425 1,150 1,400,000 510,000
No. 3 500 250 135 425 650 1,200,000 440,000
Stud 2" & wider 675 350 135 425 725 1,200,000 440,000 0.42 NLGA
Construction 1,000 500 135 425 1,400 1,300,000 470,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 550 275 135 425 1,150 1,200,000 440,000
Utility 275 125 135 425 750 1,100,000 400,000
SPRUCE-PINE-FIR (SOUTH)
Select Structural 1,300 575 135 335 1,200 1,300,000 470,000
No. 1 875 400 135 335 1,050 1,200,000 440,000
2" & wider
No. 2 775 350 135 335 1,000 1,100,000 400,000 NELMA
No. 3 450 200 135 335 575 1,000,000 370,000 NSLB
0.36
Stud 2" & wider 600 275 135 335 625 1,000,000 370,000 WCLIB
Construction 875 400 135 335 1,200 1,000,000 370,000 WWPA
Standard 2" - 4" wide 500 225 135 335 1,000 900,000 330,000
Utility 225 100 135 335 675 900,000 330,000
WESTERN CEDARS
Select Structural 1,000 600 155 425 1,000 1,100,000 400,000
No. 1 725 425 155 425 825 1,000,000 370,000
2" & wider
No. 2 700 425 155 425 650 1,000,000 370,000
No. 3 400 250 155 425 375 900,000 330,000 WCLIB
0.36
Stud 2" & wider 550 325 155 425 400 900,000 330,000 WWPA
Construction 800 475 155 425 850 900,000 330,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 450 275 155 425 650 800,000 290,000
Utility 225 125 155 425 425 800,000 290,000

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36 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4A Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Dimension Lumber

(Cont.) (2" - 4" thick)1,2,3
(All species except Southern Pine — see Table 4B) (Tabulated design values are for normal load
duration and dry service conditions. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value
adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4A ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
WESTERN WOODS
Select Structural 900 400 135 335 1,050 1,200,000 440,000
No. 1 675 300 135 335 950 1,100,000 400,000
2" & wider
No. 2 675 300 135 335 900 1,000,000 370,000
No. 3 375 175 135 335 525 900,000 330,000 WCLIB
0.36
Stud 2" & wider 525 225 135 335 575 900,000 330,000 WWPA
Construction 775 350 135 335 1,100 1,000,000 370,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 425 200 135 335 925 900,000 330,000
Utility 200 100 135 335 600 800,000 290,000
WHITE OAK
Select Structural 1,200 700 220 800 1,100 1,100,000 400,000
No. 1 875 500 220 800 900 1,000,000 370,000
2" & wider
No. 2 850 500 220 800 700 900,000 330,000
No. 3 475 275 220 800 400 800,000 290,000
0.73 NELMA
Stud 2" & wider 650 375 220 800 450 800,000 290,000
Construction 950 550 220 800 925 900,000 330,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 525 325 220 800 725 800,000 290,000
Utility 250 150 220 800 475 800,000 290,000
YELLOW CEDAR
Select Structural 1200 725 175 540 1200 1,600,000 580,000
No. 1/ No. 2 2" & wider 800 475 175 540 1000 1,400,000 510,000
No. 3 475 275 175 540 575 1,200,000 440,000
Stud 2" & wider 625 375 175 540 650 1,200,000 440,000 0.46 NLGA
Construction 925 550 175 540 1200 1,300,000 470,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 525 300 175 540 1050 1,200,000 440,000
Utility 250 150 175 540 675 1,100,000 400,000
YELLOW POPLAR
Select Structural 1,000 575 145 420 900 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 725 425 145 420 725 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 700 400 145 420 575 1,300,000 470,000
No. 3 400 225 145 420 325 1,200,000 440,000
0.43 NSLB
Stud 2" & wider 550 325 145 420 350 1,200,000 440,000
Construction 800 475 145 420 750 1,300,000 470,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 450 250 145 420 575 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 200 125 145 420 375 1,100,000 400,000

1. LUMBER DIMENSIONS. Tabulated design values are applicable to lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most covered structures. For 2"
to 4" thick lumber the DRY dressed sizes shall be used (see Table 1A) regardless of the moisture content at the time of manufacture or use. In calculating design
values, the natural gain in strength and stiffness that occurs as lumber dries has been taken into consideration as well as the reduction in size that occurs when
unseasoned lumber shrinks. The gain in load carrying capacity due to increased strength and stiffness resulting from drying more than offsets the design effect of
size reductions due to shrinkage.
2. STRESS-RATED BOARDS. Stress-rated boards of nominal 1", 1-¼" and 1-½" thickness, 2" and wider, of most species, are permitted to use the design values
shown for Select Structural, No.1 & Btr, No.1, No.2, No.3, Stud, Construction, Standard, Utility, and Clear Structural grades as shown in the 2" to 4" thick catego-
ries herein, when graded in accordance with the stress-rated board provisions in the applicable grading rules. Information on stress-rated board grades applicable
to the various species is available from the respective grading rules agencies. Information on additional design values may also be available from the respective
grading rules agencies.
3. When individual species or species groups are combined, the design values to be used for the combination shall be the lowest design values for each individual
species or species group for each design property.
4. Specific gravity, G, based on weight and volume when oven-dry.

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 37

Table 4B Adjustment Factors

Size Factor, CF Flat Use Factor, Cfu

Appropriate size adjustment factors have already Bending design values adjusted by size factors are
been incorporated in the tabulated design values for most based on edgewise use (load applied to narrow face). When
thicknesses of Southern Pine and Mixed Southern Pine dimension lumber is used flatwise (load applied to wide
dimension lumber. For dimension lumber 4" thick, 8" face), the bending design value, Fb, shall also be multiplied
and wider (all grades except Dense Structural 86, Dense by the following flat use factors:
Structural 72, and Dense Structural 65), tabulated bend-
ing design values, Fb, shall be permitted to be multiplied Flat Use Factors, Cfu
by the size factor, CF = 1.1. For dimension lumber wider Width Thickness (breadth) 4
than 12" (all grades except Dense Structural 86, Dense (depth) 2" & 3" 4"
Structural 72, and Dense Structural 65), tabulated bending,
2" & 3" 1.0 —

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

tension and compression parallel to grain design values 4" 1.1 1.0
for 12" wide lumber shall be multiplied by the size fac- 5" 1.1 1.05
tor, CF = 0.9. When the depth, d, of Dense Structural 86, 6" 1.15 1.05
Dense Structural 72, or Dense Structural 65 dimension 8" 1.15 1.05
lumber exceeds 12", the tabulated bending design value, 10" & wider 1.2 1.1
Fb, shall be multiplied by the following size factor:
Wet Service Factor, CM
CF = (12/d) 1/9 When dimension lumber is used where moisture con-
tent will exceed 19% for an extended time period, design
Repetitive Member Factor, Cr values shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service
Bending design values, Fb, for dimension lumber 2" factors from the following table (for surfaced dry Dense
to 4" thick shall be multiplied by the repetitive member Structural 86, Dense Structural 72, and Dense Structural 65
factor, Cr = 1.15, when such members are used as joists, use tabulated surfaced green design values for wet service
truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking, or similar conditions without further adjustment):
members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24" Wet Service Factors, CM
on center, are not less than 3 in number and are joined by
floor, roof, or other load distributing elements adequate to Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin
support the design load. 0.85* 1.0 0.97 0.67 0.8** 0.9
* when (Fb)(CF) ≤ 1,150 psi, CM = 1.0
** when (Fc) ≤ 750 psi, CM = 1.0

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
38 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4B Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Southern Pine Dimension
Lumber (2" - 4" thick)1,2,3,4,5
(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4B ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
grade classification 6
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
SOUTHERN PINE
Dense Select Structural 3,050 1,650 175 660 2,250 1,900,000 690,000
Select Structural 2,850 1,600 175 565 2,100 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense Select Structural 2,650 1,350 175 480 1,950 1,700,000 620,000
No.1 Dense 2,000 1,100 175 660 2,000 1,800,000 660,000
No.1 1,850 1,050 175 565 1,850 1,700,000 620,000
2" - 4" wide 0.55
No.1 Non-Dense 1,700 900 175 480 1,700 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Dense 1,700 875 175 660 1,850 1,700,000 620,000
No.2 1,500 825 175 565 1,650 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Non-Dense 1,350 775 175 480 1,600 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 850 475 175 565 975 1,400,000 510,000
Construction 1,100 625 175 565 1,800 1,500,000 550,000
Standard 4" wide 625 350 175 565 1,500 1,300,000 470,000 0.55
Utility 300 175 175 565 975 1,300,000 470,000
Dense Select Structural 2,700 1,500 175 660 2,150 1,900,000 690,000
Select Structural 2,550 1,400 175 565 2,000 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense Select Structural 2,350 1,200 175 480 1,850 1,700,000 620,000
No.1 Dense 1,750 950 175 660 1,900 1,800,000 660,000
No.1 1,650 900 175 565 1,750 1,700,000 620,000
5" - 6" wide 0.55
No.1 Non-Dense 1,500 800 175 480 1,600 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Dense 1,450 775 175 660 1,750 1,700,000 620,000
No.2 1,250 725 175 565 1,600 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Non-Dense 1,150 675 175 480 1,500 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 750 425 175 565 925 1,400,000 510,000
Dense Select Structural 2,450 1,350 175 660 2,050 1,900,000 690,000
Select Structural 2,300 1,300 175 565 1,900 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense Select Structural 2,100 1,100 175 480 1,750 1,700,000 620,000
No.1 Dense 1,650 875 175 660 1,800 1,800,000 660,000 SPIB
No.1 1,500 825 175 565 1,650 1,700,000 620,000
8" wide 0.55
No.1 Non-Dense 1,350 725 175 480 1,550 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Dense 1,400 675 175 660 1,700 1,700,000 620,000
No.2 1,200 650 175 565 1,550 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Non-Dense 1,100 600 175 480 1,450 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 700 400 175 565 875 1,400,000 510,000
Dense Select Structural 2,150 1,200 175 660 2,000 1,900,000 690,000
Select Structural 2,050 1,100 175 565 1,850 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense Select Structural 1,850 950 175 480 1,750 1,700,000 620,000
No.1 Dense 1,450 775 175 660 1,750 1,800,000 660,000
No.1 1,300 725 175 565 1,600 1,700,000 620,000
10" wide 0.55
No.1 Non-Dense 1,200 650 175 480 1,500 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Dense 1,200 625 175 660 1,650 1,700,000 620,000
No.2 1,050 575 175 565 1,500 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Non-Dense 950 550 175 480 1,400 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 600 325 175 565 850 1,400,000 510,000
Dense Select Structural 2,050 1,100 175 660 1,950 1,900,000 690,000
Select Structural 1,900 1,050 175 565 1,800 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense Select Structural 1,750 900 175 480 1,700 1,700,000 620,000
No.1 Dense 1,350 725 175 660 1,700 1,800,000 660,000
No.1 1,250 675 175 565 1,600 1,700,000 620,000
12" wide 0.55
No.1 Non-Dense 1,150 600 175 480 1,500 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Dense 1,150 575 175 660 1,600 1,700,000 620,000
No.2 975 550 175 565 1,450 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 Non-Dense 900 525 175 480 1,350 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 575 325 175 565 825 1,400,000 510,000

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 39

Table 4B Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Southern Pine Dimension
(Cont.) Lumber (2" - 4" thick)1,2,3,4,5
(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4B ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
grade classification 6
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
SOUTHERN PINE
Dense Structural 86 2,600 1,750
(Surfaced Dry - Used in dry service condtions - 19% or less moisture content)
175 660 2,000 1,800,000 660,000
4
Dense Structural 72 2" & wider 2,200 1,450 175 660 1,650 1,800,000 660,000 0.55 SPIB
Dense Structural 65 2,000 1,300 175 660 1,500 1,800,000 660,000
SOUTHERN PINE (Surfaced Green - Used in any service condtion)

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Dense Structural 86 2,100 1,400 165 440 1,300 1,600,000 580,000
Dense Structural 72 2-1/2" & wider 1,750 1,200 165 440 1,100 1,600,000 580,000 0.55 SPIB
Dense Structural 65 2-1/2"-4" thick 1,600 1,050 165 440 1,000 1,600,000 580,000
MIXED SOUTHERN PINE
Select Structural 2,050 1,200 175 565 1,800 1,600,000 580,000
No.1 2" - 4" wide 1,450 875 175 565 1,650 1,500,000 550,000
0.51
No.2 1,300 775 175 565 1,650 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 750 450 175 565 950 1,200,000 440,000
Construction 1,000 600 175 565 1,700 1,300,000 470,000
Standard 4" wide 550 325 175 565 1,450 1,200,000 440,000 0.51
Utility 275 150 175 565 950 1,100,000 400,000
Select Structural 1,850 1,100 175 565 1,700 1,600,000 580,000
No.1 5" - 6" wide 1,300 750 175 565 1,550 1,500,000 550,000
0.51
No.2 1,150 675 175 565 1,550 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 675 400 175 565 875 1,200,000 440,000
Select Structural 1,750 1,000 175 565 1,600 1,600,000 580,000 SPIB
No.1 8" wide 1,200 700 175 565 1,450 1,500,000 550,000
0.51
No.2 1,050 625 175 565 1,450 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 625 375 175 565 850 1,200,000 440,000
Select Structural 1,500 875 175 565 1,600 1,600,000 580,000
No.1 10" wide 1,050 600 175 565 1,450 1,500,000 550,000
0.51
No.2 925 550 175 565 1,450 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 525 325 175 565 825 1,200,000 440,000
Select Structural 1,400 825 175 565 1,550 1,600,000 580,000
No.1 12" wide 975 575 175 565 1,400 1,500,000 550,000
0.51
No.2 875 525 175 565 1,400 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 500 300 175 565 800 1,200,000 440,000
1. LUMBER DIMENSIONS. Tabulated design values are applicable to lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most covered structures. For 2"
to 4" thick lumber the DRY dressed sizes shall be used (see Table 1A) regardless of the moisture content at the time of manufacture or use. In calculating design
values, the natural gain in strength and stiffness that occurs as lumber dries has been taken into consideration as well as the reduction in size that occurs when
unseasoned lumber shrinks. The gain in load carrying capacity due to increased strength and stiffness resulting from drying more than offsets the design effect of
size reductions due to shrinkage.
2. STRESS-RATED BOARDS. Information for various grades of Southern Pine stress-rated boards of nominal 1", 1-¼", and 1-½" thickness, 2" and wider is avail-
able from the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) in the Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber.
3. SPRUCE PINE. To obtain recommended design values for Spruce Pine graded to SPIB rules, multiply the appropriate design values for Mixed Southern Pine by
the corresponding conversion factor shown below and round to the nearest 100,000 psi for E; to the nearest 10,000 psi for E; to the next lower multiple of 5 psi
for Fv and Fc⊥; to the next lower multiple of 50 psi for Fb, Ft, and Fc if 1,000 psi or greater, 25 psi otherwise.

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR DETERMINING DESIGN VALUES FOR SPRUCE PINE

Tension Shear Compression Compression Modulus
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel of
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Elasticity
Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin
Conversion
Factor 0.78 0.78 0.98 0.73 0.78 0.82
4. SIZE FACTOR. For sizes wider than 12", use size factors for Fb, Ft, and Fc specified for the 12" width. Use 100% of the Fv, Fc⊥, E, and Emin specified for the 12"
width.
5. When individual species or species groups are combined, the design values to be used for the combination shall be the lowest design values for each individual
species or species group for each design property.
6. Specific gravity, G, based on weight and volume when oven-dry.

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
40 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4C Adjustment Factors

Flat Use Factor, Cfu Repetitive Member Factor, Cr

Bending design values are based on edgewise use Bending design values, Fb, for dimension lumber 2"
(load applied to narrow face). When dimension lumber to 4" thick shall be multiplied by the repetitive member
is used flatwise (load applied to wide face), the bending factor, Cr = 1.15, when such members are used as joists,
design value, Fb, shall be multiplied by the following flat truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking, or similar
use factors: members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24"
on center, are not less than 3 in number and are joined by
Flat Use Factors, Cfu floor, roof, or other load distributing elements adequate to
Width Thickness (breadth) support the design load.
(depth) 2" Wet Service Factor, CM
2" & 3" 1.0 When dimension lumber is used where moisture con-
4" 1.1 tent will exceed 19% for an extended time period, design
5" 1.1 values shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service
6" 1.15
8" 1.15 factors from the following table:
10" & wider 1.2
Wet Service Factors, CM

Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin

0.85 *
1.0 0.97 0.67 0.8 **
0.9
* when Fb ≤ 1,150 psi, CM = 1.0
** when Fc ≤ 750 psi, CM = 1.0

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 41

Table 4C Reference Design Values for Mechanically Graded Dimension Lumber1,2,3

(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4C ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Compression
Size
Commercial grade parallel parallel Grading Rules Agency
classification
Bending to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity
Fb Ft Fc E Emin
MACHINE STRESS RATED (MSR)

4
LUMBER
750f-1.4E 750 425 925 1,400,000 710,000 SPIB
850f-1.4E 850 475 975 1,400,000 710,000 SPIB
900f-1.0E 900 350 1,050 1,000,000 510,000 WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
975f-1.6E 975 550 1,450 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

