Alexandria Engineering Journal (2022) 61, 8207–8220

H O S T E D BY
Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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Radiation effect on MHD Casson fluid flow over an

inclined non-linear surface with chemical reaction in
a Forchheimer porous medium
Shankar Goud Bejawada a, Yanala Dharmendar Reddy b, Wasim Jamshed c,
Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar d,*, Abdulaziz N. Alharbi e, Ridha Chouikh f,g

a
Department of Mathematics, JNTUH College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500085, India
b
Department of Mathematics, Anurag University, Venkatapur, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500 088, India
c
Department of Mathematics, Capital University of Science and Technology (CUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
d
Department of Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, Wadi Aldawaser, 11991, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University,
Saudi Arabia
e
Department of Physics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
f
King Khalid University, Faculty of Science, Physics Department P.O. Box 9004 Abha, Saudi Arabia
g
Thermal Process Laboratory Research and Technologies Centre of Energy, BP 95, 2050 Hammam-lif, Tunisia

Received 2 December 2021; revised 2 January 2022; accepted 12 January 2022

Available online 07 February 2022

KEYWORDS Abstract The numerical study of the impact of thermal radiation, chemical reaction, and heat
Thermal Radiation; source on MHD Casson fluid flow over a nonlinear inclined stretching surface with velocity slip
MHD; in a Forchheimer porous medium is presented in this paper. The controlling equations are con-
Casson fluid; verted into nonlinear ODE’s with appropriate similarity variables. Numerical solutions of the non-
Heat generation; linear ODE’s are solved by the Runge-Kutta method along with the shooting technique with
Forchheimer porous medium MATLAB. It is vital to investigate the flow of Casson fluids (such drilling muds, clay coatings, var-
ious suspensions and certain lubricating oils, thermoplastic melts, and a variety of colloids) in the
incidence of heat transfer in order to optimize the preparation of toffee, chocolate, and other del-
icacies. Numerical findings were given via graphs and tables for various intervals of the physical
variables involved for velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles in addition to this, the coef-
ficient of skin friction, Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number are also discussed. It is inferred
from the graphs that the temperature of the plate decreases with increasing the values of the

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: [email protected] (S. Goud Bejawada), [email protected] (Y. Dharmendar Reddy), [email protected]
(W. Jamshed), [email protected] (K.S. Nisar), [email protected] (A.N. Alharbi), [email protected] (R. Chouikh).
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2022.01.043
1110-0168 Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
8208 S. Goud Bejawada et al.

Nomenclature

u; v Components of velocity in the direction of x; y kt Slip parameter for temperature

l Dynamic viscosity Kc Reaction rate parameter
B0 Constant Rex pffiffiffiffi Reynolds number
q Density of the fluid b ¼ lBp 2p Casson fluid parameter
y
a Angle of inclination B Magnetic field
n1
aT Thermal diffusion factor of the fluid Kp ¼ ckd xm Permeability parameter
bT Thermal expansion facator of the solute l Dynamic viscosity of the Casson fluid
g similarity variable kc Slip parameter for concentration
n Stretching sheet index parameter. c Buoyancy parameter
p Result (Product) of the deformation rate of Cas- Fs ¼ pcbffiffiffi
xffi
Forchhiemer parameter
kd
son fluid element Gc Solutal Grashof number
g Gravitational acceleration t Kinematic viscosity
bc Mass expansion coefficient pc The product of the Casson model critical value.
ku Parameter of slip velocity. Cb Forchheimer coefficient
rB2
us is the slip velocity M ¼ cq 0 Magnetic parameter
f
k Thermal conductivity b Casson fluid parameter
c Solutal buoyancy parameter, Pr Prandtl number
uw Fluid velocity along the Surface at a distance Kc Chemical reaction
lB Casson fluid Plastic dynamic viscosity Gr Grashof number
D Mass diffusion coefficient of the fluid Sc Schmidt number
Cp Specific heat at constant Du Dufour number
py Yield stress

