Unit 1: Introduction to Wireless

Communication System & Services

Unit 1: Introduction to Wireless
Communication System & Services

Part 1
 Telecommunications and Networking in Today’s Business World

 Networking and Communication Trends

 Convergence:
 Telephone networks and computer networks
converging into single digital network using Internet
standards
 Broadband:
 More than 81.8% Malaysian (per 100 households)
Internet users have broadband access. What
Broadband?
 Broadband wireless:
 Voice, data communication are increasingly taking
place over broadband wireless platforms
 Telecommunications and Networking in Today’s Business World

 Computer network
 Two or more connected computers
 Major components in simple network
 Client and server computers
 Network interfaces (NICs)
 Connection medium
 Network operating system
 Hubs, switches, routers
 Components of a Simple Computer Network

Figure 7-1 Illustrated here is a very simple computer network, consisting of computers, a network operating
system residing on a dedicated server computer, cabling (wiring) connecting the devices, network
interface cards (NIC), switches, and a router.
 Corporate Network Infrastructure

Today’s corporate network

infrastructure is a collection
of many different networks
from the public switched
telephone network, to the
Internet, to corporate local
area networks linking
workgroups, departments, or
office floors.

Figure 7-2
 Telecommunications and Networking in Today’s Business World

 Key digital networking technologies

 Client/server computing
 Telecommunications and Networking in Today’s Business World

 Key digital networking technologies (cont.)

 Packet switching
 Packet-Switched Networks and Packet Communications

Figure 7-3 Data are grouped into small packets, which are transmitted independently over various
communications channels and reassembled at their final destination.
 Telecommunications and Networking in Today’s Business World

 Key digital networking technologies

(cont.)
 TCP/IP and connectivity
 Protocols: rules that
govern transmission of
information between two
points

This figure illustrates the

four layers of the
TCP/IP reference
model for
communications.
 Communications Networks

 Signals: Digital versus analog

 Modem: translates digital signals into analog form
(and vica versa)
 Types of networks
 Local-area networks (LANs)
 Ethernet
 Client/server vs. peer-to-peer
 Wide-area networks (WANs)
 Metropolitan-area networks (MANs)
 Campus area networks (CANs)
 Functions of the Modem

Figure 7-5 A modem is a device that translates digital signals into analog form (and vice versa) so that
computers can transmit data over analog networks such as telephone and cable networks.
 Communications Networks

 Physical transmission media

 Twisted pair wire (CAT5)
 Coaxial cable
 Fiber optics cable
 Wireless transmission media and devices
 Satellites
 Cellular systems
 Transmission speed
 Bits per second (bps)
 Hertz
 Bandwidth
 The Global Internet

 The Internet
 World’s most extensive network
 Internet service providers (ISPs)
 Provide connections
 Types of Internet connections
 Dial-up: 56.6 Kbps
 Broadband (DSL/FIOS): 385 Kbps–40 Mbps
 Cable Internet connections: 1–50 Mbps
 Satellite
 T1/T3 lines: 1.54–45 Mbps
 The Global Internet

 Internet addressing and architecture

 IP addresses

 The Domain name system (DNS)

 Converts IP addresses to domain names
 Hierarchical structure
 Top-level domains

 Internet architecture and governance

 No formal management: IAB, ICANN, W3C
 The future Internet: IPv6 and Internet2
 The Domain Name System

The Domain Name System

is a hierarchical system with
a root domain, top-level
domains, second-level
domains, and host
computers at the third level.
Figure 7-6
 Internet Network Architecture

The Internet backbone

connects to regional
networks, which in turn
provide access to Internet
service providers, large
firms, and government
institutions. Network access
points (NAPs) and
metropolitan area
exchanges (MAEs) are hubs
where the backbone
intersects regional and local
networks and where
backbone owners connect
with one another.