1050f-1.2E 1,050 450 1,225 1,200,000 610,000 SPIB
1050f-1.6E 1,050 575 1,500 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB
1200f-1.2E 1,200 600 1,400 1,200,000 610,000 NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1200f-1.3E 1,200 600 1,400 1,300,000 660,000 SPIB
1200f-1.6E 1,200 650 1,550 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB
1250f-1.4E 1,250 800 1,475 1,400,000 710,000 WCLIB
1250f-1.6E 1,250 725 1,600 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB
1350f-1.3E 1,350 750 1,600 1,300,000 660,000 NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1350f-1.4E 1,350 750 1,600 1,400,000 710,000 SPIB
1400f-1.2E 1,400 800 1,600 1,200,000 610,000 NLGA
1450f-1.3E 1,450 800 1,625 1,300,000 660,000 NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1450f-1.3E 1,450 825 1,600 1,300,000 660,000 SPIB
1450f-1.5E 1,450 875 1,625 1,500,000 760,000 WCLIB
1500f-1.4E 1,500 900 1,650 1,400,000 710,000 NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1500f-1.5E 1,500 900 1,650 1,500,000 760,000 SPIB
1500f-1.6E 1,500 900 1,650 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB
1500f-1.7E 1,500 900 1,650 1,700,000 860,000 SPIB
1600f-1.4E 2" and less 1,600 950 1,675 1,400,000 710,000 NLGA
1650f-1.3E in thickness 1,650 1,020 1,700 1,300,000 660,000 NLGA
1650f-1.5E 1,650 1,020 1,700 1,500,000 760,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1650f-1.6E 2" and wider 1,650 1,175 1,700 1,600,000 810,000 WCLIB
1650f-1.7E 1,650 1,020 1,750 1,700,000 860,000 SPIB
1700f-1.6E 1700 1,175 1,725 1,600,000 810,000 WCLIB
1800f-1.5E 1,800 1,300 1,750 1,500,000 760,000 NLGA
1800f-1.6E 1,800 1,175 1,750 1,600,000 810,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1800f-1.8E 1,800 1,200 1,750 1,800,000 910,000 WCLIB
1800f-2.0E 1,800 1,175 1,750 2,000,000 1,020,000 WCLIB
1850f-1.7E 1,850 1,175 1,850 1,700,000 860,000 SPIB
1950f-1.5E 1,950 1,375 1,800 1,500,000 760,000 SPIB
1950f-1.7E 1,950 1,375 1,800 1,700,000 860,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2000f-1.6E 2,000 1,300 1,825 1,600,000 810,000 NLGA
2100f-1.8E 2,100 1,575 1,875 1,800,000 910,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2250f-1.7E 2,250 1750 1,925 1,700,000 860,000 NLGA
2250f-1.8E 2,250 1750 1,925 1,800,000 910,000 NLGA, WCLIB
2250f-1.9E 2,250 1750 1,925 1,900,000 970,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2400f-1.8E 2,400 1925 1,975 1,800,000 910,000 NLGA
2400f-2.0E 2,400 1925 1,975 2,000,000 1,020,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2500f-2.2E 2,500 1750 2,000 2,200,000 1,120,000 WCLIB
2550f-1.8E 2,550 1400 2,000 1,800,000 910,000 SPIB
2550f-2.1E 2,550 2050 2,025 2,100,000 1,070,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2700f-2.0E 2,700 1800 2,100 2,000,000 1,020,000 WCLIB
2700f-2.2E 2,700 2150 2,100 2,200,000 1,120,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2850f-1.8E 2,850 1600 2,100 1,800,000 910,000 SPIB
2850f-2.3E 2,850 2300 2,150 2,300,000 1,170,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
3000f-2.4E 3,000 2,400 2,200 2,400,000 1,220,000 NLGA, SPIB

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
42 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4C Reference Design Values for Mechanically Graded Dimension Lumber1,2,3

(Cont.) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4C ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Tension Compression
Size
Commercial grade parallel parallel Grading Rules Agency
classification
Bending to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity
Fb Ft Fc E Emin
MACHINE EVALUATED LUMBER
(MEL)
M-5 900 500 1,050 1,100,000 510,000 SPIB
M-6 1,100 600 1,300 1,000,000 470,000 SPIB
M-7 1,200 650 1,400 1,100,000 510,000 SPIB
M-8 1,300 700 1,500 1,300,000 610,000 SPIB
M-9 1,400 800 1,600 1,400,000 650,000 SPIB
M-10 1,400 800 1,600 1,200,000 560,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-11 1,550 850 1,675 1,500,000 700,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-12 1,600 850 1,675 1,600,000 750,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-13 1,600 950 1,675 1,400,000 650,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-14 1,800 1,000 1,750 1,700,000 790,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-15 1,800 1,100 1,750 1,500,000 700,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-16 1,800 1,300 1,750 1,500,000 700,000 SPIB
M-17[4] 1,950 1,300 2,050 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-18 2" and less 2,000 1,200 1,825 1,800,000 840,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-19 in thickness 2,000 1,300 1,825 1,600,000 750,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-20[4] 2,000 1,600 2,100 1,900,000 890,000 SPIB
M-21 2" and wider 2,300 1,400 1,950 1,900,000 890,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-22 2,350 1,500 1,950 1,700,000 790,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-23 2,400 1,900 1,975 1,800,000 840,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-24 2,700 1,800 2,100 1,900,000 890,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-25 2,750 2,000 2,100 2,200,000 1,030,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-26 2,800 1,800 2,150 2,000,000 930,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-27[4] 3,000 2,000 2,400 2,100,000 980,000 SPIB
M-28 2,200 1,600 1,900 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-29 1,550 850 1,650 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-30 2,050 1,050 1,850 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-31 2,850 1,600 2,150 1,900,000 890,000 SPIB
M-32 750 425 925 1,400,000 650,000 SPIB
M-33 850 475 975 1,400,000 650,000 SPIB
M-34 975 550 1,450 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-35 1,050 575 1,500 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-36 1,200 650 1,550 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-37 1,250 725 1,600 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-38 1,500 900 1,650 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-39 1,650 1,020 1,750 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-40 1,850 1,175 1,850 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 43

Table 4C Footnotes
1. LUMBER DIMENSIONS. Tabulated design values are applicable to lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most covered structures. For 2"
to 4" thick lumber the DRY dressed sizes shall be used (see Table 1A) regardless of the moisture content at the time of manufacture or use. In calculating design
values, the natural gain in strength and stiffness that occurs as lumber dries has been taken into consideration as well as the reduction in size that occurs when
unseasoned lumber shrinks. The gain in load carrying capacity due to increased strength and stiffness resulting from drying more than offsets the design effect of
size reductions due to shrinkage.
2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, G, SHEAR PARALLEL TO GRAIN, FV, AND COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN, Fc⊥. Values for specific gravity,
G, shear parallel to grain, Fv, and compression perpendicular to grain, Fc⊥, are provided below for MSR and MEL lumber. For species or species groups not shown
below, the G, Fv, and Fc⊥ values for visually graded lumber may be used. Higher G values may be claimed when (a) specifically assigned by the rules writing agency
or (b) when qualified by test, quality controlled for G and provided for on the grade stamp. When a different G value is provided on the grade stamp, higher Fv
and Fc⊥ design values may be calculated in accordance with the grading rule requirements.

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

4
Modulus of
Specific Compression
Species Elasticity Grading Rules Agency
Gravity Shear parallel to grain perpendicular to grain
E (x106) psi
G Fv Fc
1.0 and higher 0.50 180 625 WWPA

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

2.0 0.51 180 670
2.1 0.52 180 690
Douglas Fir-Larch 2.2 0.53 180 715 WWPA
2.3 0.54 185 735
2.4 0.55 185 760
1.0 and higher 0.50 170 625 WCLIB
2.0 0.51 170 670
2.1 0.52 170 690
Douglas Fir-Larch 2.2 0.53 170 715 WCLIB
2.3 0.54 170 735
2.4 0.55 170 760
1.2 to 1.9 0.49 180 625
NLGA
Douglas Fir-Larch (N) 2.0 to 2.2 0.53 180 715
2.3 & higher 0.57 190 715 NLGA
Douglas Fir-South 1.0 and higher 0.46 180 520 WWPA
Englemann Spruce- 1.0 and higher 0.38 135 335 WWPA
Lodgepole Pine 1.5 and higher 0.46 160 555 WWPA
1.0 and higher 0.43 140 405 WCLIB
1.0 and higher 0.43 150 405 WWPA
1.6 0.44 155 510
1.7 0.45 160 535
1.8 0.46 160 555
Hem-Fir 1.9 0.47 165 580
2.0 0.48 170 600 WCLIB, WWPA
2.1 0.49 170 625
2.2 0.50 175 645
2.3 0.51 175 670
2.4 0.52 180 690
Hem-Fir (N) 1.0 and higher 0.46 145 405 NLGA
1.0 and higher 0.55 175 565 SPIB
Southern Pine 1.8* 0.57* 190* 805* SPIB
1.9 and higher 0.57 190 805 SPIB
1.2 and higher 0.42 135 425 NLGA
Spruce-Pine-Fir 1.8 to 1.9 0.46 160 525 NLGA
2.0 and higher 0.50 170 615 NLGA
1.0 and higher 0.36 135 335 NELMA, NSLB, WCLIB, WWPA
1.2 to 1.9 0.42 150 465 NELMA, NSLB
Sprce-Pine-Fir (S) 1.2 to 1.7 0.42 150 465
WWPA
1.8 to 1.9 0.46 160 555
2.0 and higher 0.50 175 645 NELMA, NSLB, WWPA
Western Cedars 1.0 and higher 0.36 155 425 WCLIB, WWPA
Western Woods 1.0 and higher 0.36 135 335 WCLIB, WWPA

* 1.8E southern pine marked with a specific gravity of 0.55 on the grade stamp has a shear parallel to grain, Fv, of 175 psi and compression perpendicular to grain,
Fc⊥, of 565 psi.
3. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, E, AND TENSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN, Ft. For any given bending design value, Fb, the modulus of elasticity, E, and
tension parallel to grain, Ft, design value may vary depending upon species, timber source, or other variables. The “E” and “Ft” values included in the “Fb-E”
grade designations in Table 4C are those usually associated with each “Fb” level. Grade stamps may show higher or lower values if machine rating indicates the
assignment is appropriate. Where the “E” or “Ft” values shown on a grade stamp differ from Table 4C values associated with the “Fb” on the grade stamp, the
values on the stamp shall be used in design, and the “Fc” value associated with the “Fb” value in Table 4C shall be used.
4. COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN, Fc. This grade requires “Fc” qualification and quality control.

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
44 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4D Adjustment Factors

Size Factor, CF Wet Service Factor, CM

When visually graded timbers are subjected to loads When timbers are used where moisture content will
applied to the narrow face, tabulated design values shall exceed 19% for an extended time period, design values
be multiplied by the following size factors: shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service factors
from the following table (for Southern Pine and Mixed
Size Factors, CF Southern Pine, use tabulated design values without further
Depth Fb Ft Fc adjustment):
d > 12" (12/d)1/9 1.0 1.0
Wet Service Factors, CM
d ≤ 12" 1.0 1.0 1.0
Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin
Flat Use Factor, Cfu
When members designated as Beams and Stringers* 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.67 0.91 1.00
in Table 4D are subjected to loads applied to the wide
face, tabulated design values shall be multiplied by the
following flat use factors:
Flat Use Factor, Cfu
Grade Fb E and Emin Other Properties
Select Structural 0.86 1.00 1.00
No.1 0.74 0.90 1.00
No.2 1.00 1.00 1.00
*"Beams and Stringers" are defined in NDS 4.1.3 (also see Table 1B).

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 45

Table 4D Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Timbers (5" x 5" and larger)1,3
(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4D ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
Grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
ALASKA CEDAR
Select Structural 1,400 675 155 525 925 1,200,000 440,000

4
Beams and
No.1 1,150 475 155 525 775 1,200,000 440,000
Stringers
No.2 750 300 155 525 500 1,000,000 370,000
0.47 WCLIB
Select Structural 1,300 700 155 525 975 1,200,000 440,000
Posts and
No.1 1,050 575 155 525 850 1,200,000 440,000
Timbers
No.2 625 350 155 525 600 1,000,000 370,000

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

BALDCYPRESS
Select Structural 1,150 750 200 615 1,050 1,300,000 470,000
No.1 5"x5" and Larger 1,000 675 200 615 925 1,300,000 470,000 0.43 SPIB
No.2 625 425 175 615 600 1,000,000 370,000
BALSAM FIR
Select Structural 1,350 900 125 305 950 1,400,000 510,000
Beams and
No.1 1,100 750 125 305 800 1,400,000 510,000
Stringers
No.2 725 350 125 305 500 1,100,000 400,000 NELMA
0.36
Select Structural 1,250 825 125 305 1,000 1,400,000 510,000 NSLB
Posts and
No.1 1,000 675 125 305 875 1,400,000 510,000
Timbers
No.2 575 375 125 305 400 1,100,000 400,000
BEECH-BIRCH-HICKORY
Select Structural 1,650 975 180 715 975 1,500,000 550,000
Beams and
No.1 1,400 700 180 715 825 1,500,000 550,000
Stringers
No.2 900 450 180 715 525 1,200,000 440,000 NELMA
0.71
Select Structural 1,550 1,050 180 715 1,050 1,500,000 550,000 NSLB
Posts and
No.1 1,250 850 180 715 900 1,500,000 550,000
Timbers
No.2 725 475 180 715 425 1,200,000 440,000
COAST SITKA SPRUCE
Select Structural 1,150 675 115 455 775 1,500,000 550,000
Beams and
No.1 950 475 115 455 650 1,500,000 550,000
Stringers
No.2 625 325 115 455 425 1,200,000 440,000
0.43 NLGA
Select Structural 1,100 725 115 455 825 1,500,000 550,000
Posts and
No.1 875 575 115 455 725 1,500,000 550,000
Timbers
No.2 525 350 115 455 500 1,200,000 440,000
DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH
Dense Select Structural 1,900 1,100 170 730 1,300 1,700,000 620,000
Select Structural 1,600 950 170 625 1,100 1,600,000 580,000
Beams and
Dense No. 1 1,550 775 170 730 1,100 1,700,000 620,000
Stringers
No. 1 1,350 675 170 625 925 1,600,000 580,000
No. 2 875 425 170 625 600 1,300,000 470,000
0.50 WCLIB
Dense Select Structural 1,750 1,150 170 730 1,350 1,700,000 620,000
Select Structural 1,500 1,000 170 625 1,150 1,600,000 580,000
Posts and
Dense No. 1 1,400 950 170 730 1,200 1,700,000 620,000
Timbers
No. 1 1,200 825 170 625 1,000 1,600,000 580,000
No. 2 750 475 170 625 700 1,300,000 470,000
Dense Select Structural 1,900 1,100 170 730 1,300 1,700,000 620,000
Select Structural 1,600 950 170 625 1,100 1,600,000 580,000
Dense No. 1 Beams and 1,550 775 170 730 1,100 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1 Stringers 1,350 675 170 625 925 1,600,000 580,000
No. 2 Dense 1,000 500 170 730 700 1,400,000 510,000
No. 2 875 425 170 625 600 1,300,000 470,000
0.50 WWPA
Dense Select Structural 1,750 1,150 170 730 1,350 1,700,000 620,000
Select Structural 1,500 1,000 170 625 1,150 1,600,000 580,000
Dense No. 1 Posts and 1,400 950 170 730 1,200 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1 Timbers 1,200 825 170 625 1,000 1,600,000 580,000
No. 2 Dense 850 550 170 730 825 1,400,000 510,000
No. 2 750 475 170 625 700 1,300,000 470,000

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
46 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4D Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Timbers (5" x 5" and larger)1,3
(Cont.) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4D ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
Grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH (NORTH)
Select Structural 1,600 950 170 625 1,100 1,600,000 580,000
Beams and
No.1 1,300 675 170 625 925 1,600,000 580,000
Stringers
No.2 875 425 170 625 600 1,300,000 470,000
0.49 NLGA
Select Structural 1,500 1,000 170 625 1,150 1,600,000 580,000
Posts and
No.1 1,200 825 170 625 1,000 1,600,000 580,000
Timbers
No.2 725 475 170 625 700 1,300,000 470,000
DOUGLAS FIR-SOUTH
Select Structural 1,550 900 165 520 1,000 1,200,000 440,000
Beams and
No.1 1,300 625 165 520 850 1,200,000 440,000
Stringers
No.2 825 425 165 520 550 1,000,000 370,000
0.46 WWPA
Select Structural 1,450 950 165 520 1,050 1,200,000 440,000
Posts and
No.1 1,150 775 165 520 925 1,200,000 440,000
Timbers
No.2 675 450 165 520 650 1,000,000 370,000
EASTERN HEMLOCK
Select Structural 1,350 925 155 550 950 1,200,000 440,000
Beams and
No.1 1,150 775 155 550 800 1,200,000 440,000
Stringers
No.2 750 375 155 550 550 900,000 330,000 NELMA
0.41
Select Structural 1,250 850 155 550 1,000 1,200,000 440,000 NSLB
Posts and
No.1 1,050 700 155 500 875 1,200,000 440,000
Timbers
No.2 600 400 155 550 400 900,000 330,000
EASTERN HEMLOCK-TAMARACK
Select Structural 1,400 925 155 555 950 1,200,000 440,000
Beams and
No.1 1,150 775 155 555 800 1,200,000 440,000
Stringers
No.2 750 375 155 555 500 900,000 330,000 NELMA
0.41
Select Structural 1,300 875 155 555 1,000 1,200,000 440,000 NSLB
Posts and
No.1 1,050 700 155 555 875 1,200,000 440,000
Timbers
No.2 600 400 155 555 400 900,000 330,000
EASTERN HEMLOCK-TAMARACK (N)
Select Structural 1,450 850 165 555 950 1,300,000 470,000
Beams and
No.1 1,200 600 165 555 800 1,300,000 470,000
Stringers
No.2 775 400 165 555 500 1,100,000 400,000
0.47 NLGA
Select Structural 1,350 900 165 555 1,000 1,300,000 470,000
Posts and
No.1 1,100 725 165 555 875 1,300,000 470,000
Timbers
No.2 650 425 165 555 600 1,100,000 400,000
EASTERN SPRUCE
Select Structural 1,050 725 135 390 750 1,400,000 510,000
Beams and
No.1 900 600 135 390 625 1,400,000 510,000
Stringers
No.2 575 275 135 390 375 1,000,000 370,000 NELMA
0.41
Select Structural 1,000 675 135 390 775 1,400,000 510,000 NSLB
Posts and
No.1 800 550 135 390 675 1,400,000 510,000
Timbers
No.2 450 300 135 390 300 1,000,000 370,000
EASTERN WHITE PINE
Select Structural 1,050 700 125 350 675 1,100,000 400,000
Beams and
No.1 875 600 125 350 575 1,100,000 400,000
Stringers
No.2 575 275 125 350 400 900,000 330,000 NELMA
0.36
Select Structural 975 650 125 350 725 1,100,000 400,000 NSLB
Posts and
No.1 800 525 125 350 625 1,100,000 400,000
Timbers
No.2 450 300 125 350 325 900,000 330,000
HEM-FIR
Select Structural 1,300 750 140 405 925 1,300,000 470,000
Beams and
No.1 1,050 525 140 405 750 1,300,000 470,000
Stringers
No.2 675 350 140 405 500 1,100,000 400,000 WCLIB
0.43
Select Structural 1,200 800 140 405 975 1,300,000 470,000 WWPA
Posts and
No.1 975 650 140 405 850 1,300,000 470,000
Timbers
No.2 575 375 140 405 575 1,100,000 400,000

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 47

Table 4D Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Timbers (5" x 5" and larger)1,3
(Cont.) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4D ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
Grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
HEM-FIR (NORTH)
1,250 725 135 405 900 1,300,000 470,000

4
Select Structural
Beams and
No.1 1,000 500 135 405 750 1,300,000 470,000
Stringers
No.2 675 325 135 405 475 1,100,000 400,000
0.46 NLGA
Select Structural 1,150 775 135 405 950 1,300,000 470,000
Posts and
No.1 925 625 135 405 850 1,300,000 470,000
Timbers
No.2 550 375 135 405 575 1,100,000 400,000

