Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
Division of Bohol
City of Tagbilaran
LESSON PLAN IN GENERAL MATHEMATICS
GRADE: 11 QUARTER: 1 WEEK: 3 DAY: 3
COMPETENCY & Determines the (a) intercepts; (b) zeroes; and (c) asymptotes of rational
OBJECTIVES : functions. (M11GM-Ic-1)
CONTENT : Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of Rational Functions
LEARNING SLM Module 3
RESOURCES : GM LM pages 24-25
GM TG pages 54-66
PROCEDURE : A. Preparation
Recall. Consider this graph.
a. What is the domain?
b. What is the range?
Check the assignment.
B. Motivation
Use the given graph.
1. Does the graph cross the x-axis? At what point?
2. Does the graph cross the y-axis? Give the coordinates of the point.
3. Is there a line on which the graph seems to approach? Show and
name these lines.
4. At what value of x is y=0?
C. Presentation
Present the learning objectives.
D. Discussion/Abstraction
The zeroes of a function are the values of 𝑥 which make the function
zero. The real numbered zeroes are also x-intercepts of the graph of the
𝑝(𝑥)
function. The zeroes of a rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑞(𝑥) can be determined
by solving 𝑝(𝑥) = 0. In other words, whatever values that make the
numerator 𝑝(𝑥) equal to zero are the zeroes of 𝑓(𝑥).
The intercepts of the graph of a function are the points of intersection
of its graph and an axis.
The x-intercept of a rational function 𝑓(𝑥), if it exists, occurs at the
zeroes of the numerator that are not zeroes of the denominators.
The y-intercept of 𝑓(𝑥), if it exists, is the function value when 𝑥 = 0,
provided that 𝑓(𝑥) is defined at 𝑥 = 0.
An asymptote is an imaginary line to which a graph gets closer and
closer as it increases or decreases its value without limit.
The line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a vertical asymptote of a rational function 𝑓 if the
graph of 𝑓 either increases or decreases without bound as 𝑥 approaches
𝑎 from the right or from the left. To determine the vertical asymptote of a
rational function 𝑓, find the values of 𝑎 where the denominator is zero. If
this value of 𝑎 does not make the numerator zero, then the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a
vertical asymptote.
To determine the horizontal asymptote of a rational function, compare
the degree of the numerator 𝑛 and the degree of the denominator 𝑑.
i. If 𝑛 < 𝑑, the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.
𝑎
ii. If 𝑛 = 𝑑, the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑛 where 𝑎𝑛 is
𝑑
the leading coefficient of the numerator and 𝑎𝑑 , the leading
coefficient of the denominator.
iii. If 𝑛 > 𝑑, there is no horizontal asymptote.
EXAMPLES:
For each given function, determine the
a. zeroes c. y-intercept e. horizontal asymptote
b. x-intercept d. vertical asymptote
𝑥−2
EXAMPLE 1: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2
SOLUTION:
𝑥−2
1. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+2
a) The values of x that can make the numerator zero are the
zeroes of 𝑓(𝑥). So, we equate the numerator to zero and solve
for x.
𝑥−2=0
𝑥=2
∴ 2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
b) Since 2 is a real zero of the function therefore 2 is an x-
intercept.
c) The y-intercept of a function is the value of the function at 𝑥 =
0. Thus, we substitute x with 0 and solve for 𝑓(0).
𝑥−2
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+2
0−2
𝑓(0) =
0+2
−2
𝑓(0) =
2
𝑓(0) = −1
∴ −1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
d) Equate the denominator to 0 then solve for x.
𝑥+2=0
𝑥 = −2
The line 𝑥 = −2 is a vertical asymptote of the graph of 𝑓(𝑥).
e) 𝑛 = 1; 𝑑 = 1
Since 𝑛 = 𝑑, and 𝑎𝑛 = 1, 𝑑𝑛 = 1, then the horizontal asymptote is
1
𝑦 = 1 or 𝑦 = 1.
𝑥+3
EXAMPLE 2: 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3
SOLUTION:
1. The values of x that can make the numerator zero are the zeroes of
𝑓(𝑥). So, we equate the numerator to zero and solve for x.
𝑥+3 = 0
𝑥 = −3
∴ −3 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
(b). Since −3 is a real zero, therefore it is also an x-intercept.
(c)The y-intercept of a function is the value of the function at 𝑥 = 0.
Thus, we substitute x with 0 and solve for 𝑓(0).
𝑥+3
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥 2 −2𝑥−3
0+3
𝑓(0) = (0)2 −2(0)−3
3
𝑓(0) = −3
𝑓(0) = −1
∴ −1 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥).
(d.) Equate the denominator to 0 then solve for x.
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑥 − 3 = 0; 𝑥 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = 3; 𝑥 = −1
The lines 𝑥 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −1 are vertical asymptotes of the graph
of 𝑓(𝑥).
(e). 𝑛 = 1, 𝑑 = 2
Since 𝑛 < 𝑑, then the horizontal asymptote is 𝑦 = 0.
E. Exercises
Give the zeroes, intercepts, and asymptotes of the rational function
2𝑥−1
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −4
F. Generalization
1. What is an intercept of a rational function?
2. Describe how the graph behaves near the asymptote of a rational
function.
3. The zero of a rational function is the _________ of the graph.
4. Given an equation of a rational function,
a. how will you find for the x-intercept? y-intercept?
b. how is the zero of the function determined?
c. what will you do to determine the equation of the vertical
asymptote? the horizontal asymptote?
G. Application
Give the zeroes, x-intercept, y-intercept and asymptotes of the
(4𝑥−3)(𝑥−1)
rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = (2𝑥+1)(𝑥+1)
H. Evaluation
For each rational function, find the
a. zeroes d. vertical asymptote/s
b. x-intercept/s e. horizontal asymptote
c. y-intercept
2𝑥−1 2
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2. 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥+3 𝑥−1
I. Agreement/Assignment
𝑥 2 −𝑥
1. Is 𝑥 = −1 a vertical asymptote of 𝑓(𝑥) = ? Explain your answer.
𝑥+1
Prepared by:
CLEOFE L. DAGAMAC
Math Writer
