IIIpt Statecraft - Merged

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MADHUR-0723048
PRASHANT-0723001

PRESENTATION

ADITYA - 0723049
RAHUL- 0723023
TUSHAR- 0723041
IMMAMUDIN- 0723044
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State craft
the theory of origin
of state
State craft
Theory of origin of kingship
The skillful
management of state why people should obey the ruler?
affairs, encompassing
various aspects of virtues and enterprises which a king should
governance. have.

how a king should maintain his state?


HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
POLITICAL INSTITUTION IN
ANCIENT INDIA
The Hindu Theory of State
Matsya Nyaya: The Logic of Fish
The Hindu thinkers tried to understand the state by differentiating it from the
non state (state of nature).

• They tried to investigate in what particulars the state analytically


differs from the non state.

• They tried to picture how the pre-statal condition ldeveloped into


the statal, i.e, how the state grew out of the non state.

The chief solution to both these problems were found in the


Doctrine of Matsya Nyaya, or the Logic of Fish. Matsya Nyaya is a
situation in which big fish hunt and kill the smaller ones for food
What is non state or State of nature?
Thomas Hobbes (1588-
1679) - Leviathan John Stuart Mill
• The state of nature is a state
of war and of no rights. • Human nature is
• Solitary, poor, brutish, short peaceful.
• The non-state is a war of • ,an anarchy of birds and
• 'all against all beasts, and a regime of
vultures and harpies.

Spinoza - The state of nature is a state of war and of


the right of might.
What is non state or State of nature?
SU-HU

• Su Hu - “Each man has his own version of right. Therefore,


one man has one notion of right, two men have two notions
of right, and ten men have ten notions of right. The more
men they are, the more conceptions of right there will be.
Consequently, each man approves his own notion of right
and denounces every other man’s. So, they denounce one
another.” Su Hu explained this quotation regarding non
state (state of nature).

MOH-TI • the state of nature was analyzed by Moh-Ti and is almost


identical with the Europeans.
What is non state or State of nature?
The Logic of Fish in Mahabharata, 600
BC - 200 AD
• Should there be no ruler to exercise punishment on
others?
• "The stronger would devour the weak, like fish in water."
• In ancient times, people who are ruled through a
sovereign didn't devour each other like stronger fish
preying upon the weaker.

• The strong would devour the


Manusamhita
weak like fish.
200 BC - 200 AD
• For instance, if the king were
not vigilant in meting out
punishment to culprits, the
culprits would punish the
king.
What is non state or State of nature?
Kautilya's Arthashastra
• States that the "logic of fish prevails when the state is
unformed." In the absence of a wielder of punishment,
the powerful swallows the powerless.
• Emphasizes the idea of a fish-like struggle for existence
or self-assessment.

Ramayana
• Describes the non-state region as one in which
"people ever devour one another like fish."
The doctrine of Matsya Nyaya in The feild of
Diplomacy
Dharmapala of the Bengali Empire, c. 9th century:
• In the declarations of the Bengali emperor
Dharmapala, we are informed that his illustrious
dynasty owed its origin to an election by the people.

• The Gouda kingdom, located in the present Malda


district of Western Bengal, faced a century of anarchy
after the death of King Sheshanka, leading to a
situation of Matsya .Nyay (the logic of fish). To avoid
falling into another kingdom and escape the Matsya
Nyaya, the people of Bengal elected Gopala (father of
Dharmapala) as the next King. DHARMA PALA
The Psychology of Men in State of Nature
The psychology of men in state of nature is explained in the book of Mahabharata “shanti”

Under this they


Lobha and 3. Kama or
1. Moha or begin to ignore
temptation Desires the distinction
Stupidity Overpowered between what
them next. should and should
not be done.

“The foolishness Thus arose the desires


or stupidity for possessing things
seized their not yet possessed.
2. Lobha or 4. Raga or
minds. Their And this led to their
Temptation being subjugated by Affection
intelligence is
thus eclipsed the next
Theories of kingship
in ancient vedic
literature
.

king had pivotal role


to play in ancient
indian polity and as
such, the study of
kingship and its various
related aspects are of
tremendous importance
Theories of kingship in
india

BRAHMANIC BUDDHIST KAUTILYAN


THEORY THEORY THEORY
BRAHMANIC THEORY
OF KINGSHIP
ORIGIN

● IT’S ORIGIN OCCURS IN THE VEDAS

● ‘AITREYA BRAHMANA’ REFERS TO


WARS BETWEEN DEVAS (GODS)
AND ASURAS (DEMONS)

● IN THIS WAR,THE GODS WERE


REPEATEDELY DEFEATED AND IT’S
CAUSE WAS ATTRIBUTED TO
ABSENCE OF LEADER.
•AS AN EXPERIMENT THEY ELECTED
INDRA AS THEIR KING AND
ULTIMATELY TRIUMPHED OVER
THE DEMONS
THUS, IT WAS THE NECESSITY OF
THE WAR THAT LED TO THE
ORIGIN OF KINGSHIP
Buddhist
theory of
kingship
• origin of kingship is
discussed in digghanikaya
and mahavastu
• monarchy was Both elective
and contractual.
• although the contract
theory of the origin of the
state is anticipated By
early Brahmanical
literature, the first clear
and developed exposition is
to Be found in the
digghanikaya
EVOLUTION OF KINGSHIP
10%
It is said that there was a time when 20%
people were perfect and lived in a state of
happiness and tranquility. 30%

Later when heavenly life degenerated into


40%
earthly life there set in degeneration.
People gradually entered into a series of
agreements among themselves and set up
institutions of family and property.
But this gave rise to a new set of problems for
there appeared theft and other forms of
unsocial conduct.
Therefore people assembled and agreed to
choose as chief a person who was ‘best
favoured,the most attractive ,and the most
capable’.
On their request he consented to “be indignant
at that where one should be rightly indignant, to
censure that which should be rightly censored
,to banish him who deserves to be banished”
In return they agreed to give him
portion of their paddy
KING WAS CALLED
MAHASAMMATA (THE
GREAT ELECT) BECAUSE HE WAS
CHOSEN BY THE PEOPLE.

KSHATRIYA (BECAUSE HE WAS


THE LORD OF THE FIELDS)

RAJAN (BECAUSE HE CHARMS THE


PEOPLE
kautilyan theory of kingship

01

02

03
kingship and statecraft
• Kautilya advocates the idea of king’s divine nature
and divine sanction of his office.
• He reconciles it with the theory of elective origin of
the king.
• The state of nature without the king is of anarchy
where the strong devour the weak.
• Monarchy viewed as the only guarantee against
anarchy.
• Kautilya refers to the problem of the
origin of the king only incidentally
during a discussion among spies.
• One party argues that government
came into existence to counteract the
law of the jungle that prevailed in
society.
• The work does not make any reference
to the golden age existing prior
• People themselves elected the king and
accepted to pay him the necessary
taxes.
the king
The three powers of the king:

• Powers of good counsel.


• Majesty of the king himself
• Power to inspire.
• King, as the promulgator of Dhamma,
to be free of six passions: sex, anger,
greed, vanity, haughtiness and over-
joy.
• Kings duty to avert providential
visitations.
bibliography

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