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

MIXED MAPLE
Select Structural 1,150 700 180 620 725 1,100,000 400,000
Beams and
No.1 975 500 180 620 600 1,100,000 400,000
Stringers
No.2 625 325 180 620 375 900,000 330,000
0.55 NELMA
Select Structural 1,100 725 180 620 750 1,100,000 400,000
Posts and
No.1 875 600 180 620 650 1,100,000 400,000
Timbers
No.2 500 350 180 620 300 900,000 330,000
MIXED OAK
Select Structural 1,350 800 155 800 825 1,000,000 370,000
Beams and
No.1 1,150 550 155 800 700 1,000,000 370,000
Stringers
No.2 725 375 155 800 450 800,000 290,000
0.68 NELMA
Select Structural 1,250 850 155 800 875 1,000,000 370,000
Posts and
No.1 1,000 675 155 800 775 1,000,000 370,000
Timbers
No.2 575 400 155 800 350 800,000 290,000
2
MIXED SOUTHERN PINE (Wet Service Conditons)
Select Structural 1,500 1,000 165 375 900 1,300,000 470,000
No.1 5"x5" and Larger 1,350 900 165 375 800 1,300,000 470,000 0.51 SPIB
No.2 850 550 165 375 525 1,000,000 370,000
MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK
Select Structural 1,350 775 170 570 875 1,100,000 400,000
Beams and
No.1 1,100 550 170 570 725 1,100,000 400,000
Stringers
No.2 725 375 170 570 475 900,000 330,000 WCLIB
0.47
Select Structural 1,250 825 170 570 925 1,100,000 400,000 WWPA
Posts and
No.1 1,000 675 170 570 800 1,100,000 400,000
Timbers
No.2 625 400 170 570 550 900,000 330,000
NORTHERN PINE
Select Structural 1,250 850 135 435 850 1,300,000 470,000
Beams and
No.1 1,050 700 135 435 725 1,300,000 470,000
Stringers
No.2 675 350 135 435 450 1,000,000 370,000 NELMA
0.42
Select Structural 1,150 800 135 435 900 1,300,000 470,000 NSLB
Posts and
No.1 950 650 135 435 800 1,300,000 470,000
Timbers
No.2 550 375 135 435 375 1,000,000 370,000
NORTHERN RED OAK
Select Structural 1,600 950 205 885 950 1,300,000 470,000
Beams and
No.1 1,350 675 205 885 800 1,300,000 470,000
Stringers
No.2 875 425 205 885 500 1,000,000 370,000
0.68 NELMA
Select Structural 1,500 1,000 205 885 1,000 1,300,000 470,000
Posts and
No.1 1,200 800 205 885 875 1,300,000 470,000
Timbers
No.2 700 475 205 885 400 1,000,000 370,000
NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR
Select Structural 900 600 115 370 600 700,000 260,000
Beams and
No.1 750 500 115 370 500 700,000 260,000
Stringers
No.2 500 250 115 370 325 600,000 220,000
0.31 NELMA
Select Structural 850 575 115 370 650 700,000 260,000
Posts and
No.1 675 450 115 370 550 700,000 260,000
Timbers
No.2 400 250 115 370 250 600,000 220,000
PONDEROSA PINE
Select Structural 1,100 725 130 535 750 1,100,000 400,000
Beams and
No.1 925 500 130 535 625 1,100,000 400,000
Stringers
No.2 600 300 130 535 400 900,000 330,000
0.43 NLGA
Select Structural 1,000 675 130 535 800 1,100,000 400,000
Posts and
No.1 825 550 130 535 700 1,100,000 400,000
Timbers
No.2 475 325 130 535 325 900,000 330,000

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
48 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4D Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Timbers (5" x 5" and larger)1,3
(Cont.) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4D ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
Grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
RED MAPLE
Select Structural 1,500 875 195 615 900 1,500,000 550,000
Beams and
No.1 1,250 625 195 615 750 1,500,000 550,000
Stringers
No.2 800 400 195 615 475 1,200,000 440,000
0.58 NELMA
Select Structural 1,400 925 195 615 950 1,500,000 550,000
Posts and
No.1 1,150 750 195 615 825 1,500,000 550,000
Timbers
No.2 650 425 195 615 375 1,200,000 440,000
RED OAK
Select Structural 1,350 800 155 820 825 1,200,000 440,000
Beams and
No.1 1,150 550 155 820 700 1,200,000 440,000
Stringers
No.2 725 375 155 820 450 1,000,000 370,000
0.67 NELMA
Select Structural 1,250 850 155 820 875 1,200,000 440,000
Posts and
No.1 1,000 675 155 820 775 1,200,000 440,000
Timbers
No.2 575 400 155 820 350 1,000,000 370,000
RED PINE
Select Structural 1,050 625 130 440 725 1,100,000 400,000
Beams and
No.1 875 450 130 440 600 1,100,000 400,000
Stringers
No.2 575 300 130 440 375 900,000 330,000
0.44 NLGA
Select Structural 1,000 675 130 440 775 1,100,000 400,000
Posts and
No.1 800 550 130 440 675 1,100,000 400,000
Timbers
No.2 475 325 130 440 475 900,000 330,000
REDWOOD
Clear Structural 1,850 1,250 145 650 1,650 1,300,000 470,000 0.44
Select Structural 1,400 950 145 650 1,200 1,300,000 470,000 0.44
Select Structural Open Grain 1,100 750 145 420 900 1,000,000 370,000 0.37
No. 1 5"x5" and Larger 1,200 800 145 650 1,050 1,300,000 470,000 0.44 RIS
No. 1 Open Grain 950 650 145 420 800 1,000,000 370,000 0.37
No. 2 1,000 525 145 650 900 1,100,000 400,000 0.44
No. 2 Open Grain 750 400 145 420 650 900,000 330,000 0.37
SITKA SPRUCE
Select Structural 1,200 675 140 435 825 1,300,000 470,000
Beams and
No.1 1,000 500 140 435 675 1,300,000 470,000
Stringers
No.2 650 325 140 435 450 1,000,000 370,000
0.43 WCLIB
Select Structural 1,150 750 140 435 875 1,300,000 470,000
Posts and
No.1 925 600 140 435 750 1,300,000 470,000
Timbers
No.2 550 350 140 435 525 1,000,000 370,000
Select Structural 1,200 675 140 435 825 1,300,000 470,000
Beams and
No.1 1,000 500 140 435 675 1,300,000 470,000
Stringers
No.2 650 325 140 435 450 1,100,000 400,000
0.43 WWPA
Select Structural 1,150 750 140 435 875 1,300,000 470,000
Posts and
No.1 925 600 140 435 750 1,300,000 470,000
Timbers
No.2 550 350 140 435 525 1,100,000 400,000
SOUTHERN PINE (Wet Service Conditons)
Dense Select Structural 1,750 1,200 165 440 1,100 1,600,000 580,000
Select Structural 1,500 1,000 165 375 950 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 Dense 1,550 1,050 165 440 975 1,600,000 580,000
No. 1 1,350 900 165 375 825 1,500,000 550,000
No. 2 Dense 5" x 5" and Larger 975 650 165 440 625 1,300,000 470,000 0.55 SPIB
No. 2 850 550 165 375 525 1,200,000 440,000
Dense Select Structural 86 2,100 1,400 165 440 1,300 1,600,000 580,000
Dense Select Structural 72 1,750 1,200 165 440 1,100 1,600,000 580,000
Dense Select Structural 65 1,600 1,050 165 440 1,000 1,600,000 580,000

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 49

Table 4D Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Timbers (5" x 5" and larger)1,3
(Cont.) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4D ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
Grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
SPRUCE-PINE-FIR
1,100 650 125 425 775 1,300,000 470,000

4
Select Structural
Beams and
No.1 900 450 125 425 625 1,300,000 470,000
Stringers
No.2 600 300 125 425 425 1,000,000 370,000
0.42 NLGA
Select Structural 1,050 700 125 425 800 1,300,000 470,000
Posts and
No.1 850 550 125 425 700 1,300,000 470,000
Timbers
No.2 500 325 125 425 500 1,000,000 370,000

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

SPRUCE-PINE-FIR (SOUTH)
Select Structural 1,050 625 125 335 675 1,200,000 440,000
Beams and
No.1 900 450 125 335 550 1,200,000 440,000 NELMA
Stringers
No.2 575 300 125 335 375 1,000,000 370,000 NSLB
0.36
Select Structural 1,000 675 125 335 700 1,200,000 440,000 WWPA
Posts and
No.1 800 550 125 335 625 1,200,000 440,000 WCLIB
Timbers
No.2 475 325 125 335 425 1,000,000 370,000
WESTERN CEDARS
Select Structural 1,150 675 140 425 875 1,000,000 370,000
Beams and
No.1 975 475 140 425 725 1,000,000 370,000
Stringers
No.2 625 325 140 425 475 800,000 290,000 WCLIB
0.36
Select Structural 1,100 725 140 425 925 1,000,000 370,000 WWPA
Posts and
No.1 875 600 140 425 800 1,000,000 370,000
Timbers
No.2 550 350 140 425 550 800,000 290,000
WESTERN CEDARS (NORTH)
Select Structural 1,150 675 130 425 850 1,000,000 370,000
Beams and
No.1 925 475 130 425 700 1,000,000 370,000
Stringers
No.2 625 300 130 425 450 800,000 290,000
0.35 NLGA
Select Structural 1,050 700 130 425 900 1,000,000 370,000
Posts and
No.1 875 575 130 425 800 1,000,000 370,000
Timbers
No.2 500 350 130 425 550 800,000 290,000
WESTERN HEMLOCK
Select Structural 1,400 825 170 410 1,000 1,400,000 510,000
Beams and
No.1 1,150 575 170 410 850 1,400,000 510,000
Stringers
No.2 750 375 170 410 550 1,100,000 400,000 WCLIB
0.47
Select Structural 1,300 875 170 410 1,100 1,400,000 510,000 WWPA
Posts and
No.1 1,050 700 170 410 950 1,400,000 510,000
Timbers
No.2 650 425 170 410 650 1,100,000 400,000
WESTERN HEMLOCK (NORTH)
Select Structural 1,400 825 135 410 1,000 1,400,000 510,000
Beams and
No.1 1,150 575 135 410 850 1,400,000 510,000
Stringers
No.2 750 375 135 410 550 1,100,000 400,000
0.46 NLGA
Select Structural 1,300 875 135 410 1,100 1,400,000 510,000
Posts and
No.1 1,050 700 135 410 950 1,400,000 510,000
Timbers
No.2 650 425 135 410 650 1,100,000 400,000
WESTERN WHITE PINE
Select Structural 1,050 600 120 375 775 1,300,000 470,000
Beams and
No.1 850 425 120 375 625 1,300,000 470,000
Stringers
No.2 550 275 120 375 400 1,000,000 370,000
0.40 NLGA
Select Structural 975 650 120 375 800 1,300,000 470,000
Posts and
No.1 775 525 120 375 700 1,300,000 470,000
Timbers
No.2 450 300 120 375 500 1,000,000 370,000

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50 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4D Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Timbers (5" x 5" and larger)1,3
(Cont.) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4D ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and commercial Size
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
Grade classification
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity4 Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
WESTERN WOODS
Select Structural 1,050 625 125 345 750 1,100,000 400,000
Beams and
No.1 900 450 125 345 625 1,100,000 400,000
Stringers
No.2 575 300 125 345 425 900,000 330,000 WCLIB
0.36
Select Structural 1,000 675 125 345 800 1,100,000 400,000 WWPA
Posts and
No.1 800 525 125 345 700 1,100,000 400,000
Timbers
No.2 475 325 125 345 475 900,000 330,000
WHITE OAK
Select Structural 1,400 825 205 800 900 1,000,000 370,000
Beams and
No.1 1,200 575 205 800 775 1,000,000 370,000
Stringers
No.2 750 375 205 800 475 800,000 290,000
0.73 NELMA
Select Structural 1,300 875 205 800 950 1,000,000 370,000
Posts and
No.1 1,050 700 205 800 825 1,000,000 370,000
Timbers
No.2 600 400 205 800 400 800,000 290,000

Footnotes to Table 4D
1. LUMBER DIMENSIONS. Tabulated design values are applicable to lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most covered structures. For 5"
and thicker lumber, the GREEN dressed sizes shall be permitted to be used (see Table 1A) because design values have been adjusted to compensate for any loss
in size by shrinkage which may occur.
2. SPRUCE PINE. To obtain recommended design values for Spruce Pine graded to Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) rules, multiply the appropriate design
values for Mixed Southern Pine by the corresponding conversion factor shown below and round to the nearest 100,000 psi for E; to the nearest 10,000 psi for E;
to the next lower multiple of 5 psi for Fv and Fc⊥; to the next lower multiple of 50 psi for Fb, Ft, and Fc if 1,000 psi or greater, 25 psi otherwise.

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR DETERMINING DESIGN VALUES FOR SPRUCE PINE

Tension Shear Compression Compression Modulus
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel of
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Elasticity
Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin
Conversion
Factor 0.78 0.78 0.98 0.73 0.78 0.82
3. When individual species or species groups are combined, the design values to be used for the combination shall be the lowest design values for each individual
species or species group for each design property.
4. Specific gravity, G, based on weight and volume when oven-dry.

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 51

Table 4E Adjustment Factors

Wet Service Factor, CM Size Factor, CF

When decking is used where moisture content will Bending design values for all species of decking except
exceed 19% for an extended time period, design values Redwood are based on 4" thick decking. When 2" thick
shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service factors or 3" thick decking is used, the bending design values, Fb,
from the following table (for surfaced dry Southern Pine for all species except Redwood shall be multiplied by the
decking use tabulated surfaced green design values for wet following size factors:
service conditions without further adjustment):
Size Factors, CF
Wet Service Factors, CM Thickness

CF 4
Fb Fc⊥ E and Emin 2" 1.10
0.85* 0.67 0.9 3" 1.04

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

* when (Fb)(CF) ≤ 1,150 psi, CM = 1.0
Repetitive Member Factor, Cr
Flat Use Factor, Cfu Tabulated bending design values for repetitive member
Tabulated bending design values, Fb, for decking have uses, (Fb)(Cr), for decking have already been multiplied
already been adjusted for flatwise usage (load applied to by the repetitive member factor, Cr.
wide face).

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52 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4E Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Decking1,2

(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4E ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Bending
Species and commercial grade Size classification Compression Grading Rules Agency
Single Repetitive perpendicular Specific
3
Member Member to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity
Fb (Fb)(Cr) Fc E Emin G
BALSAM FIR
Select 2"-4" thick — 1,650 — 1,500,000 550,000
0.36 NELMA
Commercial 4"-12"wide — 1,400 — 1,300,000 470,000
COAST SITKA SPRUCE
Select 2"-4" thick 1,250 1,450 455 1,700,000 620,000
0.43 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 1,050 1,200 455 1,500,000 550,000
COAST SPECIES
Select 2"-4" thick 1,250 1,450 370 1,500,000 550,000
0.43 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 1,050 1,200 370 1,400,000 510,000
DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH
Select Dex 2"-4" thick 1,750 2,000 625 1,800,000 660,000
0.50 WCLIB
Commercial Dex 6"-8"wide 1,450 1,650 625 1,700,000 620,000
Selected 2"-4" thick 1,750 2,000 625 1,800,000 660,000
0.50 WWPA
Commercial 4"-12"wide 1,450 1,650 625 1,700,000 620,000
DOUGLAS FIR-LARCH (NORTH)
Select 2"-4" thick 1,750 2,000 625 1,800,000 660,000
0.49 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 1,450 1,650 625 1,700,000 620,000
DOUGLAS FIR-SOUTH
Selected 2"-4" thick 1,650 1,900 520 1,400,000 510,000
0.46 WWPA
Commercial 4"-12"wide 1,400 1,600 520 1,300,000 470,000
EASTERN HEMLOCK-TAMARACK
Select 2"-4" thick — 1,700 — 1,300,000 470,000
0.41 NELMA
Commercial 4"-12"wide — 1,450 — 1,100,000 400,000
EASTERN HEMLOCK-TAMARACK (NORTH)
Select 2"-4" thick 1,500 1,700 555 1,300,000 470,000
0.47 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 1,250 1,450 555 1,100,000 400,000
EASTERN SPRUCE
Select 2"-4" thick — 1,300 — 1,500,000 550,000
0.41 NELMA
Commercial 4"-12"wide — 1,100 — 1,400,000 510,000
EASTERN WHITE PINE
Select 2"-4" thick — 1,300 — 1,200,000 440,000
0.36 NELMA
Commercial 4"-12"wide — 1,100 — 1,100,000 400,000
EASTERN WHITE PINE (NORTH)
Select 2"-4" thick 900 1,050 350 1,200,000 440,000
0.38 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 775 875 350 1,100,000 400,000
HEM-FIR
Select Dex 2"-4" thick 1,400 1,600 405 1,500,000 550,000
0.43 WCLIB
Commercial Dex 6"-8"wide 1,150 1,350 405 1,400,000 510,000
Selected 2"-4" thick 1,400 1,600 405 1,500,000 550,000
0.43 WWPA
Commercial 4"-12"wide 1,150 1,350 405 1,400,000 510,000
HEM-FIR (NORTH)
Select 2"-4" thick 1,350 1,500 405 1,500,000 550,000
0.46 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 1,100 1,300 405 1,400,000 510,000
NORTHERN PINE
Select 2"-4" thick — 1,550 — 1,400,000 510,000
0.42 NELMA
Commercial 4"-12"wide — 1,300 — 1,300,000 470,000
NORTHERN SPECIES
Select 2"-4" thick 900 1,050 350 1,100,000 400,000
0.35 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 775 875 350 1,000,000 370,000
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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 53

Table 4E Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Decking1,2

(Cont.) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4E ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Bending

Species and commercial grade Size classification Compression Grading Rules Agency
Single Repetitive perpendicular Specific
3
Member Member to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity
Fb (Fb)(Cr) Fc E Emin G

4
NORTHERN WHITE CEDAR
Select 2"-4" thick — 1,100 — 800,000 290,000
0.31 NELMA
Commercial 4"-12"wide — 950 — 700,000 260,000
PONDEROSA PINE