Figure 7-7
 [FORUM QUESTION]
Interactive Session: Organizations

The Battle over Net Neutrality

Read the Interactive Session and discuss the following questions

 What is network neutrality? Why has the Internet

operated under net neutrality up to this point in time?
 Who’s in favor of network neutrality? Who’s opposed?
Why?
 What would be the impacts on individual users,
businesses, and government if Internet providers
switched to a tiered service model?
 Are you in favor of legislation enforcing network
neutrality? Why or why not?
 [FORUM QUESTION]
Interactive Session: Organizations

The Battle over Net Neutrality

Read the Interactive Session and discuss the following questions

 What is network neutrality? Why has the Internet

operated under net neutrality up to this point in time?
 Who’s in favor of network neutrality? Who’s opposed?
Why?
 What would be the impacts on individual users,
businesses, and government if Internet providers
switched to a tiered service model?
 Are you in favor of legislation enforcing network
neutrality? Why or why not?
 The Global Internet

 Internet services
 E-mail
 Chatting and instant messaging
 Electronic discussion groups / newsgroups
 Telnet
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 World Wide Web
 Client/Server Computing on the Internet

Figure 7-8 Client computers running Web browser and other software can access an array of services on
servers over the Internet. These services may all run on a single server or on multiple specialized
servers.
 The Global Internet

 Voice over IP (VoIP)

 Digital voice communication using IP, packet switching
 Providers
 Cable providers
 Google, Skype
 Unified communications
 Communications systems that integrate voice, data,
e-mail, conferencing
 Virtual private network (VPN)
 Secure, encrypted, private network run over Internet
 PPTP
 Tunneling
 How Voice over IP Works

Figure 7-9 A VoIP phone call digitizes and breaks up a voice message into data packets that may travel along
different routes before being reassembled at the final destination. A processor nearest the call’s
destination, called a gateway, arranges the packets in the proper order and directs them to the
telephone number of the receiver or the IP address of the receiving computer.
 A Virtual Private Network (VPN) Using the Internet

Figure 7-10 This VPN is a private network of computers linked using a secure “tunnel” connection over the
Internet. It protects data transmitted over the public Internet by encoding the data and “wrapping”
them within the Internet Protocol (IP). By adding a wrapper around a network message to hide its
content, organizations can create a private connection that travels through the public Internet.
Unified Communications
 The Global Internet

 The Web
 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP):
 Communications standard used for transferring Web
pages
 Uniform resource locators (URLs):
 Addresses of Web pages
 http://www.megacorp.com/content/features/082602.html
 Web servers
 Software for locating and managing Web pages
 The Global Internet

 Search engines
 Started as simpler programs using keyword indexes
 Google improved indexing and created page ranking
system
 Mobile search: 80% of all searches 2020
onwards
 Search engine marketing
 Major source of Internet advertising revenue
 Search engine optimization (SEO)
 Adjusting Web site and traffic to improve rankings
in search engine results
 Global Top Web Search Engines

Google is the most

popular search engine on
the Web, handling up to
90% percent of all Web
searches.

Figure 7-11
 The Global Internet

 Social search
 Google +1, Facebook Like, and all the Soc Media’s
 Semantic search
 Anticipating what users are looking for rather than
simply returning millions of links
 Intelligent agent shopping bots
 Use intelligent agent software for searching Internet
for shopping information
 How Google Works

Figure 7-12 The Google search engine is continuously crawling the Web, indexing the content of each page,
calculating its popularity, and storing the pages so that it can respond quickly to user requests to see
a page. The entire process takes about one-half second.
 The Global Internet

 Web 2.0
 Second-generation services
 Enabling collaboration, sharing information, and
creating new services online
 Features
 Interactivity
 Real-time user control
 Social participation (sharing)
 User-generated content
 The Global Internet

 Web 2.0 services and tools

 Blogs: chronological, informal Web sites created by
individuals
 RSS (Really Simple Syndication): syndicates Web content so
aggregator software can pull content for use in another
setting or viewing later
 Blogosphere
 Microblogging
 Wikis: collaborative Web sites where visitors can add,
delete, or modify content on the site
 Social networking sites: enable users to build
communities of friends and share information
 The Global Internet

 Web 3.0: The “Semantic Web”