radiation parameter and Forchheimer porous medium parameter. The concentration is decreased in
the presence of chemical reaction and Schmidt number. To ensure the validity of our findings, we
compared them to previously published work and found significant agreement.
Ó 2022 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction Many researchers have recently been interested in the use of

magnetohydrodynamics in the polymer production and metal-
Magnetohydrodynamic flows are essential in a wide range of lurgy. Radiation influence on boundary layer flow is essential
industrial and technical usages, such as MHD generators, because it is used in engineering, physics, and industrial sectors
the design of the nuclear reactor, and flow meters. Magnetohy- such as, polymer processing, gas-cooled nuclear reactors,
drodynamics (MHD) is the science that investigates the flow of design of furnance, and space technologies such as aerodynam-
electrically conducting solutions in the presence of a magnetic ics rockets, power plants for interplanetary flights, propulsion
field. Numerous innovative and expected investigations on systems, missiles, and spacecrafts that function at extreme tem-
ordinary electrically conducting flows show that the applica- peratures. As a result, the effects of thermal radiation cannot
tion of a magnetic field significantly alters their transportation be neglected in such mechanisms. In the energy equation, the
and heat transfer properties. The analysis of magnetohydrody- radiative heat flux is approximated by the Rosseland approxi-
namics has several significant things, the cooling of nuclear mation. Recently, several researchers have investigated various
power plants using liquid sodium and the induction pressure versions of these effects on flow fields [6–10].
gauge, which is relied on fluid potential differences perpendic- The study of non-Newtonian laminar flow has attracted
ular to motion and the magnetic field, among other things [1]. considerable interest due to its many applicabilitys in scientific
T Hayat et al. [2] analyzed the numerical simulation of heat & technology innovations. Nonlinear materials, such as those
transfer in MHD stagnation point flow of Cross fluid model found in pharmaceuticals, and petrochemical engineering, are
towards a stretched surface. Djebali et al. [3] studied the anal- critical in a wide range of industries. Non-Newtonian fluids
ysis of dynamic and thermal boundary layers: further evolu- occur not only in nature, for example, avalanches and mud
tion, with a vertical flat plate, as well by using similarity slides, but even in contemporary technologies and a wide vari-
solutions. Warke et al. [4] discussed the numerical analysis of ety of industrial fields owing to its critical application utility in
the stagnation point flow of radiative magnetomicropolar liq- biological matter, chemicals, foodstuffs, and personal care
uid past a stretching sheet. Swain et al. [5] presented the products, among others. Fluids fluctuate in their viscosity,
hybrids nanoparticles made of MWCNT and Fe3O4 have an which may vary depending on the rate of deformation, and
impact on an exponentially porous shrinking sheet with chem- certain fluids have an elastic component in nature, which is
ical reaction and slip boundaries. considered as non-fluids. Casson fluid is also categorized as
Radiation effect on MHD Casson fluid flow over an inclined non-linear surface with chemical reaction 8209

