Chapter 10: Process Implementation with

Executable Models

Contents
1. Identify the Automation Boundaries
2. Review Manual Tasks
3. Complete the Process Model
4. Bring the Process Model to an Adequate
Granularity Level
5. Specify Execution Properties
6. The Last Mile
7. Recap
 Process Implementation in the BPM Lifecycle

Management Processes

Process Define Vision Develop Strategy Implement

Strategy
Manage Risk

les for BPM lifecycle and process mining identification Core Processes

Procure Procure Market Deliver

Manage
Customer
Materials Products Products Products
Service

35h B 30h Support Processes

15h Process architecture Manage Personnel

Manage
Information Manage Assets

A E
D
5m 3m 5m 10m 30m 2h 10m

15m
C
1.5h 10min
Conformance and Process As-is process
performance
discovery model
insights

A B C D E

Process Process
monitoring analysis

Executable Insights on
process weaknesses and
model their impact

Process Process
implementation To-be process redesign
model
Chapter Overview

 This chapter deals with turning conceptual models into executable models
 Executable models can be used by a process-aware information system to coordinate a
business process
 We propose a systematic method for carrying out this transformation, which consists of
five steps:
1. Identify the automation boundaries,
2. Review manual tasks,
3. Complete the process model,
4. Bring the process model to an adequate level of granularity, and
5. Specify execution properties.
 By following this method a conceptual model incrementally becomes less abstract and
more IT-oriented
 As part of this method, two standards complementary to BPMN are used:
 the Case Management Model and Notation (CMMN), and
 the Decision Model and Notation (DMN)
Chapter 10: Process Implementation with
Executable Models

Contents
1. Identify the Automation Boundaries
2. Review Manual Tasks
3. Complete the Process Model
4. Bring the Process Model to an Adequate
Granularity Level
5. Specify Execution Properties
6. The Last Mile
7. Recap
Setting the boundaries

 Guiding principle: not all processes can be automated.

 Based on this principle, establish which parts of a process can be coordinated by

the BPMS and which parts cannot

 Input: the conceptual model of the business process

 Three types of tasks are to be distinguished:

1. Automated: are performed by the BPMS itself or by an external service,
2. Manual: are performed by process participants without the aid of any software,
3. User: are performed by a participant with the assistance of the worklist handler of the
BPMS or an external task list manager
Notation

 The distinction between automated, manual, and user tasks is captured in BPMN
via specific markers on the top-left corner of the task box
 Manual tasks are marked with a hand,
 User tasks are marked with a user icon.
 Automated tasks are further classified into the following subtypes in BPMN:
 Script (script marker), if the task executes some code (the script) internally to the
BPMS
 Service (gears marker), if the task is executed by an external application, which
exposes its functionality via a service interface
 Business rule (table marker), if the task triggers a business rule to be executed by a
rules engine external to the BPMS
 Send (filled envelope marker), if the task sends a message to an external service,
 Receive (empty envelope marker), if the task waits for a message from an external
service
Chapter 10: Process Implementation with
Executable Models

Contents
1. Identify the Automation Boundaries
2. Review Manual Tasks
3. Complete the Process Model
4. Bring the Process Model to an Adequate
Granularity Level
5. Specify Execution Properties
6. The Last Mile
7. Recap
Review manual tasks

 Goal: check whether the manual tasks can be linked with the BPMS
 Guiding principle: if the task cannot be seen by the BPMS, it does not exist

 Two ways of linking a manual task to a BPMS:

1. Implement as User Task
2. Implement as Automated Task

 Note: There are cases in which it is not convenient to link manual tasks to a
BPMS.
Chapter 10: Process Implementation with
Executable Models

Contents
1. Identify the Automation Boundaries
2. Review Manual Tasks
3. Complete the Process Model
4. Bring the Process Model to an Adequate
Granularity Level
5. Specify Execution Properties
6. The Last Mile
7. Recap
Complete the Process Model

 Main goal: Establish that the the process model is complete

 Two principles underlie this step:
 i) exceptions are the rule, and
 ii) no data implies no decisions and no task handoff
(so, better include how data is used and produced)
Exceptions

 Often, conceptual process models neglect certain information because modelers

deem it as irrelevant for the specific modeling purpose, they assume it is common
knowledge, or they are simply not aware of it.
 Depending on the application scenario, it may be fine to neglect this information in
a conceptual model; however, information that is not relevant in a conceptual
model may be highly relevant for a process model to be executed

In the majority of cases, a model must completed with the aspects concerning
exceptions to make it executable
Data objects

 Purpose: All electronic data objects that are required as input and output by the
tasks of our process need to be specified

Rationale:
 Data objects are often assumed to exist in a conceptual model.
 In an executable model, where a software engine has to run the model, they need
to made explicit.