 A collaborative effort led by W3C to add layer of
meaning to the existing Web
 Goal is to reduce human effort in searching for and
processing information
 Making Web more “intelligent” and intuitive
 Increased communication and synchronization with
computing devices, communities
 “Web of things”
 Increased cloud computing, mobile computing
 The Global Internet:
The Evolution of Web
 The Global Internet:
The Evolution of Web
 The Wireless Revolution

 Cellular systems (From the past to the future)

 Competing standards
 CDMA: United States only
 GSM: Rest of world, AT&T, T-Mobile
 Third-generation (3G) networks
 144 Kbps
 Suitable for e-mail access, Web browsing
 Fourth-generation (4G) networks
 Up to 100 Mbps
 Suitable for Internet video
The Wireless Revolution
CDMA
 The Wireless Revolution
GSM

GSM, together with other technologies, is part of the evolution of wireless mobile
telecommunications that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General
Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE) and Universal
Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).
 The Wireless Revolution
The Comparison 1G –> 5G
 The Wireless Revolution
The Comparison 1G –> 5G
 The Wireless Revolution
The Comparison 1G –> 5G
 The Wireless Revolution

 Wireless computer networks and Internet

access
 Bluetooth (802.15)
 Links up to 8 devices in 10-m area using low-power, radio-based
communication
 Useful for personal networking (PANs)
 Wi-Fi (802.11)
 Set of standards: 802.11
 Used for wireless LAN and wireless Internet access
 Use access points: device with radio receiver/transmitter for
connecting wireless devices to a wired LAN
 A Bluetooth Network (PAN)

Bluetooth enables a variety

of devices, including cell
phones, PDAs, wireless
keyboards and mice, PCs,
and printers, to interact
wirelessly with each other
within a small 30-foot (10-
meter) area. In addition to
the links shown, Bluetooth
can be used to network
similar devices to send data
from one PC to another, for
Figure
example.6-15
 An 802.11 Wireless LAN

Mobile laptop computers

equipped with wireless
network interface cards link
to the wired LAN by
communicating with the
access point. The access
point uses radio waves to
transmit network signals
from the wired network to
the client adapters, which
convert them into data that
the mobile device can
understand. The client
adapter then transmits the
data from the mobile device
back to the access point,
which forward
Figure 7-14 the data to
the wired network.
 The Wireless Revolution

 Wireless computer networks and Internet

access
 Wi-Fi (cont.)
 Hotspots: one or more access points in public place to
provide maximum wireless coverage for a specific area
 Weak security features
 WiMax (802.16)
 Wireless access range of 31 miles
 Require WiMax antennas
The Wireless Revolution
WiFi and WiMAX
 The Wireless Revolution

 Radio frequency identification (RFID)

 RFID tags:
 Tiny tags with embedded microchips contain data about an item
and location
 Transmit radio signals over short distances to RFID readers
 RFID readers:
 Send data over network to computer for processing
 Active RFID:
 Tags have batteries
 Data can be rewritten
 Range is hundreds of feet
 The Wireless Revolution

 RFID (cont.)
 Passive RFID:
 Range is shorter
 Smaller, less expensive
 Powered by radio frequency energy
 Common uses:
 Automated toll-collection
 Tracking goods in a supply chain
 Requires companies to have special hardware and
software
 Reduction in cost of tags making RFID viable for
many firms
 How RFID Works

Figure 7-15 RFID uses low-powered radio transmitters to read data stored in a tag at distances ranging from 1
inch to 100 feet. The reader captures the data from the tag and sends them over a network to a host
computer for processing.
 The Wireless Revolution

 Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)

 Networks of hundreds or thousands of interconnected
wireless devices embedded into physical environment
to provide measurements of many points over large
spaces
 Used to monitor building security, detect hazardous
substances in air, monitor environmental changes,
traffic, or military activity
 Devices have built-in processing, storage, and radio
frequency sensors and antennas
 Require low-power, long-lasting batteries and ability to
endure in the field without maintenance
 A Wireless Sensor Network

The small circles represent lower-level nodes and the larger circles represent
high-end nodes. Lower-level nodes forward data to each other or to higher-level
nodes, which transmit data more rapidly and speed up network performance.

Figure 7-16