such linear materials due to traditional shear thinning and ical technology systems. Shear stress, concentration and tem-
thickening characteristics when carefully studying the non- perature gradients at the wall are also carefully estimated
Newtonian fluid subclass. For its rheological characteristics, since both have critical uses in engineering and industry. Addi-
Casson fluid is non-Newtonian due to its shear stress and tionally, the acquired findings are verified using a comparison
strain relationship. This fluid displays significant shear viscos- table, which establishes a standard for numerical communica-
ity and yield stress, making it a good choice for shear-thinning tion quality.
applications. Originally designed for ink printing and silicon
dispersion, the model was originated first by Casson [11]. Cas- 2. Mathematical modeling
son fluids include honey, jellies, soups, tomato sauces, and
concentrated fruit liquids. Siddappa and Able [12] also In the viscous, incompressible, and electrically conducting
explored non– Newtonian flow through a shield. The consis- boundary field, consider 2-dimensional, steady, Casson and
tency of the MHD flow of a viscoelastic fluid through a laminar fluid, along the nonlinear stretching surface, which is
stretching layer was addressed by Dandapat et al. [13]. Fang inclined vertical acute angle ðaÞ in a saturated homogeneous,
et al. [14] on the expanded Blasius equation are examined. porous medium of Forchheimer. which shows the high veloc-
Malouka et al. [15] studied comparison with the second- ity. In this study, the x axis is considered as the stretching
degree fluid problem flows across an extension sheet. In two surface and y axis and uniform magnetic, strength as normal
novel semi-analytic techniques, Khidir et al. [16] explored the to it. Also, in this process, the fluid path does not alter. Again,
solution of the Falkner-Skan general problem. Vijaya et al. take over that the Joule heating, induced magnetic field, Hall
[17] inspected the movement of a convective mixed nanofluid effect is negligible and fluid viscosity, thermal conductivity is
boundary layer through a vertical circular sphere under the constant.
magnetic field effect. Hayat et al. [18] inspected the MHD flow The temperature at the stretching surface is more than its
in Casson liquid by Soret and Dufour. Eldabe et al. [19] pro- free stream levels, which is the accumulation of heat and sol-
posed MHD non-Newtonian Casson fluid stream heat transfer vent density. In the sense of these assumptions, the non - New-
among two revolving cylinders. Ijaz Khan et al. [20] discussed tonian Eqs. for the fluid Casson is provided as following
the simulation and modeling of second order velocity slip flow manner [17,18].
of micropolar ferrofluid with Darcy–Forchheimer porous 8 
medium. Shafiq et al. [21] studied the dual stratification impact >
< lB þ pffiffiffi
py
ffi 2eij ; p > pc ;
2p
on stagnation point Walters’ B nanofluid flow via radiative sij ¼  
Riga plate. Hussain et al. [22] discussed numerical analysis of >
: lB þ ppffiffiffiy
ffi 2eij ; p < pc
2p
thermal energy distribution of electromagnetic Casson nano-
fluid through a stretching sheet. Wasim et al. [23] analyzed Here p ¼ eij eij and eij are the ði; jÞth elements of the deforma-
the analysis on copper-iron (II, III)/oxide-engine oil Casson tion rate, p is the product of the portion of the deformation
nanofluid flowing and thermal features in parabolic trough rate with itself. The Fig. 1 represents the geometry of the
solar collector, Numerical treatment of MHD flow of Casson problem.
nanofluid via convectively heated non-linear extending surface The governing Eqs. of the Casson fluid boundary layer flow
with viscous dissipation is presented by Hammad et al. [24]. can be abbrivated as (Ref. [46])
Swati Mukhopadhyay et al. [25] discussed the Casson fluid
flow over an unsteady stretching surface, Mustafa et al. [26]
examined the Casson fluid’sunsteady boundary layer flow
caused by an impulsively started moving flat plate and
Mukhopadhyay et al. [27] dealt with the exact solutions of
Casson fluid flow over a stretching sheet with transpiration.
Many researchers use this model in different flow characteris-
tics and combinations with distinct objectives in mind [28–45].
The present study develops numerical computational skills
which enable the young researchers to solve the two-
dimensional boundary layer problem of Casson fluid over an
inclined non-linear stretching sheet in a porous Forchheimer
medium. The behaviour of thermal radiation, magnetic field,
chemical reaction, and heat absorption are considered in this
investigation. The Casson fluid model is used to explain non-
Newtonian fluid behavior. Through appropriate transforma-
tions, the flow-narrating partial differential equations are
transformed to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equa-
tions. The result is achieved numerically by means of the
shooting technique in conjunction with the Runge-Kutta
method. The consequence logs of the flow regulating con-
straints are shown visually for velocity, temperature, and con-
centration profiles. Tables are used to provide the numeric
results for the local skin friction bounds, Sherwood number
and Nusselt number. Applications of the current research Fig. 1 Reflects the visualization of the geometry of the flow and
would be helpful in magnetic material transmission and chem- the systematic examination.
8210 S. Goud Bejawada et al.