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Select 2"-4" thick 1,200 1,400 535 1,300,000 470,000
0.43 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 1,000 1,150 535 1,100,000 400,000
RED PINE
Select 2"-4" thick 1,150 1,350 440 1,300,000 470,000
0.44 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 975 1,100 440 1,200,000 440,000
REDWOOD
Select, Close grain 2" thick 1,850 2,150 — 1,400,000 510,000 0.44
Select 1,450 1,700 — 1,100,000 400,000 0.37
Commercial 6"& wider 1,200 1,350 — 1,000,000 370,000 0.37
Deck Heart 2" thick 400 450 420 900,000 330,000 0.37 RIS
and 4" wide
Deck Common 2" thick 700 800 420 900,000 330,000 0.37
6" wide
SITKA SPRUCE
Select Dex 2"-4" thick 1,300 1,500 435 1,500,000 550,000
0.43 WCLIB
Commercial Dex 6"-8"wide 1,100 1,250 435 1,300,000 470,000
SOUTHERN PINE (Surfaced dry – Used in dry service conditions — 19% or less moisture content)
Dense Standard 2,000 2,300 660 1,800,000 660,000
Dense Select 2"-4" thick 1,650 1,900 660 1,600,000 580,000
Select 1,400 1,650 565 1,600,000 580,000 0.55 SPIB
Dense Commercial 2" & wider 1,650 1,900 660 1,600,000 580,000
Commercial 1,400 1,650 565 1,600,000 580,000
SOUTHERN PINE (Surfaced Green – Used in any service condition)
Dense Standard 1,600 1,800 440 1,600,000 580,000
Dense Select 2-1/2"-4" thick 1,350 1,500 440 1,400,000 510,000
Select 1,150 1,300 375 1,400,000 510,000 0.55 SPIB
Dense Commercial 2" & wider 1,350 1,500 440 1,400,000 510,000
Commercial 1,150 1,300 375 1,400,000 510,000
SPRUCE-PINE-FIR
Select 2"-4" thick 1,200 1,400 425 1,500,000 550,000
0.42 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 1,000 1,150 425 1,300,000 470,000
SPRUCE-PINE-FIR (SOUTH)
Selected 2"-4" thick 1,150 1,350 335 1,400,000 510,000 NELMA
0.36
Commercial 4"-12"wide 950 1,100 335 1,200,000 440,000 WWPA

WESTERN CEDARS
Select Dex 2"-4" thick 1,250 1,450 425 1,100,000 400,000
0.36 WCLIB
Commercial Dex 6"-8"wide 1,050 1,200 425 1,000,000 370,000
Selected 2"-4" thick 1,250 1,450 425 1,100,000 400,000
0.36 WWPA
Commercial 4"-12"wide 1,050 1,200 425 1,000,000 370,000
WESTERN CEDARS (NORTH)
Select 2"-4" thick 1,200 1,400 425 1,100,000 400,000
0.35 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 1,050 1,200 425 1,000,000 370,000

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54 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4E Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Decking1,2

(Cont.) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless specified
otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4E ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Bending

Species and commercial grade Size classification Compression Grading Rules Agency
Single Repetitive perpendicular Specific
3
Member Member to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity
Fb (Fb)(Cr) Fc E Emin G
WESTERN HEMLOCK
Select Dex 2"-4" thick 1,500 1,750 410 1,600,000 580,000
0.47 WCLIB
Commercial Dex 6"& wider 1,300 1,450 410 1,400,000 510,000
WESTERN HEMLOCK (NORTH)
Select 2"-4" thick 1,500 1,750 410 1,600,000 580,000
0.46 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 1,300 1,450 410 1,400,000 510,000
WESTERN WHITE PINE
Select 2"-4" thick 1,100 1,300 375 1,400,000 510,000
0.40 NLGA
Commercial 4"& wider 925 1,050 375 1,300,000 470,000
WESTERN WOODS
Selected 2"-4" thick 1,150 1,300 335 1,200,000 440,000
0.36 WWPA
Commercial 4"-12"wide 950 1,100 335 1,100,000 400,000
1. LUMBER DIMENSIONS. Tabulated design values are applicable to lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most covered structures. For 2"
to 4" thick lumber the DRY dressed sizes shall be used (see Table 1A) regardless of the moisture content at the time of manufacture or use. In calculating design
values, the natural gain in strength and stiffness that occurs as lumber dries has been taken into consideration as well as the reduction in size that occurs when
unseasoned lumber shrinks. The gain in load carrying capacity due to increased strength and stiffness resulting from drying more than offsets the design effect of
size reductions due to shrinkage.
2. When individual species or species groups are combined, the design values to be used for the combination shall be the lowest design values for each individual
species or species group for each design property.
3. Specific gravity, G, based on weight and volume when oven-dry.

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 55

Table 4F Adjustment Factors

Repetitive Member Factor, Cr Flat Use Factor, Cfu

Bending design values, Fb, for dimension lumber 2" Bending design values adjusted by size factors are
to 4" thick shall be multiplied by the repetitive member based on edgewise use (load applied to narrow face). When
factor, Cr = 1.15, when such members are used as joists, dimension lumber is used flatwise (load applied to wide
truss chords, rafters, studs, planks, decking, or similar face), the bending design value, Fb, shall also be multiplied
members which are in contact or spaced not more than 24" by the following flat use factors:
on center, are not less than 3 in number, and are joined by
floor, roof, or other load distributing elements adequate to Flat Use Factors, Cfu
support the design load. Width Thickness (breadth) 4
(depth) 2" & 3" 4"
Wet Service Factor, CM 2" & 3" 1.0 —

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

When dimension lumber is used where moisture con- 4" 1.1 1.0
tent will exceed 19% for an extended time period, design 5" 1.1 1.05
values shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service 6" 1.15 1.05
factors from the following table: 8" 1.15 1.05
10" & wider 1.2 1.1
Wet Service Factors, CM
Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin NOTE
0.85* 1.0 0.97 0.67 0.8** 0.9 To facilitate the use of Table 4F, shading has been
* when (Fb)(CF) ≤ 1,150 psi, CM = 1.0 employed to distinguish design values based on a
** when (Fc)(CF) ≤ 750 psi, CM = 1.0 4" nominal width (Construction, Standard, and Util-
ity grades) or a 6" nominal width (Stud grade) from
design values based on a 12" nominal width (Select
Structural, No.1 & Btr, No.1, No.2, and No.3 grades).

Size Factor, CF
Tabulated bending, tension, and compression parallel to grain design values for dimension lumber 2" to 4" thick shall
be multiplied by the following size factors:
Size Factors, CF

Fb Ft Fc
Thickness (breadth)

Grades Width (depth) 2" & 3" 4"

2", 3", & 4" 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.15
Select 5" 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1
Structural, 6" 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.1
No.1 & Btr, 8" 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.05
No.1, No.2, 10" 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.0
No.3 12" 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0
14" & wider 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9
2", 3", & 4" 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.05
Stud 5" & 6" 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
8" & wider Use No.3 Grade tabulated design values and size factors
Construction, 2", 3", & 4" 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
Standard
Utility 4" 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
2" & 3" 0.4   —  0.4 0.6
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56 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4F Reference Design Values for Non-North American Visually Graded

Dimension Lumber (2" - 4" thick)1,3
(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions. See NDS 4.3 for a
comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4F ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and
Size classification parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
commercial Grade 5
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
AUSTRIAN SPRUCE - Austria &
The Czech Republic
Select Structural 1,500 675 175 260 1,250 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1 1,000 450 175 260 1,100 1,600,000 580,000
2" & wider
No. 2 925 400 175 260 1,050 1,500,000 550,000
No. 3 525 225 175 260 625 1,300,000 470,000
0.43 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 725 325 175 260 675 1,300,000 470,000
Construction 1,050 475 175 260 1,300 1,400,000 510,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 575 250 175 260 1,100 1,300,000 470,000
Utility 275 125 175 260 725 1,200,000 440,000
DOUGLAS FIR - France & Germany
Select Structural 1,500 675 205 540 1,250 1,900,000 690,000
No. 1 975 450 205 540 1,100 1,700,000 620,000
2" & wider
No. 2 825 375 205 540 1,000 1,500,000 550,000
No. 3 475 225 205 540 600 1,300,000 470,000
0.48 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 650 300 205 540 650 1,300,000 470,000
Construction 925 425 205 540 1,250 1,400,000 510,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 525 225 205 540 1,050 1,300,000 470,000
Utility 250 100 205 540 675 1,200,000 440,000
DOUGLAS FIR/EUROPEAN LARCH - Austria,
2
The Czech Republic, & Bavaria
Select Structural 1,900 850 195 440 1,400 1,800,000 660,000
No. 1 1,400 625 195 440 1,250 1,700,000 620,000
2" & wider
No. 2 1,350 600 195 440 1,250 1,600,000 580,000
No. 3 775 350 195 440 700 1,400,000 510,000
0.48 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 800 350 195 440 700 1,400,000 510,000
Construction 1,000 450 195 440 1,250 1,500,000 550,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 575 250 195 440 1,100 1,300,000 470,000
Utility 275 125 195 440 700 1,300,000 470,000
MONTANE PINE - South Africa
Select Structural 975 425 135 325 1,100 1,300,000 470,000
No. 1 650 300 135 325 950 1,100,000 400,000
2" & wider
No. 2 600 275 135 325 850 1,000,000 370,000
No. 3 350 150 135 325 475 900,000 330,000
0.45 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 475 200 135 325 525 900,000 330,000
Construction 675 300 135 325 1,050 900,000 330,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 375 175 135 325 875 800,000 290,000
Utility 175 75 135 325 575 800,000 290,000
NORWAY SPRUCE - Estonia,
Latvia, & Lithuania
Select Structural 1,200 550 150 430 1,200 1,600,000 580,000
No. 1 850 375 150 430 1,050 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 800 350 150 430 1,000 1,300,000 470,000
No. 3 450 200 150 430 575 1,100,000 400,000
0.42 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 625 275 150 430 625 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 900 400 150 430 1,200 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 500 225 150 430 1,050 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 250 100 150 430 675 1,000,000 370,000
NORWAY SPRUCE - Finland
Select Structural 1,350 600 125 220 1,200 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 825 375 125 220 1,000 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 625 275 125 220 875 1,200,000 440,000
No. 3 375 175 125 220 500 1,100,000 400,000
0.42 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 575 250 125 220 600 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 725 325 125 220 1,100 1,100,000 400,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 400 175 125 220 900 1,000,000 370,000
Utility 200 75 125 220 600 1,000,000 370,000

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 57

Table 4F Reference Design Values for Non-North American Visually Graded

(Cont.) Dimension Lumber (2" - 4" thick)1,3
(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions. See NDS 4.3 for a
comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4F ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and
Size classification parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
commercial Grade 5
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
NORWAY SPRUCE - Germany,
NE France, & Switzerland
Select Structural 1,200 550 170 355 1,200 1,600,000 580,000
4
No. 1 825 375 170 355 1,050 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 725 325 170 355 950 1,200,000 440,000
No. 3 425 200 170 355 550 1,100,000 400,000

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

0.42 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 575 250 170 355 600 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 825 375 170 355 1,200 1,100,000 400,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 475 200 170 355 975 1,000,000 370,000
Utility 225 100 170 355 650 900,000 330,000
NORWAY SPRUCE - Romania & the Ukraine
Select Structural 1,250 575 100 275 1,200 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 850 375 100 275 1,050 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 725 325 100 275 950 1,200,000 440,000
No. 3 425 200 100 275 550 1,100,000 400,000
0.38 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 575 250 100 275 600 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 850 375 100 275 1,200 1,100,000 400,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 475 200 100 275 1,000 1,000,000 370,000
Utility 225 100 100 275 650 1,000,000 370,000
NORWAY SPRUCE - Sweden
Select Structural 1,250 550 170 285 1,200 1,600,000 580,000
No. 1 825 375 170 285 1,050 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 675 300 170 285 925 1,200,000 440,000
No. 3 400 175 170 285 525 1,100,000 400,000
0.42 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 550 250 170 285 575 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 775 350 170 285 1,150 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 425 200 170 285 950 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 200 100 170 285 625 1,000,000 370,000
SCOTS PINE - Austria & The Czech Republic,
Romania, & the Ukraine
Select Structural 1,300 600 135 270 1,200 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1 900 400 135 270 1,050 1,600,000 580,000
2" & wider
No. 2 775 350 135 270 1,000 1,400,000 510,000
No. 3 450 200 135 270 575 1,300,000 470,000
0.50 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 600 275 135 270 625 1,300,000 470,000
Construction 875 400 135 270 1,200 1,300,000 470,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 500 225 135 270 1,000 1,200,000 440,000
Utility 225 100 135 270 675 1,100,000 400,000
SCOTS PINE - Estonia, Latvia, & Lithuania
Select Structural 1,150 525 130 430 1,150 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 800 350 130 430 1,050 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 750 325 130 430 975 1,200,000 440,000
No. 3 425 200 130 430 550 1,100,000 400,000
0.45 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 575 275 130 430 625 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 850 375 130 430 1,200 1,100,000 400,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 475 225 130 430 1,000 1,000,000 370,000
Utility 225 100 130 430 650 1,000,000 370,000
SCOTS PINE - Finland
Select Structural 1,300 600 150 210 1,200 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 950 425 150 210 1,100 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 925 425 150 210 1,100 1,300,000 470,000
No. 3 525 250 150 210 625 1,200,000 440,000
0.48 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 725 325 150 210 675 1,200,000 440,000
Construction 1,050 475 150 210 1,300 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 600 275 150 210 1,100 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 275 125 150 210 725 1,000,000 370,000

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
58 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 4F Reference Design Values for Non-North American Visually Graded

(Cont.) Dimension Lumber (2" - 4" thick)1,3
(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions. See NDS 4.3 for a
comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

USE WITH TABLE 4F ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Species and
Size classification parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
commercial Grade 5
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
4
SCOTS PINE - Germany
Select Structural 1,200 550 160 395 1,200 1,600,000 580,000
No. 1 800 375 160 395 1,050 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 700 325 160 395 950 1,100,000 400,000
No. 3 400 175 160 395 550 1,000,000 370,000
0.53 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 550 250 160 395 600 1,000,000 370,000
Construction 800 375 160 395 1,150 1,100,000 400,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 450 200 160 395 975 1,000,000 370,000
Utility 225 100 160 395 625 900,000 330,000
SCOTS PINE - Sweden
Select Structural 1,350 600 120 410 1,200 1,700,000 620,000
No. 1 825 375 120 410 1,000 1,500,000 550,000
2" & wider
No. 2 575 250 120 410 825 1,200,000 440,000
No. 3 325 150 120 410 475 1,100,000 400,000
0.47 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 450 200 120 410 525 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 650 300 120 410 1,050 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 375 175 120 410 850 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 175 75 120 410 550 1,000,000 370,000
SILVER FIR (Abies alba) - Germany, NE France, &
Switzerland
Select Structural 950 425 125 400 1,100 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 725 325 125 400 975 1,400,000 510,000
2" & wider
No. 2 725 325 125 400 950 1,300,000 470,000
No. 3 425 200 125 400 550 1,100,000 400,000
0.43 WCLIB
Stud 2" & wider 575 250 125 400 600 1,100,000 400,000
Construction 825 375 125 400 1,150 1,200,000 440,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 475 200 125 400 975 1,100,000 400,000
Utility 225 100 125 400 650 1,000,000 370,000
SOUTHERN PINE - Misiones Argentina
Select Structural 1,100 500 150 440 1,150 1,200,000 440,000
No. 1 775 350 150 440 1,000 1,100,000 400,000
2" & wider
No. 2 725 325 150 440 950 1,100,000 400,000
No. 3 425 200 150 440 550 900,000 330,000
0.45 SPIB
Stud 2" & wider 575 250 150 440 600 900,000 330,000
Construction 825 375 150 440 1,150 1,000,000 370,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 475 200 150 440 975 900,000 330,000
Utility 225 100 150 440 650 800,000 290,000
SOUTHERN PINE - Misiones Argentina, Free of
Heart Center and Medium Grain Density
Select Structural 1,700 775 210 710 1,250 1,500,000 550,000
No. 1 1,150 525 210 710 1,150 1,500,000 550,000
2" & wider
No. 2 1,000 450 210 710 1,100 1,500,000 550,000
No. 3 575 250 210 710 650 1,400,000 510,000
0.54 SPIB
Stud 2" & wider 800 350 210 710 700 1,400,000 510,000
Construction 1,150 525 210 710 1,350 1,400,000 510,000
Standard 2" - 4" wide 650 300 210 710 1,150 1,300,000 470,000
Utility 300 125 210 710 750 1,200,000 440,000

1. LUMBER DIMENSIONS. Reference design values are applicable to lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most covered structures. For 2"
to 4" thick lumber the DRY dressed sizes shall be used (see Table 1A) regardless of the moisture content at the time of manufacture or use. In calculating design
values, the natural gain in strength and stiffness that occurs as lumber dries has been taken into consideration as well as the reduction in size that occurs when
unseasoned lumber shrinks. The gain in the load carrying capacity due to increased strength and stiffness resulting from drying more than offsets the design effect
of size reductions due to shrinkage.
2. Reference design values are applicable only for 2x4 dimensional lumber and shall not be multiplied by the size factor adjustment.
3. When individual species or species groups are combined, the design values to be used for the combination shall be the lowest design values for each individual
species or species group for each design property.
4. Does not include states of Baden-Wurttemburg and Saarland.
5. Specific gravity, G, based on weight and volume when oven-dry.

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 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 59

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

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60 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 5A Adjustment Factors

Volume Factor, CV Wet Service Factor, CM

Tabulated bending design values for loading perpen- When structural glued laminated timber is used where
dicular to wide faces of laminations, Fbx, for structural moisture content will be 16% or greater, design values
glued laminated bending members shall be multiplied by shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service factors
the following volume factor: from the following table:

CV = (21/L)1/x (12/d)1/x (5.125/b)1/x ≤ 1.0 Wet Service Factors, CM

where: Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin

L = length of bending member between points of 0.8 0.8 0.875 0.53 0.73 0.833
zero moment, ft

d = depth of bending member, in.

b = width (breadth) of bending member, in. For

multiple piece width, b = width of widest piece in
the layup. Thus b ≤ 10.75".

x = 20 for Southern Pine

x = 10 for all other species

The volume factor shall not apply simultaneously with

the beam stability factor (see 5.3.6). Therefore, the lesser
of these adjustment factors shall apply.

