Applied Physics - 117401

Electricity & Magnetism

Semiconductors
Lasers & Optics
Plasma Physics
 Dr. Ali Hussain

Office hours: Room 221, Administration Block 2:00-4:00 PM

(or by appointment)

Phone: 9075747

Email: [email protected]

My Research:
Smart Materials (Piezoelectrics)
Synthesis, Structure and properties relationships
 Course Details
 See: Syllabus, schedule, grade policy, …

 Text: Fundamentals of Physics, Halliday, Resnick, and

Walker,
9th edition. We will cover chapters 21-36 in this class.

 Exams:
OHTs: Two
Final Exam (cumulative): 1
 Quizzes:
Every second week

 Grades: Assignments and class participation 10%,

Quizzes 15% ,
OHT Exams 25%
Final Exam 50%.
 What are we going to learn?
A road map
 Electric Charge & Coulombs Law

 Electric Field

 Gauss’ Law

 Electric Potential Energy and Potential

 The Magnetic Field

 The Magnetic Field of Current

 Faraday’s Law of Induction

 Semiconductor Physics

 Optics and Lasers

 Basic Plasma Physics

 Middle and Upper Atmosphere

 Coulomb’s Law

Benjamin Franklin (1705–1790)

American scientist, famous for his
theories in electricity
First give the idea of positive and
negative charges,
Conservation of charge etc.,

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806)

French military Engineer and Physicist
He describe the electrostatic force of attraction
and repulsion
Also did work on Friction

From Google
 Let’s start!
Electric charges
What is charge?

Charge: A intrinsic physical property of matter that produce force

• Two types of charges: positive/negative

• Like charges repel
• Opposite charges attract
Atomic Structure:
• Negative electron cloud
• Nucleus of positive protons, uncharged neutrons

The unit of electric charge is “Coulomb” denoted

by “C”.
Electron or Proton pharge: e = 1.60 × 10–19 C
 Rules of Electric Attraction and Repulsion Discovered by Benjamin
Franklin:
Electrical Insulators

Benjamin Franklin (a) The two glass rods

(1705–1790) were each rubbed with
a silk cloth and one
was suspended
by thread. When they
are close to each other,
they repel each other.

(b) The plastic rod was

rubbed with fur. When
brought close to the
glass rod, the rods
attract each other.
 Rules of Electric Attraction and Repulsion Discovered by Benjamin
Franklin:
Electric Conductors

Benjamin Franklin
(1705–1790)
 Rules of Electric Attraction and Repulsion:

+ +
(+) - -
(+) (-)

(-) (+) (+) (+) (+)

Benjamin Franklin
(1705–1790)

C and D attract

B and D attract
 Force Between Pairs of Point Charges:
Coulomb’s Law

+ q1 F12 F21 -q2

F12 + q1 +q2 F21

Charles-Augustin
De Coulomb
(1736–1806)
F12 - q1 -q2 F21

Coulomb’s Law — the Force Between Point Charges:

• Lies Along the Line Connecting the Charges.
• Is Proportional to the Product of the Magnitudes.
• Is Inversely Proportional to the Distance Squared.
• Note That Newton’s Third Law Says |F12| = |F21|!!
 Coulomb’s Law
+ q1 F12 F21 -q2

r12 The “k” is the

electric constant of
proportionality.
k q1 q2
F12 = Nm kg m 2 3

r12
2 k = 8.99 ´10
C 2
µ 2 2
s C
9

C2
Usually, we write: k= 1 with e0 = 8.85 ´10-12
4 pe0 Nm 2

Units: F = [N] = [Newton]; r = [m] = [meter]; q = [C] = [Coulomb]

 Force Between Pairs of Point Charges:
+ q1 F12 F21 -q2
k q1 q2
F12 + q1 +q2 F21 F12 =
r12
2

F12 - q1 -q2 F21

(-) + +

(a)

(b)
(c)
 F ≈ 1/r2 Double the distance 1/4th the force!

qe = –1.60 × 10–19 C (a) a > c > b

qp = +1.60 × 10–19 C (b) less
 Coulomb’s Torsion Balance Experiment For Electric
Force Identical to Cavendish’s Experiment For
Gravitational Force!

The experiment measures “k”

the electric constant of
proportionality and confirms
inverse square law.
2 3
N m kg m
k = 8.99 ´10 9 2
µ 2 2
C s C

k q1 q2
F12 =
r12
2

http://www.dnatube.com/video/11874/Application-Of-Coulombs-Torsion-Balance
Two Inverse Square Laws

Newton’s Law of
Gravitational Force Coulomb’s Law of
Electrical Force
Area of Sphere = 4πr2
Number of Lines of Force is
Constant.
Hence #Force Lines Per-Unit-
Area is Proportional to 1/r2
Calculate the magnitude of the electric force between the electron and the proton in a
hydrogen atom and compare this to the gravitational force between them.
 Superposition
• Question: How do we figure out the force on a point
charge due to many other point charges?

• Answer: Consider one pair at a time, calculate the force (a

vector!) in each case using Coulomb’s law and finally add
all the vectors! (“Superposition”)

• Useful to look out for SYMMETRY to simplify

calculations!
Multiple Forces: If multiple electrostatic forces act on a particle, the net force is the
vector sum (not scalar sum) of the individual forces.

