group 2

ACTIVITY #3
4CL PAGA
PAGLINAWAN
PAKID
PANGANIBAN
PATALITA
PAUT
ACTIVITY #3
1. Explains why the draught of a ship decreases when it passes from fresh water to seawater
and vice versa

- The draught of a ship, which refers to the vertical distance between the waterline and the
deepest point of the ship below the water surface, changes when it transitions from fresh
water to seawater or vice versa due to differences in water density.

- 1. Freshwater to Seawater: When a ship moves from fresh water to seawater, the draught
of the ship typically decreases. This is because seawater has a higher density than fresh
water. The increased density of seawater provides greater buoyancy, causing the ship to sit
higher in the water.

- In fresh water, which has a lower density due to the absence of salt content, the ship
experiences less buoyant force. As a result, the ship sinks deeper into the water, increasing
its draught. However, when the ship moves into denser seawater, the increased buoyancy
lifts the ship, reducing the draught.

- 2. Seawater to Freshwater: Conversely, when a ship moves from seawater to fresh water,
the draught of the ship typically increases. Fresh water has a lower density compared to
seawater due to the absence of salt. As the ship enters fresh water, the reduced density of
the water results in decreased buoyant force.

- In seawater, which has a higher density, the ship experiences greater buoyancy, causing it
to sit higher in the water. When the ship transitions to fresh water, the reduced buoyant
force allows the ship to sink deeper into the water, increasing its draught.

- It's important to note that the change in draught between fresh water and seawater is
primarily determined by the difference in density. Other factors, such as variations in
water temperature and salinity, can also influence water density and subsequently affect
the draught of a ship.

- Understanding these changes in draught is crucial for ship operators, port authorities, and
navigational planning. Ships need to adhere to specific draught limits to ensure safe
navigation, sufficient clearance from underwater obstructions, and maintain stability
during loading, unloading, and transit operations in different water bodies.

2. States that when loading in fresh water before proceeding into seawater, a ship is allowed a
deeper maximum draught

- When a ship is loaded in fresh water before proceeding into seawater, it is generally
allowed a deeper maximum draught. This allowance is based on the principle of buoyancy
and the difference in density between fresh water and seawater.
 - Fresh water has a lower density compared to seawater, primarily due to the absence of salt
content. The difference in density results in increased buoyancy for a ship floating in fresh
water. Therefore, a ship loaded in fresh water will experience greater buoyant force,
allowing it to sit higher in the water and have a shallower draught (the vertical distance
between the waterline and the deepest point of the ship below the water surface).

- However, when the ship moves from fresh water to seawater, the increased density of
seawater reduces the buoyant force acting on the ship. As a result, the ship will sink deeper
into the water, increasing its draught.

- To account for this change, ship operators and maritime authorities apply a deeper
maximum draught allowance when the ship is loaded in fresh water. This allowance
ensures that the ship remains within safe operational limits and maintains adequate
clearance from the water's surface, channels, and navigational hazards when it transitions
from fresh water to seawater.

- The specific rules and regulations regarding draught allowances may vary depending on
the maritime jurisdiction and the ship's characteristics. Ship-owners, shipmasters, and port
authorities must adhere to these regulations to ensure the safety and stability of the vessel
during loading, navigation, and unloading operations.

3. Describes what it meant by the fresh water allowance (FWA)

Freshwater allowance, also known as freshwater allowance (FWA), refers to the amount of
freshwater available on a ship for various non-drinking purposes during a voyage or while at sea.
It is an important consideration for vessels that rely on freshwater for various operational and
maintenance needs.

Freshwater is a limited resource on a ship, and its availability depends on the ship's capacity to
generate or store freshwater. The freshwater allowance ensures that a sufficient quantity of
freshwater is reserved for specific purposes while maintaining an adequate supply for drinking
and other essential uses.

The freshwater allowance may vary depending on the ship's size, voyage duration, crew size, and
operational requirements. Some common uses for freshwater on a ship include:

1. Domestic Use: Freshwater is required for basic human needs, such as drinking, cooking, and
personal hygiene for the crew members.

2. Sanitation: Freshwater is used for flushing toilets, maintaining cleanliness, and ensuring proper
sanitation onboard the ship.

3. Cleaning and Laundry: Freshwater is utilized for cleaning the ship's interiors, decks, and
equipment, as well as for doing laundry.
4. Cooling Systems: Freshwater is employed in various cooling systems, such as for air
conditioning, refrigeration, and machinery cooling.

5. Firefighting: Freshwater is crucial for firefighting purposes, including fire suppression systems,
fire hoses, and sprinkler systems.

6. Maintenance and Equipment: Freshwater is often required for maintenance tasks, such as
cleaning and servicing machinery, equipment, and systems.

To ensure efficient use of freshwater, ships may have onboard systems for water production or
treatment, such as desalination plants or water purification systems. These systems help generate
freshwater from seawater or treat freshwater sources to make them potable and suitable for
various uses.

The freshwater allowance is carefully managed by the ship's crew or designated personnel to
avoid excessive consumption or depletion of freshwater resources. Proper planning and
monitoring of freshwater usage are crucial to maintain a sustainable supply throughout the
voyage, considering the ship's itinerary, expected duration at sea, and any potential limitations on
freshwater resupply.

Regulations and guidelines set by international maritime organizations, such as the International
Maritime Organization (IMO), often provide standards and recommendations for freshwater
allowances and conservation practices to ensure the efficient and responsible use of this valuable
resource at sea.
4. Describes the uses a hydrometer to find the density of dock water

- A hydrometer is a device commonly used to measure the density or specific gravity of a

- 1. Obtain a hydrometer: Purchase or acquire a suitable hydrometer specifically designed

- 2. Calibrate the hydrometer: Before using the hydrometer, it's essential to calibrate it. This
calibration ensures accurate measurements. Check the manufacturer's instructions for
specific calibration procedures. Calibration may involve adjusting the hydrometer to read
zero in pure water or using a calibration solution of known density.