Flat Use Factor, Cfu

Tabulated bending design values for loading parallel
to wide faces of laminations, Fby, shall be multiplied by
the following flat use factors when the member dimension
parallel to wide faces of laminations is less than 12":
Flat Use Factors, Cfu
Member dimension parallel
to wide faces of laminations Cfu
10-3/4" or 10-1/2" 1.01
8-3/4" or 8-1/2" 1.04
6-3/4" 1.07
5-1/8" or 5" 1.10
3-1/8" or 3" 1.16
2-1/2" 1.19

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 Table 5A Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timber
(Members stressed primarily in bending) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions. See NDS
5.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

Use with Table 5A Adjustment Factors

Bending About X-X Axis Bending About Y-Y Axis Axially Loaded Fasteners
Loaded Perpendicular to Wide Loaded Parallel to Wide
Faces of Laminations Faces of Laminations
Bending Compression Shear Modulus Bending Compression Shear Modulus Tension Compression Specific Gravity
Perpendicular Parallel of Perpendicular Parallel of Parallel to Parallel to for
to Grain to Grain Elasticity to Grain to Grain Elasticity Grain Grain Fastener Design
Bottom of Beam Top of Beam For For For For
Stressed Stressed Deflection Stability Deflection Stability
in Tension in Tension Calculations Calculations Calculations Calculations
(Positive Bending) (Negative Bending)
(1)
Fbx+ Fbx- Fcx Fvx (4) Ex Ex min Fby Fcy Fvy (4)(5) Ey Ey min Ft Fc
Stress Class 6 6
G
(psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (10 psi) (10 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi)
16F-1.3E 1600 925 315 195 1.3 0.69 800 315 170 1.1 0.58 675 925 0.41
(6)
20F-1.5E 2000 1100 425 195 1.5 0.79 800 315 170 1.2 0.63 725 925 0.41
(6)
24F-1.7E 2400 1450 500 210 1.7 0.90 1050 315 185 1.3 0.69 775 1000 0.42
(2) (3) (3) (10)
24F-1.8E 2400 1450 650 265 1.8 0.95 1450 560 230 1.6 0.85 1100 1600 0.50
(7) (3) (3) (10)
26F-1.9E 2600 1950 650 265 1.9 1.00 1600 560 230 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.50
(7) (9) (9)
28F-2.1E SP 2800 2300 805 300 2.1 1.11 1600 650 260 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55
(7)(8) (9) (9)
30F-2.1E SP 3000 2400 805 300 2.1 1.11 1750 650 260 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55

1. For balanced layups, Fbx- shall be equal to Fbx+ for the stress class. Designer shall specify when balanced layup is required.
2. The negative reference bending design value, Fbx-, is permitted to be increased to 1850 psi for Douglas Fir and to 1950 psi for Southern Pine for specific combinations. Designer shall specify when these increased

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

design values are required.
3. For structural glued laminated timber of Southern Pine, the reference shear design values, Fvx and Fvy, are permitted to be increased to 300 psi, and 260 psi, respectively.
4. The reference design values for shear, Fvx and Fvy, shall be multiplied by the shear reduction factor, Cvr, for the conditions defined in NDS 5.3.10.
5. Reference design values are for timbers with laminations made from a single piece of lumber across the width or multiple pieces that have been edge bonded. For timbers manufactured from multiple piece
laminations (across width) that are not edge bonded, the reference design value shall be multiplied by 0.4 for members with 5, 7, or 9 laminations or by 0.5 for all other members. This reduction shall be cu-
mulative with the adjustment in footnote (4).
6. Certain Southern Pine combinations may contain lumber with wane. If lumber with wane is used, the reference design value for shear parallel to grain, Fvx, shall be multiplied by 0.67 if wane is allowed on
both sides. If wane is limited to one side, Fvx shall be multiplied by 0.83. This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustment in footnote (4).
7. 26F, 28F, and 30F beams are not produced by all manufacturers, therefore, availability may be limited. Contact supplier or manufacturer for details.
8. 30F combinations are restricted to a maximum 6 in. nominal width unless the manufacturer has qualified for wider widths based on full-scale tests subject to approval by an accredited inspection agency.
9. For 28F and 30F members with more than 15 laminations, Ex = 2.0 million psi and Exmin = 1.06 million psi.
DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT

10. For structural glued laminated timber of Southern Pine, specific gravity for fastener design is permitted to be increased to 0.55.

Stress classes represent groups of similar glued laminated timber combinations. Values for individual combinations are included in Table 5A - Expanded. Reference design values are for members
with 4 or more laminations. For 2 and 3 lamination members, see Table 5B. Some stress classes are not available in all species. Contact manufacturer for availability.

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61

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

 62

Table 5A Expanded - Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timber
Combinations1
(Members stressed primarily in bending) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions. See NDS
5.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

Use with Table 5A Adjustment Factors

Bending About X-X Axis Bending About Y-Y Axis Axially Loaded Fasteners
(Loaded Perpendicular to Wide Faces (Loaded Parallel to Wide Faces
of Laminations) of Laminations)
Compression Shear Parallel Modulus Compression Shear Parallel Modulus Tension Compression Specific Gravity
Bending Perpendicular to Grain of Perpendicular to Grain of Parallel to Parallel to for
to Grain Elasticity Bending to Grain Elasticity Grain Grain Fastener Design
Tension Compression For For For For
Bottom of Beam Top of Beam Face Face Deflection Stability Deflection Stability Top or
Stressed in Stressed in Calculations Calculations Calculations Calculations Bottom Side Face
Tension Tension Face
(Positive Bending) (Negative Bending)

Combination Species Fbx+ Fbx- Fcx Fvx (2) Ex Ex min Fby Fcy Fvy (2)(3) Ey Ey min Ft Fc
6 6
G
Symbol Outer/ Core (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (10 psi) (10 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi)
16F-1.3E 1600 925 315 195 1.3 0.69 800 315 170 1.1 0.58 675 925 0.41
16F-V3 DF/DF 1600 1250 560 560 265 1.5 0.79 1450 560 230 1.5 0.79 975 1500 0.50 0.50
16F-V6 DF/DF 1600 1600 560 560 265 1.6 0.85 1450 560 230 1.5 0.79 1000 1600 0.50 0.50
16F-E2 HF/HF 1600 1050 375 375 215 1.4 0.74 1200 375 190 1.3 0.69 825 1150 0.43 0.43
16F-E3 DF/DF 1600 1200 560 560 265 1.6 0.85 1400 560 230 1.5 0.79 975 1600 0.50 0.50
16F-E6 DF/DF 1600 1600 560 560 265 1.6 0.85 1550 560 230 1.5 0.79 1000 1600 0.50 0.50
16F-E7 HF/HF 1600 1600 375 375 215 1.4 0.74 1350 375 190 1.3 0.74 875 1250 0.43 0.43

16F-V2 SP/SP 1600 1400 740 650 300 1.5 0.79 1450 650 260 1.4 0.74 1000 1300 0.55 0.55
16F-V3 SP/SP 1600 1450 740 740 300 1.4 0.74 1450 650 260 1.4 0.74 975 1400 0.55 0.55
16F-V5 SP/SP 1600 1600 650 650 300 1.6 0.85 1600 650 260 1.5 0.79 1000 1550 0.55 0.55
16F-E1 SP/SP 1600 1250 650 650 300 1.6 0.85 1400 650 260 1.6 0.85 1050 1550 0.55 0.55
16F-E3 SP/SP 1600 1600 650 650 300 1.7 0.90 1650 650 260 1.6 0.85 1100 1550 0.55 0.55

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

20F-1.5E 2000 1100 425 195 1.5 0.79 800 315 170 1.2 0.63 725 925 0.41
20F-V3 DF/DF 2000 1450 650 560 265 1.6 0.85 1450 560 230 1.5 0.79 1000 1550 0.50 0.50
REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

20F-V7 DF/DF 2000 2000 650 650 265 1.6 0.85 1450 560 230 1.6 0.85 1050 1600 0.50 0.50
20F-V12 AC/AC 2000 1400 560 560 265 1.5 0.79 1250 470 230 1.4 0.74 925 1500 0.46 0.46
20F-V13 AC/AC 2000 2000 560 560 265 1.5 0.79 1250 470 230 1.4 0.74 950 1550 0.46 0.46
20F-V14 POC/POC 2000 1450 560 560 265 1.5 0.79 1300 470 230 1.4 0.74 900 1600 0.46 0.46
20F-V15 POC/POC 2000 2000 560 560 265 1.5 0.79 1300 470 230 1.4 0.74 900 1600 0.46 0.46
20F-E2 HF/HF 2000 1400 500 500 215 1.6 0.85 1200 375 190 1.4 0.74 925 1350 0.43 0.43
20F-E3 DF/DF 2000 1200 560 560 265 1.7 0.90 1400 560 230 1.6 0.85 1050 1600 0.50 0.50
20F-E6 DF/DF 2000 2000 560 560 265 1.7 0.90 1550 560 230 1.6 0.85 1150 1650 0.50 0.50
20F-E7 HF/HF 2000 2000 500 500 215 1.6 0.85 1450 375 190 1.4 0.74 1050 1450 0.43 0.43
20F-E8 ES/ES 2000 1300 450 450 200 1.5 0.79 1000 315 175 1.4 0.74 825 1100 0.41 0.41
24F-E/SPF1 SPF/SPF 2400 2400 560 560 215 1.6 0.85 1150 470 190 1.6 0.85 1150 2000 0.42 0.42
24F-E/SPF3 SPF/SPF 2400 1550 560 650 215 1.6 0.85 1200 470 195 1.5 0.79 900 1750 0.42 0.42

20F-V2 SP/SP 2000 1550 740 650 300 1.5 0.79 1450 650 260 1.4 0.74 1000 1400 0.55 0.55
20F-V3 SP/SP 2000 1450 650 650 300 1.5 0.79 1600 650 260 1.5 0.79 1000 1400 0.55 0.55
20F-V5 SP/SP 2000 2000 740 740 300 1.6 0.85 1450 650 260 1.4 0.74 1050 1500 0.55 0.55
20F-E1 SP/SP 2000 1300 650 650 300 1.7 0.90 1400 650 260 1.6 0.85 1050 1550 0.55 0.55
20F-E3 SP/SP 2000 2000 650 650 300 1.7 0.90 1700 650 260 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.55 0.55
24F-1.7E 2400 1450 500 210 1.7 0.90 1050 315 185 1.3 0.69 775 1000 0.42
24F-V5 DF/HF 2400 1600 650 650 215 1.7 0.90 1350 375 200 1.5 0.79 1100 1450 0.50 0.43
24F-V10 DF/HF 2400 2400 650 650 215 1.8 0.95 1450 375 200 1.5 0.79 1150 1550 0.50 0.43
24F-E11 HF/HF 2400 2400 500 500 215 1.8 0.95 1550 375 190 1.5 0.79 1150 1550 0.43 0.43

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24F-E15 HF/HF 2400 1600 500 500 215 1.7 0.95 1200 375 190 1.5 0.79 975 1500 0.43 0.43

24F-V1 SP/SP 2400 1750 740 650 300 1.7 0.90 1450 650 260 1.5 0.79 1100 1500 0.55 0.55
(4)
24F-V4 SP/SP 2400 1650 740 650 210 1.7 0.90 1350 470 230 1.5 0.79 975 1350 0.55 0.43
24F-V5 SP/SP 2400 2400 740 740 300 1.7 0.90 1700 650 260 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.55 0.55
 Table 5A Expanded - Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timber
(Cont.) Combinations1
(Members stressed primarily in bending) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions. See NDS
5.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

Use with Table 5A Adjustment Factors

Bending About X-X Axis Bending About Y-Y Axis Axially Loaded Fasteners
(Loaded Perpendicular to Wide Faces (Loaded Parallel to Wide Faces
of Laminations) of Laminations)
Compression Shear Parallel Modulus Compression Shear Parallel Modulus Tension Compression Specific Gravity
Bending Perpendicular to Grain of Perpendicular to Grain of Parallel to Parallel to for
to Grain Elasticity Bending to Grain Elasticity Grain Grain Fastener Design
Tension Compression For For For For
Bottom of Beam Top of Beam Face Face Deflection Stability Deflection Stability Top or
Stressed in Stressed in Calculations Calculations Calculations Calculations Bottom Side Face
Tension Tension Face
(Positive Bending) (Negative Bending)

Combination Species Fbx+ Fbx- Fcx Fvx (2) Ex Ex min Fby Fcy Fvy (2)(3) Ey Ey min Ft Fc
6 6
G
Symbol Outer/ Core (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (10 psi) (10 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi)
24F-1.8E 2400 1450 650 265 1.8 0.95 1450 560 230 1.6 0.85 1100 1600 0.50
24F-V4 DF/DF 2400 1850 650 650 265 1.8 0.95 1450 560 230 1.6 0.85 1100 1650 0.50 0.50
24F-V8 DF/DF 2400 2400 650 650 265 1.8 0.95 1550 560 230 1.6 0.85 1100 1650 0.50 0.50
24F-E4 DF/DF 2400 1450 650 650 265 1.8 0.95 1400 560 230 1.7 0.90 1100 1700 0.50 0.50
24F-E13 DF/DF 2400 2400 650 650 265 1.8 0.95 1750 560 230 1.7 0.90 1250 1700 0.50 0.50
24F-E18 DF/DF 2400 2400 650 650 265 1.8 0.95 1550 560 230 1.7 0.90 975 1700 0.50 0.50

24F-V3 SP/SP 2400 2000 740 740 300 1.8 0.95 1700 650 260 1.6 0.85 1150 1650 0.55 0.55
24F-V8 SP/SP 2400 2400 740 740 300 1.8 0.95 1700 650 260 1.6 0.85 1150 1650 0.55 0.55
24F-E1 SP/SP 2400 1450 805 650 300 1.8 0.95 1550 650 260 1.7 0.90 1150 1600 0.55 0.55
24F-E4 SP/SP 2400 2400 805 805 300 1.9 1.00 1850 650 260 1.8 0.95 1450 1750 0.55 0.55
(5)
26F-1.9E 2600 1950 650 265 1.9 1.00 1600 560 230 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.50
26F-V1 DF/DF 2600 1950 650 650 265 2.0 1.06 1850 560 230 1.8 0.95 1350 1850 0.50 0.50

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

26F-V2 DF/DF 2600 2600 650 650 265 2.0 1.06 1850 560 230 1.8 0.95 1350 1850 0.50 0.50
26F-V1 SP/SP 2600 2000 740 740 300 1.8 0.95 1700 650 260 1.6 0.85 1150 1600 0.55 0.55
26F-V2 SP/SP 2600 2100 740 740 300 1.9 1.00 1950 740 260 1.8 0.95 1300 1850 0.55 0.55
26F-V3 SP/SP 2600 2100 740 740 300 1.9 1.00 1950 650 260 1.8 0.95 1250 1800 0.55 0.55
26F-V4 SP/SP 2600 2600 740 740 300 1.9 1.00 1700 650 260 1.8 0.95 1200 1600 0.55 0.55
26F-V5 SP/SP 2600 2600 740 740 300 1.9 1.00 1950 650 260 1.8 0.95 1300 1850 0.55 0.55
(5)
28F-2.1E SP 2800 2300 805 300 2.1 (7) 1.11(7) 1600 650 260 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55
28F-E1 SP/SP 2800 2300 805 805 300 2.1 (7) 1.11(7) 1600 650 260 1.7 0.90 1300 1850 0.55 0.55
28F-E2 SP/SP 2800 2800 805 805 300 2.1 (7) 1.11(7) 2000 650 260 1.7 0.90 1300 1850 0.55 0.55
(5)(6)
30F-2.1E SP 3000 2400 805 300 2.1 (7) 1.11(7) 1750 650 260 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55
(7)
DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT

30F-E1 SP/SP 3000 2400 805 805 300 2.1 1.11(7) 1750 650 260 1.7 0.90 1250 1750 0.55 0.55
30F-E2 SP/SP 3000 3000 805 805 300 2.1 (7) 1.11(7) 1750 650 260 1.7 0.90 1350 1750 0.55 0.55

1. The combinations in this table are applicable to members consisting of 4 or more laminations and are intended primarily for members stressed in bending due to loads applied perpendicular to the wide faces
of the laminations. However, reference design values are tabulated for loading both perpendicular and parallel to the wide faces of the laminations. For combinations and reference design values applicable to
members loaded primarily axially or parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, see Table 5B. For members of 2 or 3 laminations, see Table 5B.
2. The reference design values for shear, Fvx and Fvy, shall be multiplied by the shear reduction factor, Cvr, for the conditions defined in NDS 5.3.10.
3. Reference design values are for structural glued laminated timbers with laminations made from a single piece of lumber across the width or multiple pieces that have been edge bonded. For structural glued
laminated timber manufactured from multiple piece laminations (across width) that are not edge-bonded, value shall be multiplied by 0.4 for members with 5, 7, or 9 laminations or by 0.5 for all other members.
This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustment in footnote 2.

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
4. This combination may contain lumber with wane. If lumber with wane is used, the reference design value for shear parallel to grain, Fvx, shall be multiplied by 0.67 if wane is allowed on both sides. If wane is
limited to one side, Fvx shall be multiplied by 0.83. This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustment in footnote 2.
5. 26F, 28F, and 30F beams are not produced by all manufacturers, therefore, availability may be limited. Contact supplier or manufacturer for details.
6. 30F combinations are restricted to a maximum 6 in. nominal width unless the manufacturer has qualified for wider widths based on full-scale tests subject to approval by an accredited inspection agency.
63

7. For 28F and 30F members with more than 15 laminations, Ex = 2.0 million psi and Exmin = 1.06 million psi.
4

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

64 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 5B Adjustment Factors

Volume Factor, CV Flat Use Factor, Cfu

Tabulated bending design values for loading perpen- Tabulated bending design values for loading parallel
dicular to wide faces of laminations, Fbx, for structural to wide faces of laminations, Fby, shall be multiplied by
glued laminated bending members shall be multiplied by the following flat use factors when the member dimension
the following volume factor: parallel to wide faces of laminations is less than 12":
Flat Use Factors, Cfu
CV = (21/L)1/x (12/d)1/x (5.125/b)1/x ≤ 1.0
Member dimension parallel
where: to wide faces of laminations Cfu
10-3/4" or 10-1/2" 1.01
L = length of bending member between points of
8-3/4" or 8-1/2" 1.04
zero moment, ft 6-3/4" 1.07
d = depth of bending member, in. 5-1/8" or 5" 1.10
3-1/8" or 3" 1.16
b = width (breadth) of bending member, in. For 2-1/2" 1.19
multiple piece width layups, b = width of widest
piece in the layup. Thus b ≤ 10.75".

x = 20 for Southern Pine

x = 10 for all other species

The volume factor shall not apply simultaneously with

the beam stability factor (see 5.3.6). Therefore, the lesser
of these adjustment factors shall apply.

