Tissues

Meristematic Tissue
Functions
❑ They are parent tissue and new tissues develop from them.
❑ They help in formation of new cells
❑ New leaves, branches of stem & roots, flowers, fruits are
produced.
❑ Injury in plants is healed up by formation of new meristems
 Apical meristem
Functions
❑ Helps in elongation of root & stem
❑ Increases height of the plant (primary growth)
 Lateral meristem
Functions
❑ Helps the stem or root to increase in diameter and girth
(secondary growth).
 Intercalary meristem
Functions
❑ Helps to increase the length of leaves and internodes.
 Plant Tissues

Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue

Cell are capable of Mature cells &
cell division and have incapable of cell
totipotency division
 Permanent Tissue
❑ These are formed from meristematic tissue.

❑ Meristematic tissue take up specific role & stop dividing.

❑ These cells take up permanent shape, size and function,
called as Differentiation.
 Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue
❑ Cells are small, spherical or polygonal ❑ Cells are large, differentiated with
and un-differentiated different shapes.

❑ Vacuoles are nearly absent. ❑ Large central vacuoles are present.

❑ Intercellular spaces are absent. ❑ Intercellular spaces are present.

❑ Cell wall is thin & elastic. ❑ Cell wall is thin or thick.
❑ Nucleus is large or prominent. ❑ Nucleus is less clearly visible.
 Meristematic Tissue Permanent Tissue
❑ Simple tissue ❑ Can be simple complex or specialized

❑ High metabolic rate ❑ slow metabolic rate

❑ Cells are living ❑ Cells may be living or dead

❑ Provides growth to the plant ❑ Provides protection, support,

conduction, storage etc.
 Permanent Tissue

Simple Tissue Complex Tissue

❖ Protective and ❖ Conducting
supporting ❖ Composed of more than
❖ Composed or single one type of cells
type of cells
 Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Phloem Xylem
 Parenchyma Tissue
Nature
❑ ‘Para’ – beside, ‘enchyma’ – in filling

❑ Forms bulk of plant body.

❑ Cells are living and dividing

❑ Shape of cells are rounded & isodiametric.

❑ Cell wall is thin and has small nucleus but a large central
vacuole.

❑ Intercellular spaces are more.

 Parenchyma Tissue
Occurence
❑ They are found in stems, roots, leaves,
flowers & fruits.

❑ Found in soft parts of the plant such as

cortex of roots, ground tissues in stems &
mesophyll of leaves.
 Parenchyma Tissue
Functions
❑ Serves as packaging tissue

❑ Fill spaces between tissues

❑ Maintain shape & firmness of plants
❑ Cells are turgid, so they support the stem
 Parenchyma Tissue
Functions
❑ Their main function is to store food

❑ Transportation occurs through their cell wall.

❑ The intercellular spaces allow gaseous exchange.

❑ These cells also store waste products of a

plants such as tannin, gum, crystals, resins etc.
 Chlorenchyma Tissue
❑ If parenchyma tissue has chloroplast in
them, it perfomrs photosynthesis and is
called Chlorenchyma.
eg. ‘mesophyll of leaves’
 Aerenchyma Tissue
❑ If parenchyma tissue has air cavities present
between them it give buoyancy to the plants
and is called Aerenchyma tissue.
 Collenchyma Tissue
Nature
❑ Derived from ‘Kolla’ which means glue.

❑ Cells are living and has many features like parenchyma.

❑ Cell wall has extra cellulose at the corners of the cells.

❑ Intercellular spaces are generally absent

❑ Elongated cells
❑ Contain a few chloroplasts.
 Collenchyma Tissue
Occurence
❑ Located below epidermis of dicotyledon stem

❑ Absent in monocot stems, roots and leaves

 Collenchyma Tissue
Functions
❑ Provides mechanical support & elasticity.

❑ Allows easy bending in various parts of a plant without

breaking it.
 Parenchyma Collenchyma
❑ Has thin walled living cells ❑ Has cellulose in their cell wall

❑ Found in almost all parts of plant ❑ Found in aerial parts of plant.

body.

❑ Main function is storage of food & ❑ Main function is providing

waste products. mechanical strength
 Sclerenchyma Tissue
❑ ‘Sclerous’ means hard
❑ These are dead cells.

❑ They lack protoplasm

❑ Cell walls are made of lignin

❑ There are no intercellular spaces.
 Sclerenchyma Tissue
Occurence
❑ Found in stems, roots, veins of leaves, hard coverings of
seeds and nuts.
❑ In Husk of coconut

❑ In mesocarp of coconut
 Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
❑ They consists of living cells ❑ They consists of dead cells

❑ Cells contain cytoplasm ❑ Cells are empty

❑ Cell walls are made of cellulose ❑ Cell walls are made of lignin

❑ Cell wall is not uniform ❑ Cell wall is uniform

❑ Provides mechanical support and ❑ Provides mechanical support mainly

elasticity to the plants
 Epidermis Tissue
Nature
❑ ‘epi’ - upon ; ‘derma’ - skin
❑ Present in leaves, flowers, stem and roots.

❑ One cell thick & is covered with cuticle.

❑ Cuticle is a water proof layer of waxy substance called Cutin

❑ Cuticle is thicker in Xerophytic plants.