@u @v and equivalent boundary conditions (5) take the following

þ ¼0 ð1Þ
@x @y forms:
9
  fð0Þ ¼ S; f 0 ð0Þ ¼ 1 þ ku f 00 ð0Þ; hð0Þ ¼ 1 þ kt h0 ð0Þ >
@u @u 1 @ 2 u rB20 m >
>
u þv ¼m 1þ  u u /ð0Þ ¼ 1 þ kc /0 ð0Þ >
=
@x @y b @y2 q Kd
0
f ðgÞ ! 0; hðgÞ ! 0; /ðgÞ ! 0 as g ! 1 ð10Þ
Cb >
>
 gðbT ðT  T1 Þ þ bC ðC  C1 ÞÞcosa  pffiffiffiffiffiffi u2 qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi >
>
n1 n1 ;
Kd where kt ¼ T0 cðnþ1Þ 2m
x 2 ; kc ¼ C0 cðnþ1Þ
2m
x2
ð2Þ
Here prime indicates the diff. with res. to g. In equations (7)
@T @T @ T Dm KT @ C Q0
2 2
1 @qr to (10), the important quantities in the heat transfer parame-
u þv ¼a 2 þ þ ðT  T 1 Þ  ters are provided by
@x @y @y cs cp @y2 qcp qcp @y sw
The local Skin- friction factor is Cfx ¼ qfu 2
ð3Þ w
The shearing stress is
  
@C @C @2C sw ¼ lB 1 þ b1 @u
u þv ¼ D 2  Kc ðC  C1 Þ ð4Þ @y
y¼0
@x @y @y     
@u
sw ¼ l @y ¼ lB þ pffiffiffi Py ffi @u@y
Here, imagine that the strength of the magnetic field is y¼0 2p y¼0

BðxÞ ¼ B0 x 2 , and also the significant concerns to assisting

n1
The local Reynold number is Rex ¼ uwm x
ðþÞ and opposing flow ðÞ.   
Boundary conditions of the present flow as: lB þ pPyffiffiffi
ffi @u rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 
9 2p @y
y¼0 1 nþ1 1 00
At y ¼ 0; 1 < x < 1 Cfx ¼ ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 1 þ f ð0Þ
>
> qfu2w Rex 2 b
>
>
u ¼ UðxÞ ¼ uw þ us ¼ cxn þ Nl @u >
>
@y = Local Nusselt number
v ¼ vw ¼ VðxÞ ð5Þ  
> rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
@C >
>
> x @T
TðxÞ ¼ Tw þ T0 @T ; Cð xÞ ¼ C þ C 0 @y > @y 1 1þn 0
@y w
>
; Nux ¼
y¼0
¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi h ð0Þ
As y ! 1; u ! 0; T ! T1 ; C ! C1 Tw  T1 Rex 2
where uw is the sheet’s velocity with uw ¼ cxn , c being a fixed Local Sherwood number
term relying upon the velocity of the extending plane, defined  
x @C rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
as the ratio to the local shear stress specified as follows:
 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
@y
y¼0 1 1þn 0
Shx ¼ ¼  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi / ð0Þ
us ¼ Nl @u @y
¼ N lB þ py = 2p @u @y
; Nðm2 s kg1 Þ indicates Cw  C1 Rex 2
the slip constant, & the dynamic viscosity indicates
 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
l ¼ lB þ py = 2p , also at the surface, the velocity vw refers
3. Method of numerical solution
to the mass transfer rate by means of vw < 0 is mass injection
& vw > 0 denotes the mass suction. The index parameter refers
The Runge-Kutta 4th -order along with the shooting method-
to n is at the stretching area, n > 0p expedited(accelerated)
ology is used to solve the set of non-linear ODE’s (7) – (9) with
sheet, and n < 0 representing slowed a bit(decelerated) sheet.
boundary constraints (10). This is accomplished by first con-
Dimensional analysis as follows
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi qffiffiffiffiffiffi nþ1 9 verting the combined ODEs to the linear order of ODE’s.
g ¼ cðnþ1 Þ n1
2 y; w ¼ 2cm 2 fðgÞ >
> Using the following successive substitutions
x x >
>
2m nþ1
>
>
@w
u ¼ @y ; v ¼  @x ; @w >
= ff; f0 ; f 00 ; h; h 0 ; u; u0 g ¼ fY1 ; Y2 ; Y3 ; Y4 ; Y5 ; Y6 ; Y7 g
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  > ð6Þ @Y1
@g
¼ Y2 ; @Y @g
2
¼ Y3 ; @Y
@g
4
¼ Y5 ; @Y
@g
6
¼ Y7 ;
u ¼ cxn f0 ðnÞ; v ¼  cmðnþ1Þ
n1
ð gÞ þ þ n1
gf 0
ð gÞ >
>
x 2 f >
>
2 nþ1
>
>    
hðgÞ ¼ TT1 ; /ðgÞ ¼ CC1 ; @Y3
¼ Y1 Y3 
2n
Y2 
2
ðc Y4 þ cY6 Þcosa þ
2
Mþ
1
Y2 þ FsY22 = 1þ
1
Tw T1 Cw C1 @g nþ1 2 nþ1 nþ1 Kp b
ð11Þ
Where w stream function and g is the similarity variable,
dimensionless stream function is f.  
@Y5 4
By means of equations (6), obtain the following forms of ¼ ½PrY1 Y5 þ PrDuY7 þ PrQY4 = 1 þ R ð12Þ
@g 3
equations in equations (1) to (4).
 