Shell Theories: There are two shell theories for electrostatic force
 Feel the Force! q1= q2= q3= 20 μC
Example d = 1.0 cm
q1

d
• Three equal charges form an
d
equilateral triangle of side q3

1.cm as Shown d
q2
 Compute the Force on q1
Fnet
 What are the Forces on the 60 o F12
y

θ
Other Charges? F13
1 x

d
d
3
Solution: Set up a Coordinate System,
Compute Vector Sum of F12 and F13 d
2
 Feel the Force! q1= q2= q3= 20 mC
kq1q2 Example
F12 = F13 = d = r12 = 1.0 cm
( r12 )2
8.99 ´ 10 9 N m 2 20 ´ 10 -3 C 20 ´ 10 -3 C Fnet
=
C2 ( 0.01m )2 60 o F12
y
θ
=3.60 ´ 10 6 N x
1
F13
( Fnetx ) + ( Fnety )
2 2 d
Fnet = d
3
(F ) + (F + F )
x 2 2
= 13
y
13 12
d
2
= ( F cos(30°)) + ( F sin(30°) + F )
2 2
13 13 12
By geometry: q = 12 60° + 90° = 120°
= ( 3.12 ´ 10 N ) + ( 5.40 ´ 10 N )
6 2 6 2

= 6.24 ´ 10 6 N

What are the magnitudes and directions of the forces

on 2 and 3?
 Another Example With
Symmetry

r Charge +q
Placed at Center
+q

What is the Force on Central Particle?

All Forces Cancel Except From +2q!

 k q1 q2 Coulombs Law:
F12 =
r122

Point S to left of q1 & q2?

Point R to right of q1 & q2?
Point P between q1 & q2?
Materials classified based on their ability to move charge

 Conductors are materials in which a significant number of electrons

are free to move. Examples include metals.

 The charged particles in nonconductors (insulators) are not free to

move. Examples include rubber, plastic, glass.

 Semiconductors are materials that are intermediate between conductors

and insulators; examples include silicon and germanium in computer
chips.

 Superconductors are materials that are perfect conductors, allowing

charge to move without any hindrance.
 Electric charges in solids
 In macroscopic solids, nuclei
often arrange themselves into
a stiff regular pattern called a
“lattice”.

 Electrons move around this

lattice. Depending on how
they move the solid can be
classified by its “electrical
properties” as an insulator or a
conductor.
 Charges in solids
 In a conductor, electrons move around freely, forming a
“sea” of electrons. This is why metals conduct electricity.
 Charges can be “induced” (moved around) in conductors.

Blue background = mobile electrons

Red circles = static positive charge (nuclei)

+ -

+ -
 Insulating solids
 In an insulator, each electron cloud is tightly bound to the
protons in a nucleus. Wood, glass, rubber.
 Note that the electrons are not free to move throughout the
lattice, but the electron cloud can “distort” locally.

+ -
 Let "–" = –5e and "+" = +5e

- - - +
-- A -- + B +
- -- +
–50e +20e

--
- +
A - +
- ++ B

–50e +20e
Total Charge on BOTH SPHERES is conserved:
–50e + 20e = -30e - -
Since spheres are identical, total charge is split evenly. - A B -
Charge on sphere A ONLY : - -
-30e / 2 = -15e –15e –15e
 How to Charge an Object
 An object can be given some “excess” charge:
giving electrons to it (we give it negative
charge) or
taking electrons away (we “give” it positive
charge).

 How do we do charge an object? Usually,

moving charges from one surface to another by
adhesion (helped by friction), or by contact
with other charged objects.

 If a conductor, the whole electron sea

redistributes itself.

 If an insulator, the electrons stay where they

Are put.
 Electroscope

http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/estatics/esn.html
Van de Graaf Generator

http://science.howstuffworks.com/vdg2.htm
http://www.amasci.com/emotor/vdg.html
 Conservation of Charge
Total Amount of Charge in an
Isolated System Is Fixed
(“Conserved”)

Example: 2 Identical Metal

Spheres Have Charges
+1C and –2C.
+1C -2C
ICPP: You connect these
together with a metal wire; ? ?
what is the final charge
distribution? –1/2 C –1/2 C
 Conservation of Electric Charges
 A glass rod is rubbed with silk

 Electrons are transferred from

the glass to the silk

 Each electron adds a negative

charge to the silk

 An equal positive charge is

left on the rod
 Conservation of Electric Charges
 A very hard rubber rod is
rubbed with animal fur

 Electrons are transferred

from the fur to the rubber

(very hard rubber)

 Each electron adds a
negative charge to the
rubber

 An equal positive charge

is left on the fur
 Quantization of Charge
 Charge is always found in INTEGER multiples of the
charge on an electron/proton.
 Unit of charge: Coulomb (C) in SI units
 Electron charge = –e = -1.6 x 10–19 Coulombs
 Proton charge = +e = +1.6 x 10–19 Coulombs
 One cannot ISOLATE FRACTIONAL CHARGE
(e.g. –1/2 e, +1/3 e, etc.)
Example 2. Find the net force on q3 ?

• The force exerted by

q1 on q3 is F13
• The force exerted by
q2 on q3 is F23
• The resultant force
exerted on q3 is the
vector sum of F13 and F23
 Example 3. Determine the speed of the electron in orbit about
the nuclear proton at a radius of 5.29x10-11 m,
assuming the orbit to be circular [The Bohr
model of the hydrogen atom]?

Soln
q1 q2 8.99  10 N  m C 1.60  10 C 
9 2 2 19 2

Fk 2   8.22  108 N

 
2
r 5.29  1011
m

F  mac  mv2 r


v  Fr m 
8.22  10 N5.29  10
8 11
m
 2.18  106 m s
9.11  10-31kg
 Summary
• Electric charges come with two signs: positive and negative.

• Like charges repel, opposite charges attract, with a magnitude

calculated from Coulomb’s law: F=kq1q2/r2

• Atoms have a positive nucleus and a negative “cloud”.

• Electron clouds can combine and flow freely in conductors;

are stuck to the nucleus in insulators.

•We can charge objects by transferring charge, or by induction.

• Electrical charge is conserved, and quantized.