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    PART 1 Solved Problems Cooling Tower

    Uploaded by

    PETER PEN
    1) The document provides two solved problems involving cooling tower calculations. The first problem involves cooling water from 40°C to 3°C and calculates the air flow and make-up water required. The second problem cools water from 41°C to 28°C. 2) For the first problem, the calculations show that 895.7 kg/min of air is needed and 3.85 kg/s of make-up water is required to compensate for evaporation losses. 3) For the second problem, the air flow is calculated to be 100.95 kg/s and the make-up water required is 4.41 kg/s.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    PART 1 Solved Problems Cooling Tower

    Uploaded by

    PETER PEN
    95 views11 pages
    1) The document provides two solved problems involving cooling tower calculations. The first problem involves cooling water from 40°C to 3°C and calculates the air flow and make-up water required. The second problem cools water from 41°C to 28°C. 2) For the first problem, the calculations show that 895.7 kg/min of air is needed and 3.85 kg/s of make-up water is required to compensate for evaporation losses. 3) For the second problem, the air flow is calculated to be 100.95 kg/s and the make-up water required is 4.41 kg/s.

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    PART 1 Solved problems cooling tower

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    1) The document provides two solved problems involving cooling tower calculations. The first problem involves cooling water from 40°C to 3°C and calculates the air flow and make-up water required. The second problem cools water from 41°C to 28°C. 2) For the first problem, the calculations show that 895.7 kg/min of air is needed and 3.85 kg/s of make-up water is required to compensate for evaporation losses. 3) For the second problem, the air flow is calculated to be 100.95 kg/s and the make-up water required is 4.41 kg/s.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    95 views11 pages

    PART 1 Solved Problems Cooling Tower

    Uploaded by

    PETER PEN
    1) The document provides two solved problems involving cooling tower calculations. The first problem involves cooling water from 40°C to 3°C and calculates the air flow and make-up water required. The second problem cools water from 41°C to 28°C. 2) For the first problem, the calculations show that 895.7 kg/min of air is needed and 3.85 kg/s of make-up water is required to compensate for evaporation losses. 3) For the second problem, the air flow is calculated to be 100.95 kg/s and the make-up water required is 4.41 kg/s.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    PART 1 SOLVED PROBLEMS IN COOLING TOWER

    Prob.1.
    Condenser cooling water is supplied to the forced-draft cooling tower at 40°C and is
    cooled to 3°C of approach temperature while falling through the tower. The air enters the
    tower at 35°C DB and 28°C WB and leaves at 38°C DB and 60% RH. For 5,000 kg/min
    of condenser cooling water, find:
    a) the quantity of air required by the tower in kg/min;
    b) the amount of make-up water required to compensate the water loss due to
    evaporation.

    SOLUTION:
    Heat absorbed by air, QA = heat rejected by the hot water, QR
    𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 )

    𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚𝑐𝑤 𝐶𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 )


    𝑘𝑔 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑘𝐽
    = 5000 𝑥 𝑥 4.187 (40 − 3)𝐾 = 12,709.92 𝑘𝑊
    𝑚𝑖𝑛 60 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
    For h1:
    @ pt 1 Psat, wb = Psat at 28OC WB take from saturated water steam table for
    better accuracy
    From steam table and using interpolation,
    Psat wb = 3.816 kPa

    Solve for Pwv = partial pressure of the water vapor

    (𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝐷𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐵 )


    𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 −
    1527.4 − 1.3 𝑥 𝑡𝑊𝐵
    where: PT = total pressure in air = 101.325 kPa

    (101.325 − 3.816)(35 − 28)


    𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 3.816 − = 3.358 𝑘𝑃𝑎
    1527.4 − 1.3 𝑥 28
    1st Alternative formula,

    𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 − 𝑃𝑇 𝐴 (𝑡𝐷𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐵 )

    0.000666
    Where: 𝐴= 𝑥 100 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑊𝐵 ≥ 0𝑂 𝐶
    𝑡𝑊𝐵

    𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 2.13 𝑘𝑃𝑎


    0.000594
    𝐴= 𝑥 100 𝑖𝑓 𝑡𝑊𝐵 ≤ 0𝑂 𝐶
    𝑡𝑊𝐵

    2nd Alternative formula,

    𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 − 0.000666 𝑃𝑇 (𝑡𝐷𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐵 ) = 3.343 𝑘𝑃𝑎

    Solve for humidity ratio HR or W at pt 1,


    Using formula,

    0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒


    𝐻𝑅 = (𝑃𝑇 −𝑃𝑤𝑣) 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    0.622 𝑥 3.358 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
    𝐻𝑅1 = (101.325−3.358) = 0.0213
    𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

    Using psychrormetric chart,

    Solving for the enthalpy h1 using formula and the HR1 from psychrometric
    chart,

    ℎ1 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅1


    = 1.0062 𝑥 35 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 35) 𝑥 0.0213
    𝑘𝐽
    ℎ1 = 89.81
    𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴
    From psychrometric chart finding for h1,

    h1 = 91 kJ / kg dry air

    For h2:

    If relative humidity and tDB are given use the following formula,

    𝑃𝑤𝑣
    𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑅𝐻 = 𝑃
    𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑑𝑏
    Psat @ 38OC db = 6.6827 kPa from steam table by interpolation

    Solving Pwv by formula,

    𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝑅𝐻 𝑥 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡,𝑑𝑏 = 0.6 𝑥 6.6827 = 4.01 𝑘𝑃𝑎

    Solving HR2 by formula,

    0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 0.622 𝑥 4.01


    𝐻𝑅2 = (𝑃𝑇 −𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    = 101.325−4.01

    𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
    𝐻𝑅2 = 0.0256
    𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

    Alternative approach is to use psychrometric chart

    Solving h2 by formula,

    ℎ2 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅2


    = 1.0062 𝑥 38 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 38) 𝑥 0.0256
    𝑘𝐽
    ℎ2 = 104
    𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴
    Heat absorbed by air,
    𝑄𝑎 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑄𝑎 = 𝑄𝑅
    𝑄𝑎 12,709.92 𝑘𝑊 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    𝑚𝑎 = = = 895.7
    (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) 𝑘𝐽 𝑠
    (104 − 89.81)
    𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴

    To solve for the make-up water:

    The amount of make-up water is equal to the amount of moisture carried away by
    the air leaving the cooling tower.