Wet Service Factor, CM

When structural glued laminated timber is used where
moisture content will be 16% or greater, design values
shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service factors
from the following table:
Wet Service Factors, CM
Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin
0.8 0.8 0.875 0.53 0.73 0.833

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 Table 5B Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Softwood Timber
(Members stressed primarily in axial tension or compression) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions. See
NDS 5.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

Use with Table 5B Adjustment Factors

All Loading Axially Loaded Bending about Y-Y Axis Bending About X-X Axis Fasteners
Modulus Loaded Parallel to Wide Loaded Perpendicular to Wide
of Tension Compression Faces of Laminations Faces of Laminations
Elasticity Parallel Parallel Bending Shear Parallel Bending Shear Parallel
For For to Grain to Grain to Grain(1)(2)(3) to Grain(3)
Deflection Stability
Calculations Calculations
Compression 2 or More 4 or More 2 or 3 4 or More 3 2 2 Lami- Specific Gravity
Combination Species Grade Perpendicular Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- nations to for
(4)
Symbol to Grain nations nations nations nations nations nations 15 in. Deep Fastener Design
E Emin Fc Ft Fc Fc Fby Fby Fby Fvy Fbx Fvx G
6
(10 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
Visually Graded Western Species
1 DF L3 1.5 0.79 560 950 1550 1250 1450 1250 1000 230 1250 265 0.50
2 DF L2 1.6 0.85 560 1250 1950 1600 1800 1600 1300 230 1700 265 0.50
3 DF L2D 1.9 1.00 650 1450 2300 1900 2100 1850 1550 230 2000 265 0.50
4 DF L1CL 1.9 1.00 590 1400 2100 1950 2200 2000 1650 230 2100 265 0.50
5 DF L1 2.0 1.06 650 1650 2400 2100 2400 2100 1800 230 2200 265 0.50
14 HF L3 1.3 0.69 375 800 1100 1050 1200 1050 850 190 1100 215 0.43
15 HF L2 1.4 0.74 375 1050 1350 1350 1500 1350 1100 190 1450 215 0.43
16 HF L1 1.6 0.85 375 1200 1500 1500 1750 1550 1300 190 1600 215 0.43
17 HF L1D 1.7 0.90 500 1400 1750 1750 2000 1850 1550 190 1900 215 0.43
(5)
22 SW L3 1.0 0.53 315 525 850 725 800 700 575 170 725 195 0.35
69 AC L3 1.2 0.63 470 725 1150 1100 1100 975 775 230 1000 265 0.46
70 AC L2 1.3 0.69 470 975 1450 1450 1400 1250 1000 230 1350 265 0.46
71 AC L1D 1.6 0.85 560 1250 1900 1900 1850 1650 1400 230 1750 265 0.46
72 AC L1S 1.6 0.85 560 1250 1900 1900 1850 1650 1400 230 1900 265 0.46
73 POC L3 1.3 0.69 470 775 1500 1200 1200 1050 825 230 1050 265 0.46

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

74 POC L2 1.4 0.74 470 1050 1900 1550 1450 1300 1100 230 1400 265 0.46
75 POC L1D 1.7 0.90 560 1350 2300 2050 1950 1750 1500 230 1850 265 0.46
Visually Graded Southern Pine
47 SP N2M12 1.4 0.74 650 1200 1900 1150 1750 1550 1300 260 1400 300 0.55
47 1:10 SP N2M10 1.4 0.74 650 1150 1700 1150 1750 1550 1300 260 1400 300 0.55
47 1:8 SP N2M 1.4 0.74 650 1000 1500 1150 1600 1550 1300 260 1400 300 0.55
48 SP N2D12 1.7 0.90 740 1400 2200 1350 2000 1800 1500 260 1600 300 0.55
48 1:10 SP N2D10 1.7 0.90 740 1350 2000 1350 2000 1800 1500 260 1600 300 0.55
48 1:8 SP N2D 1.7 0.90 740 1150 1750 1350 1850 1800 1500 260 1600 300 0.55
49 SP N1M16 1.7 0.90 650 1350 2100 1450 1950 1750 1500 260 1800 300 0.55
49 1:14 SP N1M14 1.7 0.90 650 1350 2000 1450 1950 1750 1500 260 1800 300 0.55
DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT

49 1:12 SP N1M12 1.7 0.90 650 1300 1900 1450 1950 1750 1500 260 1800 300 0.55
49 1:10 SP N1M 1.7 0.90 650 1150 1700 1450 1850 1750 1500 260 1800 300 0.55
50 SP N1D14 1.9 1.00 740 1550 2300 1700 2300 2100 1750 260 2100 300 0.55
50 1:12 SP N1D12 1.9 1.00 740 1500 2200 1700 2300 2100 1750 260 2100 300 0.55
50 1:10 SP N1D 1.9 1.00 740 1350 2000 1700 2100 2100 1750 260 2100 300 0.55
1. For members with 2 or 3 laminations, the reference shear design value for transverse loads parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, Fvy, shall be reduced by multiplying by a factor of 0.84 or 0.95, respectively.
2. The reference shear design value for transverse loads applied parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, Fvy, shall be multiplied by 0.4 for members with 5, 7, or 9 laminations manufactured from multiple piece
laminations (across width) that are not edge bonded. The reference shear design value, Fvy, shall be multiplied by 0.5 for all other members manufactured from multiple piece laminations with unbonded edge
joints. This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustments in footnotes 1 and 3.

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
3. The reference design values for shear, Fvx and Fvy, shall be multiplied by the shear reduction factor, Cvr, for the conditions defined in NDS 5.3.10.
4. For members greater than 15 in. deep, the reference bending design value, Fbx, shall be reduced by multiplying by a factor of 0.88.
5. When Western Cedars, Western Cedars (North), Western Woods, and Redwood (open grain) are used in combinations for Softwood Species (SW), the reference design value for modulus of elasticity, E, shall
be reduced by 100,000 psi and Emin shall be reduced by 52,800 psi. When Coast Sitka Spruce, Coast Species, Western White Pine, and Eastern White Pine are used in combinations for Softwood Species (SW)
65

reference design values for shear parallel to grain, Fvx and Fvy, shall be reduced by 10 psi, before applying any other adjustments.
4

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

66 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Table 5C Adjustment Factors

Volume Factor, CV Flat Use Factor, Cfu

Tabulated bending design values for loading perpen- Tabulated bending design values for loading parallel
dicular to wide faces of laminations, Fbx, for structural to wide faces of laminations, Fby, shall be multiplied by
glued laminated bending members shall be multiplied by the following flat use factors when the member dimension
the following volume factor: parallel to wide faces of laminations is less than 12":
Flat Use Factors, Cfu
CV = (21/L)1/10 (12/d)1/10 (5.125/b)1/10 ≤ 1.0
Member dimension parallel
where: to wide faces of laminations Cfu
10-3/4" or 10-1/2" 1.01
L = length of bending member between points of
8-3/4" or 8-1/2" 1.04
zero moment, ft 6-3/4" 1.07
d = depth of bending member, in. 5-1/8" or 5" 1.10
3-1/8" or 3" 1.16
b = width (breadth) of bending member, in. For 2-1/2" 1.19
multiple piece width layups, b = width of widest
piece in the layup. Thus b ≤ 10.75".

The volume factor shall not apply simultaneously with

the beam stability factor (see 5.3.6). Therefore, the lesser
of these adjustment factors shall apply.

Wet Service Factor, CM

When structural glued laminated timber is used where
moisture content will be 16% or greater, design values
shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service factors
from the following table:
Wet Service Factors, CM
Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin

0.8 0.8 0.875 0.53 0.73 0.833

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 Table 5C Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Hardwood Timber(1)
(Members stressed primarily in bending) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions. See NDS
5.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

Use with Table 5C Adjustment Factors

(3)
Bending About X-X Axis Bending About Y-Y Axis Axially Loaded Fasteners
Loaded Perpendicular to Wide Loaded Parallel to Wide
Faces of Laminations Faces of Laminations
Compression Shear Modulus Compression Shear Modulus Tension Compression Specific Gravity
Perpendicular Parallel of Perpendicular Parallel of Parallel to Parallel to for
Bending to Grain to Grain Elasticity Bending to Grain to Grain Elasticity Grain Grain Fastener Design
(Horizontal) For For (Horizontal) For For
Deflection Stability Deflection Stability
Bottom of Beam Top of Beam Calculations Calculations Calculations Calculations
Stressed Stressed
in Tension in Tension
(Positive Bending) (Negative Bending)

Combination Fbx+ Fbx- Fcx Fvx Ex Ex min Fby Fcy Fvy(2) Ey Ey min Ft Fc
6 6
G
Symbol (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (10 psi) (10 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (106 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi)
Visually Graded Hardwoods
12F-V1 1200 600 285 125 1.2 0.63 1050 285 110 1.0 0.53 600 800 0.39
12F-V2 1200 1200 285 125 1.2 0.63 1050 285 110 1.1 0.58 625 860 0.39
14F-V1 1400 700 405 155 1.3 0.69 1250 405 135 1.1 0.58 700 950 0.45
14F-V2 1400 700 590 180 1.3 0.69 1450 590 160 1.1 0.58 750 1200 0.53
14F-V3 1400 1400 405 155 1.3 0.69 1250 405 135 1.1 0.58 725 950 0.45
14F-V4 1400 1400 590 180 1.3 0.69 1450 590 160 1.1 0.58 775 1200 0.53
16F-V1 1600 800 590 180 1.4 0.74 1400 590 160 1.2 0.63 800 1200 0.53

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

16F-V2 1600 800 835 200 1.5 0.79 1700 835 175 1.3 0.69 875 1250 0.63
16F-V3 1600 1600 590 180 1.4 0.74 1400 590 160 1.2 0.63 850 1200 0.53
16F-V4 1600 1600 835 200 1.6 0.85 1700 835 175 1.3 0.69 900 1300 0.63
20F-V1 2000 1000 835 200 1.7 0.90 1700 835 175 1.4 0.74 975 1400 0.63
20F-V2 2000 2000 835 200 1.7 0.90 1700 835 175 1.4 0.74 1000 1400 0.63
E-Rated Hardwoods
16F-E1 1600 800 440 125 1.4 0.74 1250 285 110 1.2 0.63 825 975 0.39
16F-E2 1600 1600 440 125 1.4 0.74 1400 285 110 1.2 0.63 900 1000 0.39
20F-E1 2000 1000 590 155 1.6 0.85 1350 405 135 1.3 0.69 950 1050 0.45
DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT

20F-E2 2000 2000 590 155 1.6 0.85 1600 405 135 1.3 0.69 1050 1100 0.45
24F-E1 2400 1200 770 180 1.8 0.95 1550 590 160 1.5 0.79 1050 1400 0.53
24F-E2 2400 2400 770 180 1.8 0.95 1650 590 160 1.5 0.79 1050 1400 0.53
24F-E3 YP 2400 1200 590 155 1.8 0.95 1450 405 135 1.5 0.79 975 1200 0.45
24F-E4 RM 2400 1200 895 220 1.8 0.95 1650 710 195 1.6 0.85 1050 1350 0.53
24F-E5 RO 2400 1200 1075 235 1.8 0.95 1700 900 205 1.5 0.79 1100 1450 0.63

1. The combinations in this table are applicable to members consisting of 4 or more laminations and are intended primarily for members stressed in bending due to loads applied perpendicular to the wide faces
of the laminations. However, reference design values are tabulated for loading both perpendicular and parallel to the wide faces of the laminations. For combinations and reference design values for members

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
loaded primarily axially or parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, see Table 5D. For members with 2 or 3 laminations, see Table 5D.
2. Reference design values are for timbers with laminations made from a single piece of lumber across the width or multiple pieces that have been edge bonded. For timbers manufactured from multiple piece lami-
nations (across width) that are not edge bonded, value shall be multiplied by 0.4 for members with 5, 7, or 9 laminations or by 0.5 for all other members.
3. Fastener values are for groups of hardwood species permitted in each combination. If actual species is known, values for that species are permitted to be used.
67

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

68 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

This page left blank intentionally.

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 69

Table 5D Adjustment Factors

Volume Factor, CV Flat Use Factor, Cfu

Tabulated bending design values for loading perpen- Tabulated bending design values for loading parallel
dicular to wide faces of laminations, Fbx, for structural to wide faces of laminations, Fby, shall be multiplied by
glued laminated bending members shall be multiplied by the following flat use factors when the member dimension
the following volume factor: parallel to wide faces of laminations is less than 12":
Flat Use Factors, Cfu
CV = (21/L)1/10 (12/d)1/10 (5.125/b)1/10 ≤ 1.0
Member dimension parallel
where: to wide faces of laminations Cfu 4
10-3/4" or 10-1/2" 1.01
L = length of bending member between points of
8-3/4" or 8-1/2" 1.04
zero moment, ft 6-3/4" 1.07

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

d = depth of bending member, in. 5-1/8" or 5" 1.10
3-1/8" or 3" 1.16
b = width (breadth) of bending member, in. For 2-1/2" 1.19
multiple piece width layups, b = width of widest
piece in the layup. Thus b ≤ 10.75".

The volume factor shall not apply simultaneously with

the beam stability factor (see 5.3.6). Therefore, the lesser
of these adjustment factors shall apply.

Wet Service Factor, CM

When structural glued laminated timber is used where
moisture content will be 16% or greater, design values
shall be multiplied by the appropriate wet service factors
from the following table:
Wet Service Factors, CM
Fb Ft Fv Fc⊥ Fc E and Emin

0.8 0.8 0.875 0.53 0.73 0.833

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 70

Table 5D Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Hardwood Timber
(Members stressed primarily in axial tension or compression) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry
service conditions. See NDS 5.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

Use with Table 5D Adjustment Factors

All Loading Axially Loaded Bending about Y-Y Axis Bending About X-X Axis Fasteners
Modulus Loaded Parallel to Wide Loaded Perpendicular to Wide
of Tension Compression Faces of Laminations Faces of Laminations
Elasticity Parallel Parallel Bending Shear Parallel Bending Shear Parallel
(1)(2)
For For to Grain to Grain to Grain to Grain
Deflection Stability
Calculations Calculations Compression 2 or More 4 or More 2 or 3 4 or More 3 2 4 or More 2 Lami- Specific Gravity
Combination Species Grade Perpendicular Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- nations to for
(3)
Symbol Group to Grain nations nations nations nations nations nations nations 15 in. Deep Fastener Design
E Emin Fc Ft Fc Fc Fby Fby Fby Fvy Fbx Fvx G
6
(10 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
Visually Graded Hardwoods
H1 A N3 1.3 0.67 835 425 900 900 1250 1100 875 175 925 200 0.63
H2 A N2 1.5 0.78 835 875 1300 1300 1700 1550 1300 175 1200 200 0.63
H3 A N1 1.7 0.88 835 1000 1450 1450 2000 1800 1550 175 1600 200 0.63
H4 A SS 1.7 0.88 835 1150 1600 1600 2000 1850 1600 175 1700 200 0.63
H5 B N3 1.2 0.62 590 350 800 800 1050 900 750 160 750 180 0.53
H6 B N2 1.3 0.67 590 750 1150 1150 1450 1300 1050 160 1000 180 0.53
H7 B N1 1.5 0.78 590 850 1300 1300 1650 1500 1300 160 1350 180 0.53
H8 B SS 1.5 0.78 590 950 1450 1450 1700 1550 1350 160 1400 180 0.53
H9 C N3 1.0 0.52 405 300 625 625 900 800 625 135 675 155 0.45
H10 C N2 1.2 0.62 405 625 900 900 1200 1100 925 135 875 155 0.45
H11 C N1 1.3 0.67 405 725 1000 1000 1400 1300 1100 135 1150 155 0.45
H12 C SS 1.3 0.67 405 825 1100 1100 1450 1350 1150 135 1200 155 0.45
H13 D N3 0.9 0.47 285 250 575 575 775 675 550 110 575 125 0.39

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

H14 D N2 1.1 0.57 285 550 825 825 1050 950 800 110 750 125 0.39
H15 D N1 1.2 0.62 285 625 925 925 1200 1100 950 110 1000 125 0.39
REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

H16 D SS 1.2 0.62 285 700 1050 1050 1250 1150 1000 110 1050 125 0.39

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
 Table 5D Reference Design Values for Structural Glued Laminated Hardwood Timber
(Cont.) (Members stressed primarily in axial tension or compression) (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry
service conditions. See NDS 5.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

Use with Table 5D Adjustment Factors

All Loading Axially Loaded Bending about Y-Y Axis Bending About X-X Axis Fasteners
Modulus Loaded Parallel to Wide Loaded Perpendicular to Wide
of Tension Compression Faces of Laminations Faces of Laminations
Elasticity Parallel Parallel Bending Shear Parallel Bending Shear Parallel
(1)(2)
For For to Grain to Grain to Grain to Grain
Deflection Stability
Calculations Calculations Compression 2 or More 4 or More 2 or 3 4 or More 3 2 4 or More 2 Lami- Specific Gravity
Combination Species Grade Perpendicular Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- Lami- nations to for
(3)
Symbol Group to Grain nations nations nations nations nations nations nations 15 in. Deep Fastener Design
E Emin Fc Ft Fc Fc Fby Fby Fby Fvy Fbx Fvx G
6
(10 psi) (106 psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi) (psi)
E-Rated Hardwoods
H17 A 1.5E3 1.4 0.73 1015 1000 1500 1350 1850 1750 1550 175 1200 200 0.63
H18 A 1.8E3 1.7 0.88 1015 1150 1950 1850 2100 2000 1750 175 1450 200 0.63
H19 A 1.8E6 1.7 0.88 1015 1450 2000 1900 2300 2200 1950 175 1650 200 0.63
H20 A 2.0E3 1.9 0.98 1015 1350 2600 2200 2400 2300 2100 175 1700 200 0.63
H21 A 2.0E6 1.9 0.98 1015 1700 2430 2300 2400 2400 2300 175 2100 200 0.63
H22 B 1.5E3 1.4 0.73 770 1000 1500 1350 1850 1750 1550 160 1200 180 0.53
H23 B 1.8E3 1.7 0.88 770 1150 1950 1850 2100 2000 1750 160 1450 180 0.53
H24 B 1.8E6 1.7 0.88 770 1450 2000 1900 2300 2200 1950 160 1650 180 0.53
H25 B 2.0E3 1.9 0.98 770 1350 2300 2200 2400 2300 2100 160 1700 180 0.53
H26 B 2.0E6 1.9 0.98 770 1700 2400 2300 2400 2400 2300 160 2100 180 0.53
H27 C 1.5E3 1.4 0.73 590 1000 1500 1350 1850 1750 1550 135 1200 155 0.45
H28 C 1.8E3 1.7 0.88 590 1150 1950 1850 2100 2000 1750 135 1450 155 0.45

AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL

H29 C 1.8E6 1.7 0.88 590 1450 2000 1900 2300 2200 1950 135 1650 155 0.45
H30 C 2.0E3 1.9 0.98 590 1350 2300 2200 2400 2300 2100 135 1700 155 0.45
H31 C 2.0E6 1.9 0.98 590 1700 2400 2300 2400 2400 2300 135 2100 155 0.45
H32 D 1.5E3 1.4 0.73 440 1000 1500 1350 1850 1750 1550 110 1200 125 0.39
H33 D 1.5E6 1.4 0.73 440 1250 1500 1400 2000 1900 1700 110 1250 125 0.39
H34 D 1.8E3 1.7 0.88 440 1150 1950 1850 2100 2000 1750 110 1450 125 0.39
H35 D 1.8E6 1.7 0.88 440 1450 2000 1900 2300 2200 1950 110 1650 125 0.39
H36 D 2.0E3 1.9 0.98 440 1350 2300 2200 2400 2300 2100 110 1700 125 0.39
H37 D 2.0E6 1.9 0.98 440 1700 2400 2300 2400 2400 2300 110 2100 125 0.39

1. For members with 2 or 3 laminations, the reference shear design value for transverse loads parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, Fvy, shall be reduced by multiplying by a factor of 0.84 or 0.95, respectively.
2. The reference shear design value for transverse loads applied parallel to the wide faces of the laminations, Fvy, shall be multiplied by 0.4 for members with 5, 7, or 9 laminations manufactured from multiple piece
DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT

laminations (across width) that are not edge bonded. The reference shear design value, Fvy, shall be multiplied by 0.5 for all other members manufactured from multiple piece laminations with unbonded edge
joints. This reduction shall be cumulative with the adjustment in footnote (1).
3. For members greater than 15 in. deep, the reference bending design value, Fbx, shall be reduced by multiplying by a factor of 0.88.