1 000 2n 02 2 @Y7 2
1þ f þ ff 00 þ f þ ðc  h þ c  /Þcosa ¼  ScY1 Y7 þ ScKcY6 ð13Þ
b nþ1 nþ1 @g nþ1
  
2 1 The boundary conditions change to the following form
f 0 þ Fsðf 0 Þ ¼ 0
2
 Mþ ð7Þ
nþ1 Kp Y1 ð0Þ ¼ S; Y2 ð0Þ ¼ 1 þ ku Y3 ; Y4 ð0Þ ¼ 1 þ kt Y5 ð0Þ; Y6 ð0Þ ¼ 1 þ kt Y5 ð0Þ
  Y2 ð1Þ ! 0; Y4 ð1Þ ! 0; Y6 ð1Þ ! 0;
4
1 þ R h00 þ Prfh0 þ PrDu/00 þ PrQh ¼ 0 ð8Þ ð14Þ
3
The findings in this solution of the problem are taken up to
2 10-6 and the g1 ¼ 5, indicating that the consequences are
/00 þ Scðf/0 Þ  Sc  Kc  / ¼ 0 ð9Þ
nþ1 numerically asymptotic.
Radiation effect on MHD Casson fluid flow over an inclined non-linear surface with chemical reaction 8211

4. Results and discussion the magnetic field grows, opposing fluid flow and so decreasing
the fluid’s velocity. Fig. 6 highlights the behavior of various
The focus of the study is to establish the consequences of radi- values of the non-dimensional permeability parameter. It is
ation, chemical reaction, and heat generation on the heat and critical to note that increasing the permeability parameter val-
mass transport properties of MHD Casson fluid flow with a ues increases velocity curves. The effect of the modified Forch-
Forchheimer porous medium over an inclined nonlinear sur- heimer parameters on the a graph illustrating the velocity is
face. The numerical results of velocity ðf0 ), temperature ðhÞ, shown in Fig. 7. This evidence suggests that the Forchheimer
and concentration ð/Þ with the boundary layer were deter- factor has a considerable upshot on velocity profiles. A reduc-
mined for various values of the flow parameters like Prandtl tion in velocity curves is caused by an increase in the Forch-
number (Pr), Schmidt number (Sc), and thermal radiation heimer parameter. Fig. 8 illustrates the upshot of the
parameter (R) suction parameters S. The table also includes radiation constraint on the over-temperature field. It is known
the skin friction, local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood that escalating the radiation parameter diminishes the thermal
numbers. Usually, the following values are used for the border thickness and temperature profile. The temperature
parameters. curves for a variety of Prandtl values are shown in Fig. 9.
When an enhance in Pr induces a reduction in temperature,
n ¼ 0:5; b ¼ 5;c ¼ 0:3;a ¼ 0:2; c ¼ 0:2; M ¼ 0:5; it implies that the fluid’s thermal conductivity is much lower
Kp ¼ 1; Sc ¼ 0:6; Q ¼ 1; R ¼ 1; Pr ¼ 0:7; Fs ¼ 1; Du ¼ 0:1; than its viscosity. It’s worth noticing that raising the Pr values
Da ¼ 1; Re ¼ 10; Kc ¼ 1 ; S ¼ 0:5; ku ¼ 0:5; kt ¼ 1; kc ¼ 1: significantly decreases the temperature. As a result, variable
thermal conductivity is a great instrument for assessing the
The Casson fluid factor has an effect on the velocity curves rate of heat transport. The Prandtl number is employed to con-