- 3. Prepare a sample: Fill a clean and clear container, such as a beaker or a cylinder, with
dock water. It's important to ensure that the water sample is representative of the overall
dock water, so avoid areas with excessive sedimentation or pollutants.

- 4. Immerse the hydrometer: Carefully place the hydrometer vertically into the water
sample, ensuring it is free from any obstructions or contact with the sides of the container.
Allow the hydrometer to settle and come to rest.
 - 5. Take the reading: Once the hydrometer has settled, observe the point where the liquid
surface intersects with the hydrometer's scale. The scale is usually marked with specific
gravity or density values. Read and record the value indicated by the hydrometer at the
liquid surface.

- 6. Adjust for temperature (optional): If necessary, adjust the density reading for
temperature variations. Most hydrometers are calibrated to a specific temperature, often 20
degrees Celsius (or 68 degrees Fahrenheit). If the dock water temperature significantly
deviates from the calibration temperature, consult temperature correction tables or
formulas provided with the hydrometer to obtain an accurate density reading.

- 7. Interpret the density: Once you have the density reading, you can interpret it based on
your specific requirements or reference standards. You may compare the density to known
values for freshwater or seawater, or use it for calculations related to buoyancy, stability,
or other purposes specific to your application.

- Remember to handle the hydrometer with care, follow safety precautions, and ensure
proper cleaning and maintenance to maintain accurate measurements. Additionally, be
aware that hydrometers are designed for specific ranges of densities, so ensure that the
hydrometer you use is appropriate for the expected density range of the dock water.
5. Describes the effect of changes of tide and rain on dock water density
Changes in tide and rain can have a significant impact on the density of water in a dock. Let's
examine each factor separately:

1. Tide: Tides are the periodic rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational forces of the
moon and the sun. The tidal cycle typically consists of two high tides and two low tides each day.
When the tide rises, seawater flows into the dock, increasing the overall water volume. As a
result, the density of the water in the dock decreases because the saltwater mixes with the existing
freshwater, diluting it.

The density of seawater is generally higher than freshwater due to the salt content. The specific
gravity or density of seawater is typically around 1.025 g/cm³, while freshwater has a density of
around 1.000 g/cm³. When tidal water mixes with freshwater in the dock, the overall density
decreases towards the density of seawater. However, the extent of this dilution depends on factors
such as the volume of incoming tidal water, the size of the dock, and the duration of the tide.

2. Rain: Rainfall can also affect the water density in a dock. When it rains, the freshwater from the
rain enters the dock, potentially diluting the existing water. Freshwater has a lower density than
seawater, so as rainwater mixes with the dock water, the overall density tends to decrease.

The impact of rain on water density can vary based on the intensity and duration of the rainfall. If
there is heavy and prolonged rainfall, a significant amount of freshwater can enter the dock,
leading to a noticeable decrease in density. Conversely, light or short-duration rainfall may have a
relatively minor impact on the density.
It's important to note that changes in water density can influence various aspects of dock
operations and navigation. Lower density water might affect buoyancy, stability, and draft of
vessels, potentially requiring adjustments for safe navigation. Additionally, changes in water
density can impact the movement of pollutants, sedimentation, and the overall ecosystem within
the dock environment.

Overall, the combination of tidal influx and rainfall can lead to fluctuations in water density
within a dock, with the potential to affect various aspects of dock operations and environmental
conditions.

6. Explains how to obtain the correct dock water density

1. Understand the concept of water density: Water density refers to the mass of water per unit
volume. It is influenced by factors such as temperature and salinity. Water density is usually
measured in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³) or grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm³).

2. Determine the required accuracy: Consider the level of precision you need for your specific
application. Depending on the purpose, you may require a precise measurement or an estimate
within a certain range.

3. Gather the necessary equipment: You'll need the following equipment to measure water density
accurately:

4. Graduated cylinder or beaker: A container with volume markings to hold a specific amount of
water.
Scale: A precise scale capable of measuring the mass of water accurately.
Thermometer: A reliable thermometer to measure the water temperature.
Hydrometer or densitometer (optional): These devices are specifically designed to measure the
density of liquids. They can provide more accurate results compared to other methods.
Calibrate your equipment (if applicable): If you're using a hydrometer or densitometer, follow the
manufacturer's instructions for calibration to ensure accurate measurements.

5. Measure the water temperature: Water density is affected by temperature, so it's crucial to
measure the water's temperature using a reliable thermometer. Record the temperature in degrees
Celsius (°C).

6. Fill the container with water: Fill the graduated cylinder or beaker with the water you want to
measure. Ensure that the container is clean and dry before use.

7. Weigh the container with water: Place the container with water on the scale and record the mass
of the container and water together. Be sure to tare the scale before weighing, which will subtract
the mass of the container.

8. Calculate the mass of water: Subtract the mass of the empty container from the total mass of the
container with water. The result will give you the mass of the water alone.
9. Measure the volume of water: If you used a beaker, the volume is likely marked on the
container itself. If you used a graduated cylinder, read the volume at the water's meniscus (the
curve at the top of the water column) at eye level. Record the volume in cubic meters (m³) or
cubic centimeters (cm³).

10. Calculate the water density: Divide the mass of the water by its volume. The formula for
density is: Density = Mass / Volume. Ensure that the units for mass and volume are consistent.

11. Adjust for temperature (if needed): If you're working with water at a temperature other than
the standard reference temperature (often 4°C), you may need to correct the density calculation.
Consult a water density table or use the appropriate formula to adjust the density based on the
temperature difference.