Each data object needed by the BPMS engine to pass control between tasks and to
take decisions must be modeled.
Chapter 10: Process Implementation with
Executable Models

Contents
1. Identify the Automation Boundaries
2. Review Manual Tasks
3. Complete the Process Model
4. Bring the Process Model to an Adequate
Granularity Level
5. Specify Execution Properties
6. The Last Mile
7. Recap
Granularity

 Tasks in a conceptual model may not be

at the right level of granularity for
implementation
 They may be either:
 too abstract, in which case we need to
decompose them, or
 too detailed, in which case they should
be aggregated

 Guiding principle: A BPMS adds value if

it coordinates handoffs of work between
resources
Unordered tasks

 As a rule of thumb, a (sub-)process whose tasks are performed in an ad hoc

manner, without any predictable order, is not suitable for automation via a BPMN-
based BPMS. In this case, a case management system or an ad hoc workflow
system is more appropriate.
 If the BPMS supports the Case Management Model and Notation (CMMN)
language, this is not an issue
CMMN

 Defines which tasks have to be

executed, although potentially restricted
by certain conditions
 Describes what has to be achieved in a
process instead of how to achieve it
 Can be used as a type of sub-process in
a BPMN model, but also vice versa:
tasks in a CMMN model can have BPMN
sub-processes.
Chapter 10: Process Implementation with
Executable Models

Contents
1. Identify the Automation Boundaries
2. Review Manual Tasks
3. Complete the Process Model
4. Bring the Process Model to an Adequate
Granularity Level
5. Specify Execution Properties
6. The Last Mile
7. Recap
Execution Properties

 To make the model fully executable, we need to specify in the last step how each
model element is effectively implemented by the BPMS of choice

 The relevant Execution Properties are:

 Variables, messages, signals, errors, and their data types,
 Data mappings,
 Service details for service, send and receive tasks, and for message and signal
events,
 Code snippets for script tasks,
 Participant assignment rules and user interface structure for user tasks,
 Task, event, and sequence flow expressions, and
 Other BPMS-specific properties.
DMN

 Sometimes, the conditions that allow a process instance to be routed towards one
or another path in the model can be quite complex.
 OMG has developed the Decision Model and Notation (DMN) standard, which can
be used for specifying business rules

DMN provides three parts for the specification of business rules:

1. the Decision Requirements Graph (DRG), which describes how data is
propagated between different decisions,
2. the Simple Expression Language (S-FEEL) to define how values are extracted
from variables, and
3. Decision Tables (DMN tables)
DMN Tables
Chapter 10: Process Implementation with
Executable Models

Contents
1. Identify the Automation Boundaries
2. Review Manual Tasks
3. Complete the Process Model
4. Bring the Process Model to an Adequate
Granularity Level
5. Specify Execution Properties
6. The Last Mile
7. Recap
BPMSs and BPMN

Three categories of BPMSs with respect to their support for BPMN:

1. Pure BPMN: These systems have been designed from the ground up to support
BPMN natively. Examples are Activiti and Camunda.
2. Adapted BPMN: These tools use a BPMN skin but rely on an internal
representation to execute the process model. Examples are Bizagi and Bonita.
3. Non BPMN: There is, lastly, a general category of BPMSs that use their own
proprietary language and semantics. These systems do not support BPMN. An
example of such a system is YAWL.

 The book’s website provides tutorial notes showing how to perform the last step of
our method (the specification of execution properties) for various concrete BPMSs:
http://fundamentals-of-bpm.org
Chapter 10: Process Implementation with
Executable Models

Contents
1. Identify the Automation Boundaries
2. Review Manual Tasks
3. Complete the Process Model
4. Bring the Process Model to an Adequate
Granularity Level
5. Specify Execution Properties
6. The Last Mile
7. Recap
Recap

 A five-step method was presented for transforming conceptual process models into
executable ones:
1. Identify the automation boundaries,
2. Review manual tasks,
3. Complete the process model,
4. Bring the process model to an adequate level of granularity, and
5. Specify execution properties
 CMMN was discussed as a technique to deal with unordered tasks
 DMN was presented as a technique to specify business rules