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71

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

72 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Tables 6A and 6B Adjustment Factors

Condition Treatment Factor, Cct Load Sharing Factor (Pile Group Factor), Cls
Reference design values are based on air dried condi- For piles, reference design values are based on single
tioning. If kiln-drying, steam-conditioning, or boultonizing piles. If multiple piles are connected by concrete caps or
is used prior to treatment then the reference design values equivalent force distributing elements so that the pile group
shall be multiplied by the condition treatment factors, Cct. deforms as a single element when subjected to the load
effects imposed on the element, reference bending design
Condition Treatment Factor, Cct values, Fb, and reference compression design values paral-
Air Kiln Boulton Steaming Steaming lel to the grain, Fc, shall be permitted to be multiplied by
Dried Dried Drying (Normal) (Marine) the load sharing factors, Cls.
1.0 0.90 0.95 0.80 0.74
Load Sharing Factor, Cls
Critical Section Factor, Ccs Reference Number of Cls
Reference compression design values parallel to Design Value Piles in Group
grain, Fc, for round timber piles and poles are based on 2 1.06
the strength at the tip of the pile. Reference compression Fc 3 1.09
design values parallel to grain, Fc, in Table 6A and Table
6B shall be permitted to be multiplied by the critical section
4 or more 1.11
factor. The critical section factor, Ccs, shall be determined 2 1.05
as follows: Fb 3 1.07
Ccs = 1.0 + 0.004Lc
4 or more 1.08

where: Size Factor, CF

Lc = length from tip of pile to critical section, ft For poles and piles with a diameter greater than 13.5",
reference bending design values shall be multiplied by
The increase for location of critical section shall not the following size factor determined on the basis of an
exceed 10% for any pile or pole (Ccs ≤ 1.10). The critical equivalent conventionally loaded square beam of the same
section factors, Ccs, are independent of tapered column cross-sectional area:
provisions in NDS 3.7.2 and both shall be permitted to be CF = (12/d)1/9
used in design calculations.

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
 DESIGN VALUES FOR WOOD CONSTRUCTION – NDS SUPPLEMENT 73

Table 6A Reference Design Values for Treated Round Timber Piles Graded per
ASTM D25
(Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and wet service conditions. See NDS 6.3 for a
comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Shear Compression Compression
parallel perpendicular parallel to Specific
Bending to grain to grain grain Modulus of elasticity Gravity4
Species Fb Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
Pacific Coast Douglas Fir1 2,050 160 490 1,300 1,700,000 690,000 0.50
4
Red Pine2 1,350 125 270 850 1,300,000 520,000 0.42
Southern Pine (Grouped)3 1,950 160 440 1,250 1,500,000 600,000 0.55

REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

1. Pacific Coast Douglas Fir reference design values apply to this species as defined in ASTM Standard D 1760.
2. Red Pine reference design values apply to Red Pine grown in the United States.
3. Southern Pine reference design values apply to Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pines.
4. Specific gravity, G, based on weight and volume when oven-dry.

Table 6B Reference Design Values for Round Timber Construction Poles Graded
per ASTM D3200
Table 6B Reference Design
(Tabulated Values
design for Construction
values are for normalPoles Graded per
load duration ASTM
and wet D3200
service conditions. See NDS 6.3 for a
comprehensive
(Tabulated design values are fordescription
normal loadofduration
design and
value adjustment factors.)
wet
service conditions. See NDS 6.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)
Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Shear Compression Compression
parallel perpendicular parallel to Specific
4
Bending to grain to grain grain Modulus of elasticity Gravity
Species Fb Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
Pacific Coast Douglas Fir1 2,050 160 490 1,300 1,700,000 690,000 0.50
Lodgepole Pine 1,275 125 265 825 1,100,000 430,000 0.42
Ponderosa Pine 1,200 175 295 775 1,000,000 400,000 0.43
Red Pine2 1,350 125 270 850 1,300,000 520,000 0.42
Southern Pine (Grouped)3 1,950 160 440 1,250 1,500,000 600,000 0.55
Western Hemlock 1,550 165 275 1,050 1,300,000 560,000 0.47
Western Larch 1,900 170 405 1,250 1,500,000 660,000 0.49
Western Red Cedar 1,250 140 260 875 1,000,000 360,000 0.34
1. Pacific Coast Douglas Fir reference design values apply to this species as defined in ASTM Standard D 1760.
2. Red Pine reference design values apply to Red Pine grown in the United States.
3. Southern Pine reference design values apply to Loblolly, Longleaf, Shortleaf, and Slash Pines.
4. Specific gravity, G, based on weight and volume when oven-dry.

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AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
74 REFERENCE DESIGN VALUES

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
AMERICAN WOOD COUNCIL
American Wood Council
AWC Mission Statement
To increase the use of wood by assuring the broad
regulatory acceptance of wood products, developing
design tools and guidelines for wood construction,
and influencing the development of public policies
affecting the use and manufacture of wood products.

Copyright © American Wood Council. Downloaded/printed pursuant to License Agreement. No further reproductions authorized.
American Wood Council ISBN 978-0-9827380-3-0
222 Catoctin Circle, SE
Suite 201
Leesburg, VA 20175
www.awc.org
[email protected] 02-14
9 780982 738030
 March 2013
ADDENDUM
to the 2012 and previous versions of the
Design Values for Wood Construction
(a supplement to the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction)
Effective June 1, 2013, design values for all grades of visually-graded Southern Pine and Mixed Southern Pine lumber,
2"- 4" thick will change. The design values to use with the 2012 NDS, 2005 NDS, and the 2001 NDS are shown below
(values that will change on June 1, 2013 are shown as underlined). These values supersede values published in the
AWC March 2012 Addendum.
Table 4B Reference Design Values for Visually Graded Southern Pine Dimension Lumber
(2" - 4" thick)1,2,3,4,5 (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless
specified otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)
USE WITH TABLE 4B ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)
Species and Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Size parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Modulus of Specific
commercial Rules
classification Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Elasticity Gravity6
grade Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
SOUTHERN PINE
Dense Select
2,700 1,900 175 660 2,050 1,900,000 690,000
Structural
Select Structural 2,350 1,650 175 565 1,900 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense
2,050 1,450 175 480 1,800 1,600,000 580,000
Select Structural
No.1 Dense 1,650 1,100 175 660 1,750 1,800,000 660,000
No.1 2" - 4" wide 1,500 1,000 175 565 1,650 1,600,000 580,000 0.55
No.1 Non-Dense 1,300 875 175 480 1,550 1,400,000 510,000
SPIB
No.2 Dense 1,200 750 175 660 1,500 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 1,100 675 175 565 1,450 1,400,000 510,000
No.2 Non-Dense 1,050 600 175 480 1,450 1,300,000 470,000
No.3 and Stud 650 400 175 565 850 1,300,000 470,000
Construction 875 500 175 565 1,600 1,400,000 510,000
Standard 4" wide 475 275 175 565 1,300 1,200,000 440,000 0.55
Utility 225 125 175 565 850 1,200,000 440,000
Dense Select
2,400 1,650 175 660 1,900 1,900,000 690,000
Structural
Select Structural 2,100 1,450 175 565 1,800 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense
1,850 1,300 175 480 1,700 1,600,000 580,000
Select Structural
No.1 Dense 1,500 1,000 175 660 1,650 1,800,000 660,000
No.1 5" - 6" wide 1,350 875 175 565 1,550 1,600,000 580,000 0.55 SPIB
No.1 Non-Dense 1,200 775 175 480 1,450 1,400,000 510,000
No.2 Dense 1,050 650 175 660 1,450 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 1,000 600 175 565 1,400 1,400,000 510,000
No.2 Non-Dense 950 525 175 480 1,350 1,300,000 470,000
No.3 and Stud 575 350 175 565 800 1,300,000 470,000
Dense Select
2,200 1,550 175 660 1,850 1,900,000 690,000
Structural
Select Structural 1,950 1,350 175 565 1,700 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense
1,700 1,200 175 480 1,650 1,600,000 580,000
Select Structural
No.1 Dense 1,350 900 175 660 1,600 1,800,000 660,000
No.1 8" wide 1,250 800 175 565 1,500 1,600,000 580,000 0.55 SPIB
No.1 Non-Dense 1,100 700 175 480 1,400 1,400,000 510,000
No.2 Dense 975 600 175 660 1,400 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 925 550 175 565 1,350 1,400,000 510,000
No.2 Non-Dense 875 500 175 480 1,300 1,300,000 470,000
No.3 and Stud 525 325 175 565 775 1,300,000 470,000

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2012 NDS Supplement Addendum
March 2013
Page 2

Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Species and Tension Shear Compression Compression Grading
Size
commercial parallel parallel perpendicular parallel Specific Rules
classification 6
grade Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity Gravity Agency
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E Emin G
SOUTHERN PINE (continued)
Dense Select
1,950 1,300 175 660 1,800 1,900,000 690,000
Structural
Select Structural 1,700 1,150 175 565 1,650 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense
1,500 1,050 175 480 1,600 1,600,000 580,000
Select Structural
No.1 Dense 1,200 800 175 660 1,550 1,800,000 660,000
No.1 10" wide 1,050 700 175 565 1,450 1,600,000 580,000 0.55 SPIB
No.1 Non-Dense 950 625 175 480 1,400 1,400,000 510,000
No.2 Dense 850 525 175 660 1,350 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 800 475 175 565 1,300 1,400,000 510,000
No.2 Non-Dense 750 425 175 480 1,250 1,300,000 470,000
No.3 and Stud 475 275 175 565 750 1,300,000 470,000
Dense Select
1,800 1,250 175 660 1,750 1,900,000 690,000
Structural
Select Structural 1,600 1,100 175 565 1,650 1,800,000 660,000
Non-Dense
1,400 975 175 480 1,550 1,600,000 580,000
Select Structural
No.1 Dense 1,100 750 175 660 1,500 1,800,000 660,000
No.1 12" wide 1,000 650 175 565 1,400 1,600,000 580,000 0.55 SPIB
No.1 Non-Dense 900 575 175 480 1,350 1,400,000 510,000
No.2 Dense 800 500 175 660 1,300 1,600,000 580,000
No.2 750 450 175 565 1,250 1,400,000 510,000
No.2 Non-Dense 700 400 175 480 1,250 1,300,000 470,000
No.3 and Stud 450 250 175 565 725 1,300,000 470,000
MIXED SOUTHERN PINE
Select Structural 2,050 1,200 175 565 1,800 1,600,000 580,000
No.1 1,450 875 175 565 1,650 1,500,000 550,000
2" - 4" wide 0.51
No.2 1,100 675 175 565 1,450 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 650 400 175 565 850 1,200,000 440,000
Construction 850 500 175 565 1,600 1,300,000 470,000
Standard 4" wide 475 275 175 565 1,300 1,200,000 440,000 0.51
Utility 225 125 175 565 850 1,100,000 400,000
Select Structural 1,850 1,100 175 565 1,700 1,600,000 580,000
No.1 1,300 750 175 565 1,550 1,500,000 550,000
5" - 6" wide 0.51
No.2 1,000 600 175 565 1,400 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 575 350 175 565 775 1,200,000 440,000
Select Structural 1,750 1,000 175 565 1,600 1,600,000 580,000
No.1 1,200 700 175 565 1,450 1,500,000 550,000 SPIB
8" wide 0.51
No.2 925 550 175 565 1,350 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 525 325 175 565 800 1,200,000 440,000
Select Structural 1,500 875 175 565 1,600 1,600,000 580,000
No.1 1,050 600 175 565 1,450 1,500,000 550,000
10" wide 0.51
No.2 800 475 175 565 1,300 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 475 275 175 565 750 1,200,000 440,000
Select Structural 1,400 825 175 565 1,550 1,600,000 580,000
No.1 975 575 175 565 1,400 1,500,000 550,000
12" wide 0.51
No.2 750 450 175 565 1,250 1,400,000 510,000
No.3 and Stud 450 250 175 565 725 1,200,000 440,000

1. LUMBER DIMENSIONS. Tabulated design values are applicable to lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most
covered structures. For 2" to 4" thick lumber the DRY dressed sizes shall be used (see Table 1A) regardless of the moisture content at
the time of manufacture or use. In calculating design values, the natural gain in strength and stiffness that occurs as lumber dries has
been taken into consideration as well as the reduction in size that occurs when unseasoned lumber shrinks. The gain in load carrying
capacity due to increased strength and stiffness resulting from drying more than offsets the design effect of size reductions due to
shrinkage.
2. STRESS-RATED BOARDS. Information for various grades of Southern Pine stress-rated boards of nominal 1", 1¼", and 1½" thickness,
2" and wider is available from the Southern Pine Inspection Bureau (SPIB) in the Standard Grading Rules for Southern Pine Lumber.
2012 NDS Supplement Addendum
March 2013
Page 3

3. SPRUCE PINE. To obtain recommended design values for Spruce Pine graded to SPIB rules, multiply the appropriate design values for Mixed
Southern Pine by the corresponding conversion factor shown below and round to the nearest 100,000 psi for E; to the nearest 10,000 psi for Emin;
to the next lower multiple of 5 psi for Fv and Fc; to the next lower multiple of 50 psi for Fb, Ft, and Fc if 1,000 psi or greater, 25 psi otherwise.

CONVERSION FACTORS FOR DETERMINING DESIGN VALUES FOR SPRUCE PINE

Tension Shear Compression Compression Modulus
parallel parallel perpendicular parallel of
Bending to grain to grain to grain to grain Elasticity
Fb Ft Fv Fc Fc E and Emin
Conversion Factor 0.78 0.78 0.98 0.73 0.78 0.82
4. SIZE FACTOR. For sizes wider than 12", use size factors for Fb, Ft, and Fc specified for the 12" width. Use 100% of the Fv, Fc┴, E, and
Emin specified for the 12" width.
5. When individual species or species groups are combined, the design values to be used for the combination shall be the lowest design
values for each individual species or species group for each design property.
6. Specific gravity, G, based on weight and volume when oven-dry.
 August 2013
ADDENDUM
to the 2012 and previous versions of the
Design Values for Wood Construction
(a supplement to the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction)

Table 1C Section Properties of Western Species Structural Glued Laminated Timber

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis
d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
3-1/2 in. Width (ry = 1.010 in.)
6 21.00 63.00 21.00 1.732 21.44 12.25
7-1/2 26.25 123.0 32.81 2.165 26.80 15.31
9 31.50 212.6 47.25 2.598 32.16 18.38
9-1/4 32.38 230.8 49.91 2.670 33.05 18.89
9-1/2 33.25 250.1 52.65 2.742 33.94 19.40
10-1/2 36.75 337.6 64.31 3.031 37.52 21.44
11-1/4 39.38 415.3 73.83 3.248 40.20 22.97
11-7/8 41.56 488.4 82.26 3.428 42.43 24.24
12 42.00 504.0 84.00 3.464 42.88 24.50
13-1/2 47.25 717.6 106.3 3.897 48.23 27.56
14 49.00 800.3 114.3 4.041 50.02 28.58
15 52.50 984.4 131.3 4.330 53.59 30.63
16 56.00 1195 149.3 4.619 57.17 32.67
16-1/2 57.75 1310 158.8 4.763 58.95 33.69
18 63.00 1701 189.0 5.196 64.31 36.75
19-1/2 68.25 2163 221.8 5.629 69.67 39.81
20 70.00 2333 233.3 5.774 71.46 40.83
21 73.50 2701 257.3 6.062 75.03 42.88
22 77.00 3106 282.3 6.351 78.60 44.92
22-1/2 78.75 3322 295.3 6.495 80.39 45.94
24 84.00 4032 336.0 6.928 85.75 49.00

(Continued on following page)

222 Catoctin Circle, SE, Suite 201 ▪ Leesburg, VA 20175 ▪ 202 463-2766 ▪ www.awc.org ▪ [email protected]
2012 NDS Supplement Addendum
August 2013
Page 2

Table 1C Section Properties of Western Species Structural Glued Laminated Timber

(Cont.)
Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis
d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
5-1/2 in. Width (ry = 1.588 in.)
6 33.00 99.00 33.00 1.732 83.19 30.25
7-1/2 41.25 193.4 51.56 2.165 104.0 37.81
9 49.50 334.1 74.25 2.598 124.8 45.38
9-1/4 50.88 362.7 78.43 2.670 128.2 46.64
9-1/2 52.25 393.0 82.73 2.742 131.7 47.90
10-1/2 57.75 530.6 101.1 3.031 145.6 52.94
11-1/4 61.88 652.6 116.0 3.248 156.0 56.72
11-7/8 65.31 767.5 129.3 3.428 164.6 59.87
12 66.00 792.0 132.0 3.464 166.4 60.50
13-1/2 74.25 1128 167.1 3.897 187.2 68.06
14 77.00 1258 179.7 4.041 194.1 70.58
15 82.50 1547 206.3 4.330 208.0 75.63
16 88.00 1877 234.7 4.619 221.8 80.67
16-1/2 90.75 2059 249.6 4.763 228.8 83.19
18 99.00 2673 297.0 5.196 249.6 90.75
19-1/2 107.3 3398 348.6 5.629 270.4 98.31
20 110.0 3667 366.7 5.774 277.3 100.8
21 115.5 4245 404.3 6.062 291.2 105.9
22 121.0 4880 443.7 6.351 305.0 110.9
22-1/2 123.8 5221 464.1 6.495 312.0 113.4
24 132.0 6336 528.0 6.928 332.8 121.0
25-1/2 140.3 7600 596.1 7.361 353.5 128.6
27 148.5 9021 668.3 7.794 374.3 136.1
28-1/2 156.8 10610 744.6 8.227 395.1 143.7
30 165.0 12380 825.0 8.660 415.9 151.3
31-1/2 173.3 14330 909.6 9.093 436.7 158.8
33 181.5 16470 998.3 9.526 457.5 166.4
34-1/2 189.8 18820 1091 9.959 478.3 173.9
36 198.0 21380 1188 10.39 499.1 181.5