(Profiles) as seen in Fig. 2. This demonstrates that escalating trol the thickness of the thermal boundary layer during heat
the Casson fluid parameter reduces the thickness of the speed transmission. Fig. 10 portrays the behaviour of the Dufour v
constraint layer and therefore the velocity. Fig. 3 exposes the on the velocity profile, while the other parameters remain con-
influence of the buoyancy ratio parameter on the velocity pro- stant. By increasing the Dufour number values, the velocity
file. This is observed that when the buoyancy ratio function flow field improves. Fig. 11 illustrates the impact of various
improves, the speed restriction’s thickness grows. Fig. 4 depicts Dufour values on the temperature profile. The fluid tempera-
velocity curves for various solutal buoyancy parameter values. ture may be determined by increasing the Dufour number val-
It is revealed that when the solutal buoyancy parameter accel- ues. The variation of the temperature profiles for various levels
erates, so does the velocity. Fig. 5 depicts the velocity differ- of heat generation function is publicized in Fig. 12. It is well
ences between different magnetic field values Inflation of established that enhancing the heat generation factor typically
magnetic parameters is thought to imply a diminution in the improves the temperature dispersion. The Schmidt number has
flow velocity field. This is due to a resistive force identified a significant effect on concentration profiles, as shown in
as the Lorentz force, which is triggered as the amplitude of Fig. 13. It can be shown that when the Schmidt level rises,

0
Fig. 2 Impact of b on f ðgÞ.
8212 S. Goud Bejawada et al.

0
Fig. 3 Impact of c on f ðgÞ.

0
Fig. 4 Impact of c on f ðgÞ.
Radiation effect on MHD Casson fluid flow over an inclined non-linear surface with chemical reaction 8213

Fig. 5 Impact of magnetic parameter M on.f0 ðgÞ

0
Fig. 6 Impact of Kp of f ðgÞ.
8214 S. Goud Bejawada et al.

0
Fig. 7 Impact of Fs on f ðgÞ.

Fig. 8 Impact of R on temperature profile on hðgÞ.

the concentration profile decreases. This is due to the inverse diffusion values. The impact of assorted values of the chemical
association between the Schmidt number and mass diffusivity. reaction parameter on the concentration filed is shown in
As the concentration distribution diminishes, a fluid flow Fig. 14. The concentration profile is found to be decayed when
regime with a higher Schmidt number incorporates lower mass the chemical reaction parameter is increased.
Radiation effect on MHD Casson fluid flow over an inclined non-linear surface with chemical reaction 8215

Fig. 9 Impact of Pr on.hðgÞ

0
Fig. 10 Impact of Du on f ðgÞ.
8216 S. Goud Bejawada et al.

Fig. 11 Impact of Du on hðgÞ.

Fig. 12 Impact of Q on hðgÞ.

Radiation effect on MHD Casson fluid flow over an inclined non-linear surface with chemical reaction 8217

Fig. 13 Impact of Sc on /ðgÞ.

Fig. 14 Impact of Kc on /ðgÞ.