    𝑚𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝐻𝑅2 − 𝐻𝑅1 )


    𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
    = 895.7 (0.0256 − 0.0213 )
    𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
    𝑚𝑚𝑤 = 3.85
    𝑠

    Prob.2
    SOLUTION:

    a) Heat absorbed by air, QA = heat rejected by the hot water, QR


    𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 )

    𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
    𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝐶𝑝 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑇ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 ) = 113.4 𝑥 4.187 𝑥 (41 − 28)𝐾
    𝑠 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
    𝑘𝐽
    𝑄𝑅 = 6172.475
    𝑠
    For h1:
    Solving for the enthalpy h1 using formula,

    ℎ1 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 ∗ 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅1


    tDB = 36OC

    Solve HR1 by formula,

    0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒


    𝐻𝑅 =
    (𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

    PT = 90 kPaa PWV = 4.2 kPaa


    0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 0.622 𝑥 4.2 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
    𝐻𝑅1 = = = 0.03045
    (𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) 90 − 4.2 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

    Solving for h1,


    ℎ1 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅1
    = 1.0062 𝑥 36 + (2500 + 1.8 𝑥 36) 𝑥 0.03045
    𝑘𝐽
    ℎ1 = 114.32
    𝑘𝑔 𝐷𝐴
    For h2:
    (𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝐷𝐵 − 𝑡𝑊𝐵 )
    𝑃𝑊𝑉 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑤𝑏 −
    1527.4 − 1.3 𝑥 𝑡𝑊𝐵

    The tdb is equal to twb at the saturation point. Therefore, PWV is equal to
    Psat wb or Psat db,
    Psat @ 39OC = 7.034 kPa from steam tables by interpolation

    0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣 0.622 𝑥 7.034 𝑘𝑔𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒


    𝐻𝑅2 = = = 0.053
    (𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) 90 − 7.034 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

    Solving for h2,

    ℎ2 = 1.0062 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 + (2500 + 1.8 𝑥 𝑡𝐷𝐵 ) 𝑥 𝐻𝑅2


    = 1.0062 𝑥 39 + (2500 + 1.8 𝑥 39) 𝑥 0.053
    𝑘𝐽
    ℎ2 = 175.46
    𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟

    Solving for the ma,


    𝑄𝐴 = 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) = 𝑄𝑅

    𝑘𝐽
    𝑄𝑅 6172.475 𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑟 = = = 100.95
    (ℎ2 − ℎ1 ) 𝑘𝐽 𝑠
    (175.46 − 114.32)
    𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    To solve for the make-up water:
    The amount of make-up water is equal to the amount of moisture carried away by
    the air leaving the cooling tower.

    𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒−𝑢𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝐻𝑅2 − 𝐻𝑅1 )


    𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
    = 100.95 (0.053 − 0.03045 )
    𝑠 𝑘𝑔 𝑑𝑟𝑦 𝑎𝑖𝑟
    𝑘𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
    𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒−𝑢𝑝 = 2.276
    𝑠

    Prob. 3
    SOLUTION:
    𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝐴𝐶𝑅)
    𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
    𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇𝐶𝑅)
    𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
    =
    𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

    thot = 55OC twb entering = 27.46OC


    Solve twb entering using the following empirical formula,

    𝑇𝑊𝐵 = 𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛[0.151977 (𝑅𝐻% + 8.313659)1/2 ] + 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑇𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝑅𝐻%)


    3
    −𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝑅𝐻% − 1.676331) + 0.00391838 (𝑅𝐻%)2 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛(0.023101 𝑅𝐻%)
    −4.686035
    Tair = 32OC db RH% = 70
    𝑇𝑊𝐵 = 27.46𝑂 𝐶

    Alternatively using the psychrometric chart,

    𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 (𝐴𝐶𝑅)


    𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
    𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒(𝑇𝐶𝑅)
    𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
    =
    𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔

    thot = 55OC twb entering = 27.46OC


    Efftower =65%
    55 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑
    0.65 = ; 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 = 37.06𝑂 𝐶
    55 − 27.4

    Solve mhot water,


    Analyzing the condenser,

    𝑄𝑅 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐶𝑃𝑤 (𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑡 − 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 )


    𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
    2,300,00 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 4.187 (55 − 37.06)𝐾
    ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
    𝑘𝑔
    𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 30,619.8
    ℎ𝑟

    Solving for the capacity of water pump required,

    𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑓 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

    Vf @ thot water = 55OC from steam tables by interpolation,

    Vf = 0.001015 m3/kg

    𝑘𝑔 𝑚3 1 ℎ𝑟 1000 𝑙𝑖
    𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝑚ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣 = 30,619.8 𝑥 0.001015 𝑥 𝑥
    ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑔 3600 𝑠 1 𝑚3
    𝑙𝑖
    𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 8.63
    𝑠

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