(Portions of Table 1C not shown remain unchanged)

2012 NDS Supplement Addendum
August 2013
Page 3

Table 1D Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber

Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis
d (in.) A (in.2) Ix (in.4) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) Iy (in.4) Sy (in.3)
3-1/2 in. Width (ry = 1.010 in.)
5-1/2 19.25 48.53 17.65 1.588 19.65 11.23
6-7/8 24.06 94.78 27.57 1.985 24.56 14.04
8-1/4 28.88 163.8 39.70 2.382 29.48 16.84
9-1/4 32.38 230.8 49.91 2.670 33.05 18.89
9-1/2 33.25 250.1 52.65 2.742 33.94 19.40
9-5/8 33.69 260.1 54.04 2.778 34.39 19.65
11 38.50 388.2 70.58 3.175 39.30 22.46
11-1/4 39.38 415.3 73.83 3.248 40.20 22.97
11-7/8 41.56 488.4 82.26 3.428 42.43 24.24
12-3/8 43.31 552.7 89.33 3.572 44.21 25.27
13-3/4 48.13 758.2 110.3 3.969 49.13 28.07
14 49.00 800.3 114.3 4.041 50.02 28.58
15-1/8 52.94 1009 133.4 4.366 54.04 30.88
16 56.00 1195 149.3 4.619 57.17 32.67
16-1/2 57.75 1310 158.8 4.763 58.95 33.69
17-7/8 62.56 1666 186.4 5.160 63.87 36.49
18 63.00 1701 189.0 5.196 64.31 36.75
19-1/4 67.38 2081 216.2 5.557 68.78 39.30
20 70.00 2333 233.3 5.774 71.46 40.83
20-5/8 72.19 2559 248.1 5.954 73.69 42.11
22 77.00 3106 282.3 6.351 78.60 44.92
23-3/8 81.81 3725 318.7 6.748 83.52 47.72
24 84.00 4032 336.0 6.928 85.75 49.00

(Continued on following page)

2012 NDS Supplement Addendum
August 2013
Page 4

Table 1D Section Properties of Southern Pine Structural Glued Laminated Timber

(Cont.)
Depth Area X-X Axis Y-Y Axis
d (in.) A (in.2) 4
Ix (in. ) Sx (in.3) rx (in.) 4
Iy (in. ) Sy (in.3)
5-1/2 in. Width (ry = 1.588 in.)
6-7/8 37.81 148.9 43.33 1.985 95.32 34.66
8-1/4 45.38 257.4 62.39 2.382 114.4 41.59
9-1/4 50.88 362.7 78.43 2.670 128.2 46.64
9-1/2 52.25 393.0 82.73 2.742 131.7 47.90
9-5/8 52.94 408.7 84.92 2.778 133.4 48.53
11 60.50 610.0 110.9 3.175 152.5 55.46
11-1/4 61.88 652.6 116.0 3.248 156.0 56.72
11-7/8 65.31 767.5 129.3 3.428 164.6 59.87
12-3/8 68.06 868.6 140.4 3.572 171.6 62.39
13-3/4 75.63 1191 173.3 3.969 190.6 69.32
14 77.00 1258 179.7 4.041 194.1 70.58
15-1/8 83.19 1586 209.7 4.366 209.7 76.26
16 88.00 1877 234.7 4.619 221.8 80.67
16-1/2 90.75 2059 249.6 4.763 228.8 83.19
17-7/8 98.31 2618 292.9 5.160 247.8 90.12
18 99.00 2673 297.0 5.196 249.6 90.75
19-1/4 105.9 3269 339.7 5.557 266.9 97.05
20 110.0 3667 366.7 5.774 277.3 100.8
20-5/8 113.4 4021 389.9 5.954 286.0 104.0
22 121.0 4880 443.7 6.351 305.0 110.9
23-3/8 128.6 5854 500.9 6.748 324.1 117.8
24 132.0 6336 528.0 6.928 332.8 121.0
24-3/4 136.1 6949 561.5 7.145 343.1 124.8
26-1/8 143.7 8172 625.6 7.542 362.2 131.7
27-1/2 151.3 9532 693.2 7.939 381.3 138.6
28-7/8 158.8 11030 764.3 8.335 400.3 145.6
30-1/4 166.4 12690 838.8 8.732 419.4 152.5
31-5/8 173.9 14500 916.8 9.129 438.5 159.4
33 181.5 16470 998.3 9.526 457.5 166.4
34-3/8 189.1 18620 1083 9.923 476.6 173.3
35-3/4 196.6 20940 1172 10.32 495.7 180.2

(Portions of Table 1D not shown remain unchanged)

 November 2013
ADDENDUM
to the 2012 Design Values for Wood Construction
(a supplement to the National Design Specification® (NDS®) for Wood Construction)

Table 4C Reference Design Values for Mechanically Graded Dimension Lumber (2"-4"
thick)1,2,3 (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless
specified otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)
USE WITH TABLE 4C ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Commercial Size Tension Compression

parallel parallel Grading Rules Agency
grade classification
Bending to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity
Fb Ft Fc E Emin
MACHINE STRESS RATED
(MSR) LUMBER
750f-1.4E 750 425 925 1,400,000 710,000 SPIB
850f-1.4E 850 475 975 1,400,000 710,000 SPIB
900f-1.0E 900 350 1,050 1,000,000 510,000 WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
975f-1.6E 975 550 1,450 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB
1050f-1.2E 1,050 450 1,225 1,200,000 610,000 SPIB
1050f-1.6E 1,050 575 1,500 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB
1200f-1.2E 1,200 600 1,400 1,200,000 610,000 NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1200f-1.3E 1,200 600 1,400 1,300,000 660,000 SPIB
1200f-1.6E 1,200 650 1,550 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB
1250f-1.4E 1,250 800 1,475 1,400,000 710,000 WCLIB, WWPA
1250f-1.6E 1,250 725 1,600 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB
1350f-1.3E 1,350 750 1,600 1,300,000 660,000 NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1350f-1.4E 1,350 750 1,600 1,400,000 710,000 SPIB
1400f-1.2E 2" and less 1,400 800 1,600 1,200,000 610,000 NLGA, WWPA
1450f-1.3E in thickness 1,450 800 1,625 1,300,000 660,000 NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1450f-1.3E 1,450 825 1,600 1,300,000 660,000 SPIB
1450f-1.5E 2" and wider 1,450 875 1,625 1,500,000 760,000 WCLIB, WWPA
1500f-1.4E 1,500 900 1,650 1,400,000 710,000 NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1500f-1.5E 1,500 900 1,650 1,500,000 760,000 SPIB
1500f-1.6E 1,500 900 1,650 1,600,000 810,000 SPIB
1500f-1.7E 1,500 900 1,650 1,700,000 860,000 SPIB
1600f-1.4E 1,600 950 1,675 1,400,000 710,000 NLGA, WWPA
1650f-1.3E 1,650 1,020 1,700 1,300,000 660,000 NLGA, WWPA
1650f-1.5E 1,650 1,020 1,700 1,500,000 760,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1650f-1.6E-1075ft 1,650 1,075 1,700 1,600,000 810,000 WCLIB, WWPA
1650f-1.6E 1,650 1,175 1,700 1,600,000 810,000 WCLIB, WWPA
1650f-1.7E 1,650 1,020 1,750 1,700,000 860,000 SPIB
1650f-1.8E 1,650 1,020 1,750 1,800,000 910,000 WCLIB, WWPA
1700f-1.6E 1,700 1,175 1,725 1,600,000 810,000 WCLIB, WWPA
1750f-2.0E 1,750 1,125 1,725 2,000,000 1,020,000 WCLIB, WWPA
(Continued on following page)

222 Catoctin Circle, SE, Suite 201 ▪ Leesburg, VA 20175 ▪ 202 463-2766 ▪ www.awc.org ▪ [email protected]
2012 NDS Supplement Addendum
November 2013
Page 2

Table 4C Reference Design Values for Mechanically Graded Dimension Lumber (2"-4"
(Cont.) thick)1,2,3 (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless
specified otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)
USE WITH TABLE 4C ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Commercial Size Tension Compression

parallel parallel Grading Rules Agency
grade classification
Bending to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity
Fb Ft Fc E Emin
MACHINE STRESS RATED
(MSR) LUMBER (Cont.)
1800f-1.5E 1,800 1,300 1,750 1,500,000 760,000 NLGA, WWPA
1800f-1.6E 1,800 1,175 1,750 1,600,000 810,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
1800f-1.8E 1,800 1,200 1,750 1,800,000 910,000 WCLIB, WWPA
1800f-2.0E 1,800 1,175 1,750 2,000,000 1,020,000 WCLIB
1850f-1.7E 1,850 1,175 1,850 1,700,000 860,000 SPIB
1950f-1.5E 1,950 1,375 1,800 1,500,000 760,000 SPIB, WWPA
1950f-1.7E 1,950 1,375 1,800 1,700,000 860,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2000f-1.6E 2,000 1,300 1,825 1,600,000 810,000 NLGA, WWPA
2100f-1.8E 2,100 1,575 1,875 1,800,000 910,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2250f-1.7E 2" and less 2,250 1,750 1,925 1,700,000 860,000 NLGA, WWPA
2250f-1.8E in thickness 2,250 1,750 1,925 1,800,000 910,000 NLGA, WCLIB, WWPA
2250f-1.9E 2,250 1,750 1,925 1,900,000 970,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2250f-2.0E-1600ft 2" and wider 2,250 1,600 1,925 2,000,000 1,020,000 WCLIB, WWPA
2250f-2.0E 2,250 1,750 1,925 2,000,000 1,020,000 WCLIB, WWPA
2400f-1.8E 2,400 1,925 1,975 1,800,000 910,000 NLGA, WWPA
2400f-2.0E 2,400 1,925 1,975 2,000,000 1,020,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2500f-2.2E 2,500 1,750 2,000 2,200,000 1,120,000 WCLIB, WWPA
2500f-2.2E-1925ft 2,500 1,925 2,000 2,200,000 1,120,000 WCLIB, WWPA
2550f-1.8E 2,550 1,400 2,000 1,800,000 910,000 SPIB
2550f-2.1E 2,550 2,050 2,025 2,100,000 1,070,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2700f-2.0E 2,700 1,800 2,100 2,000,000 1,020,000 WCLIB, WWPA
2700f-2.2E 2,700 2,150 2,100 2,200,000 1,120,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
2850f-1.8E 2,850 1,600 2,100 1,800,000 910,000 SPIB
2850f-2.3E 2,850 2,300 2,150 2,300,000 1,170,000 NLGA, SPIB, WCLIB, WWPA, NELMA, NSLB
3000f-2.4E 3,000 2,400 2,200 2,400,000 1,220,000 NLGA, SPIB

(Continued on following page)

2012 NDS Supplement Addendum
November 2013
Page 3

Table 4C Reference Design Values for Mechanically Graded Dimension Lumber (2"-4"
(Cont.) thick)1,2,3 (Tabulated design values are for normal load duration and dry service conditions, unless
specified otherwise. See NDS 4.3 for a comprehensive description of design value adjustment factors.)
USE WITH TABLE 4C ADJUSTMENT FACTORS
Design values in pounds per square inch (psi)

Commercial Size Tension Compression

parallel parallel Grading Rules Agency
grade classification
Bending to grain to grain Modulus of Elasticity
Fb Ft Fc E Emin
MACHINE EVALUATED
LUMBER (MEL)
M-5 900 500 1,050 1,100,000 510,000 SPIB
M-6 1,100 600 1,300 1,000,000 470,000 SPIB
M-7 1,200 650 1,400 1,100,000 510,000 SPIB
M-8 1,300 700 1,500 1,300,000 610,000 SPIB
M-9 1,400 800 1,600 1,400,000 650,000 SPIB
M-10 1,400 800 1,600 1,200,000 560,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-11 1,550 850 1,675 1,500,000 700,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-12 1,600 850 1,675 1,600,000 750,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-13 1,600 950 1,675 1,400,000 650,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-14 1,800 1,000 1,750 1,700,000 790,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-15 1,800 1,100 1,750 1,500,000 700,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-16 1,800 1,300 1,750 1,500,000 700,000 SPIB
[4]
M-17 1,950 1,300 2,050 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-18 2,000 1,200 1,825 1,800,000 840,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-19 2,000 1,300 1,825 1,600,000 750,000 NLGA, SPIB
[4]
M-20 2,000 1,600 2,100 1,900,000 890,000 SPIB
M-21 2" and less 2,300 1,400 1,950 1,900,000 890,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-22 in thickness 2,350 1,500 1,950 1,700,000 790,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-23 2,400 1,900 1,975 1,800,000 840,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-24 2" and wider 2,700 1,800 2,100 1,900,000 890,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-25 2,750 2,000 2,100 2,200,000 1,030,000 NLGA, SPIB
M-26 2,800 1,800 2,150 2,000,000 930,000 NLGA, SPIB
[4]
M-27 3,000 2,000 2,400 2,100,000 980,000 SPIB
M-28 2,200 1,600 1,900 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-29 1,550 850 1,650 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-30 2,050 1,050 1,850 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-31 2,850 1,600 2,150 1,900,000 890,000 SPIB
M-32 750 425 925 1,400,000 650,000 SPIB
M-33 850 475 975 1,400,000 650,000 SPIB
M-34 975 550 1,450 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-35 1,050 575 1,500 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-36 1,200 650 1,550 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-37 1,250 725 1,600 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-38 1,500 900 1,650 1,600,000 750,000 SPIB
M-39 1,650 1,020 1,750 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB
M-40 1,850 1,175 1,850 1,700,000 790,000 SPIB

Table 4C Footnotes
1. LUMBER DIMENSIONS. Tabulated design values are applicable to lumber that will be used under dry conditions such as in most covered
structures. For 2" to 4" thick lumber the DRY dressed sizes shall be used (see Table 1A) regardless of the moisture content at the time of
manufacture or use. In calculating design values, the natural gain in strength and stiffness that occurs as lumber dries has been taken into
consideration as well as the reduction in size that occurs when unseasoned lumber shrinks. The gain in load carrying capacity due to increased
strength and stiffness resulting from drying more than offsets the design effect of size reductions due to shrinkage.
2012 NDS Supplement Addendum
November 2013
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2. SPECIFIC GRAVITY, G, SHEAR PARALLEL TO GRAIN, FV, AND COMPRESSION PERPENDICULAR TO GRAIN, Fc. Values for specific
gravity, G, shear parallel to grain, Fv, and compression perpendicular to grain, Fc, are provided below for MSR and MEL lumber. For species or
species groups not shown below, the G, Fv and Fc values for visually graded lumber may be used. Higher G values may be claimed when (a)
specifically assigned by the rules writing agency or (b) when qualified by test, quality controlled for G and provided for on the grade stamp. When
a different G value is provided on the grade stamp, higher Fv and Fc design values may be calculated in accordance with the grading rule
requirements.

Design values in pounds per square inch

(psi)
Modulus of
Species Elasticity Specific Shear parallel to Compression Grading Rules Agency
6
E (x10 ) psi Gravity grain perpendicular to grain
G Fv Fc
1.0 and higher 0.50 180 625 WCLIB, WWPA
2.0 0.51 180 670
2.1 0.52 180 690
Douglas Fir-Larch 2.2 0.53 180 715 WCLIB, WWPA
2.3 0.54 185 735
2.4 0.55 185 760
1.0 and higher 0.50 170 625 WCLIB
2.0 0.51 170 670
2.1 0.52 170 690
Douglas Fir-Larch
2.2 0.53 170 715 WCLIB
2.3 0.54 170 735
2.4 0.55 170 760
1.2 to 1.9 0.49 180 625
NLGA
Douglas Fir-Larch (N) 2.0 to 2.2 0.53 180 715
2.3 & higher 0.57 180 190 715 NLGA
Douglas Fir-South 1.0 and higher 0.46 180 520 WWPA
Englemann Spruce- 1.0 and higher 0.38 135 335 WWPA
Lodgepole Pine 1.5 and higher 0.46 160 555 WWPA
1.0 and higher 0.43 140 405 WCLIB
1.0 and higher 0.43 150 405 WCLIB, WWPA
1.6 0.44 155 510
1.7 0.45 160 535
1.8 0.46 160 555
Hem-Fir 1.9 0.47 165 580
2.0 0.48 170 600 WCLIB, WWPA
2.1 0.49 170 625
2.2 0.50 175 645
2.3 0.51 190 175 670
2.4 0.52 190 180 690
Hem-Fir (N) 1.0 and higher 0.46 145 405 NLGA
1.0 and higher 0.55 175 565 SPIB
Southern Pine 1.8* 0.57* 190* 805* SPIB
1.8 1.9 and higher 0.57 190 805 SPIB
1.2 and higher 0.42 135 425 NLGA
Spruce-Pine-Fir 1.8 to 1.9 0.46 160 525 NLGA
2.0 and higher 0.50 170 615 NLGA
1.0 and higher 0.36 135 335 NELMA, NSLB, WCLIB, WWPA
1.2 to 1.9 0.42 150 465 NELMA, NSLB
Spruce-Pine-Fir (S) 1.2 to 1.7 0.42 150 465
WWPA
1.8 to 1.9 0.46 160 555
2.0 and higher 0.50 175 645 NELMA, NSLB, WWPA
Western Cedars 1.0 and higher 0.36 155 425 WCLIB, WWPA
Western Woods 1.0 and higher 0.36 135 335 WCLIB, WWPA
* 1.8E southern pine marked with a specific gravity of 0.55 on the grade stamp has a shear parallel to grain, Fv, of 175 psi and
compression perpendicular to grain, Fc, of 565 psi.
3. MODULUS OF ELASTICITY, E, AND TENSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN, Ft. For any given bending design value, Fb, the modulus of elasticity,
E, and tension parallel to grain, Ft, design value may vary depending upon species, timber source or other variables. The “E” and “Ft” values
included in the “Fb-E” grade designations in Table 4C are those usually associated with each “Fb” level. Grade stamps may show higher or lower
values if machine rating indicates the assignment is appropriate. Where the “E” or “Ft” values shown on a grade stamp differ from Table 4C
values associated with the “Fb” on the grade stamp, the values on the stamp shall be used in design, and the “Fc” value associated with the “Fb”
value in Table 4C shall be used.
4. COMPRESSION PARALLEL TO GRAIN, Fc. This grade requires “Fc” qualification and quality control.