❑ Cells of epidermis are elongated & flattened
and does not have any intercellular space.
 Epidermis Tissue
Function
❑ Protection from desiccation & infection.
❑ Reduce water loss by evaporation

❑ Helps in preventing the entry of pathogen.

 Stomata
❑ These are small pores present in stomata.
❑ Each stoma has two kidney shaped cells called Guard cells.

❑ Guard cells are only epidermal cells which contain

Chloroplasts, rest are colourless.
 Stomata
Function
❑ Allows gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis and
respiration.

❑ Water vapour escapes through stomata.

 Permanent Tissue

Simple Complex

Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma

Phloem Xylem
 Complex Permanet Tissue
Consist of more than one type of cells that’s why called as complex tissue.
XYLEM PHLOEM
❑ It conducts water and minerals ❑ It conducts food materials.

❑ It transports Unidirectionally, ❑ It transports bidirectionally,

(from roots to apical parts of the (from leaves to other organs of
plants). plants).
❑ Tracheids & vessels – These are ❑ Sieve tubes & Companion cells-
dead cells with thick walls & their These are tubular cells with
main function is to transport perforated walls.
water & minerals
 Complex Permanet Tissue
XYLEM PHLOEM
❑ Xylem Parenchyma – Stores food ❑ Phloem Parenchyma – Stores
food and helps in lateral
❑ Xylem Fibers – Supportive in
conduction of food.
function.
❑ Phloem fibre – Provides
❑ Except Xylem parenchyma, all mechanical strength to the
other components are dead. tissue.
❑ Except phloem fibres, all other
compnents are living.
 Animal Tissues

Epithelial Muscular Connective Nervous

Squanous Striated

Cuboidal Smooth
Areolar Adipose Skeletal Fluid
Columnar Cardiac

Ciliated Tendon Cartilate Blood

Ligament Bone Lymph
 Epithelial Tissue
❑ Covering or protective tissue

❑ Covers most organs and cavities within the body.

❑ Has tightly packed cells and no intercellular spaces.

 Squamous Epithelium
❑ Thin, flat and irregular shaped cells.

❑ Found in the lining of mouth, oesophagus, nose, alveoli blood vessels and covering of
tongue & spin.

❑ Stratified Squamous-
These are multi layers of Squamous tissue.
 Cuboidal Epithelium
❑ Cube like cells

❑ Found in kidney tubules, thyroid vesicles and in salivary glands & sweat glands.
 Columnar Epithelium
❑ Tall cells with nuclei towards the base.

❑ Found in lining of stomach, small intestine, gall bladder and oviducts.

❑ Columnar epithelium modifies to form Glandular epithelium.

 Ciliated Epithelium
❑ Cuboid shaped cells with cilia.

❑ Found in sperm ducts, lining of trachea, kidney tubules and oviducts.

 Connective Tissue
❑ The cells of connective tissue are loosely spaced and embedded in an intercellular
matrix.

❑ The matrix could be jelly like, fluid, dense or rigid.

 Bloo
❑ Has liquid matrix called plasma. d
❑ Blood has two components (plasma and elements)
❑ Plasma contains proteins, salts and hormones.
❑ 3 elements are present in Blood.
❖ Red Blood cells
❖ White Blood cells
❖ Platelets
 Blood
Function
❑ Blood helps in transportation of gases, digested food, hormones & waste materials.
 Lymph
❑ Lymph is a colourless fluid.

❑ Does not have RBCs and some blood proteins are absent.
 Lymp
Function h
❑ Lymph tansports the nutrients like blood.

❑ Lymph has lymphocytes (WBCs) that protects the body against infection.
 Bone
❑ Bone cells are embedded in a hard matrix. That is compsed of calcium and
phosphorous.
 Bone
Function
❑ It forms the framework & supports the body.
❑ It also anchors the muscles & supports the main organs of the body.
 Connective Tissue
Tendons
❑ Contains very little matrix.

Function
❑ Connect muscles to bones and provides strength to the tissue.
 Connective Tissue
Ligaments
❑ Contain’s very little matrix.

Functions
❑ It connect bones with bones.
❑ Ligaments is elastic tissue and has considerable strength.
 Adipose Tissue
This tissue is present below the skin and between internal organs.
❑ These cells are filled with fat globules.
❑ This tissue also act as an insulator.
 Muscular Tissue
❑ This tissue is responsible for the movement in our body.
❑ Muscles contain special proteins called Contractile Proteins, which contract and relax to
cause movement.
 Difference between smooth, skeletal & cardiac muscles

Smooth Muscle Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle

❑ Not striated ❑ Striated ❑ Striated
❑ Spindle shaped ❑ Cylindrical ❑ Cylindrical
❑ Not branched ❑ Not branched ❑ Branched
❑ Nucleus in centre ❑ Nucleus in periphery ❑ Nucleus in centre
❑ Involuntary ❑ Voluntary ❑ Involuntary
 Nervous Tissue
❑ Cell of nervous tissue are hightly specialized for being stimulated and for transmitting
the stimulus very rapidly from one place to another within the body.
❑ A neuron, contains a nucleus and cytoplasm and is called as Cyton.

❑ Short hair like extensions are arriving from the cyton and are called as Dendrites.
 Nervous Tissue
❑ The longest dendrite is called AXON.
❑ Nerve cells receive stimuli and carry messages to the brain and spiral cord in the form
of electric current or impulses.