8218 S. Goud Bejawada et al.

Table 1 Numerical computations for the coefficient of skin friction, Nusselt, and Sherwood number with various values of flow
parameter c ¼ c ¼ n ¼ 0:5; a ¼ 0:2;ku ¼ 0:5; kt ¼ 1; kc ¼ 1 and Da ¼ Kp ¼ 1; Re ¼ 10; S ¼ 0:5:
 
Parameters - 1 þ b1 f00 ð0Þ h0 ð0Þ /0 ð0Þ

b 0.2 0.0803 0.2038 0.3066

0.4 0.1652 0.1991 0.3375
0.6 0.2364 0.1969 0.3481
Fs 2 0.7036 0.1907 0.3734
4 0.7631 0.1890 0.3789
6 0.8065 0.1879 0.3825
R 1 0.6634 0.1919 0.3693
2 0.6667 0.2115 0.3701
3 0.6694 0.2268 0.3708
M 0.2 0.6259 0.1933 0.3635
0.4 0.6514 0.1922 0.3676
0.6 0.6746 0.1912 0.3709
Pr 0.5 0.6623 0.1859 0.3691
1 0.6645 0.1981 0.3696
1.5 0.6658 0.2035 0.3700
Du 0.5 0.6564 0.1459 0.3677
1 0.6456 0.0748 0.3649
1.5 0.6310 0.0201 0.3609
Q 1 0.6634 0.1919 0.3693
3 0.6606 0.1742 0.3687
5 0.6576 0.1546 0.3679
Sc 2 0.6763 0.1892 0.5338
4 0.6824 0.1879 0.6259
6 0.6851 0.1872 0.6753
Kc 2 0.6761 0.1893 0.5222
4 0.6829 0.1878 0.6269
6 0.6857 0.1872 0.6781

00
Table 2 Comparative study of f ð0Þ and h0 ð0Þ for diverse values of n with
M ¼ Kp ¼ Fs ¼ a ¼ g ¼ g ¼ Sc ¼ Q ¼ R ¼ Du ¼ Kc ¼ S ¼ k1 ¼ k2 ¼ k3 ¼ 0; b ¼ 1
n Cortell [47] Ullah et al. [48] Present Analysis
f00 ð0Þ h0 ð0Þ when Pr ¼ 1 f00 ð0Þ h0 ð0Þ when Pr ¼ 1 f00 ð0Þ h0 ð0Þwhen
Pr ¼ 1
0 0.627547 – 0.6276 – 0.627556 –
0.2 0.766758 0.610262 0.7668 0.6102 0.766838 0.610203
0.5 0.889477 0.595277 0.8896 0.5949 0.889545 0.595204
1 1.0 – 1.0 – 1.000001 –
3 1.148588 0.564472 1.1486 0.5647 1.148594 0.564670
10 1.234875 0.554960 1.2349 0.5549 1.234876 0.554890
100 1.276768 – 1.2768 – 1.276775 –

Table 1 demonstrates the significance of the dimensionless 5. Conclusions

factors on the local friction factor, the Nusselt, and the mass
transfer rate factor. The table found that skin friction enhances The MHD boundary layer heat and mass transfer Casson
with an enlarge of Du; Q opposite impact is in the fluid flow across a Forchheimer porous medium with consid-
b; M; Sc; R; Pr; Fs; Kc. The intensity of the heat transfer effect eration of thermal radiation, chemical reaction, and heat
rises with an increase of R; Pr reverse pattern is the increase source is investigated in this study. The solution of converted
b; M; Fs; Du; Sc; Q Kc. The increase b; M; Fs; R; Pr; Sc; Kc governing equations are accomplished using an approximate
contributes to a rise in the intensity of mass transfer whereas numerical approach, and the effect of numerous defining
it declines with a rise of Q; Du. parameters on flow phenomena is obtained and analyzed.
The skin friction and local Nusselt number values are com- The following are the key results from the aforementioned
pared to previously reported values in Table 2. It is noted that discussion.
the acquired findings are consistent with previously published
results.
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funding this work through research groups program under
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