What is a tumor?

A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells that can

occur in any part of the body and can infiltrate
bones, causing local bone destruction.

What are the most common types of tumors that The most common types of tumors that metastasize
metastasize to bones? to bones are kidney, prostate, lung, breast, ovarian,
and thyroid carcinomas.

What is the difference between primary and Primary neoplasms of bones originate in the bone
secondary/metastatic neoplasms of bones? tissue, while secondary/metastatic neoplasms of
bones originate from tumors in other parts of the
body and spread to the bones.

What are the three types of bone metastatic The three types of bone metastatic lesions are
lesions? osteolytic, osteoblastic, and mixed lesions.

What is palmar fibromatosis? Palmar fibromatosis is a benign proliferation of

fibroblast and myofibroblast, which is the most
common type of fibromatosis.

What are the clinical features of palmar The clinical features of palmar fibromatosis include
fibromatosis? a subcutaneous nodule on the distal palmar crease.

What is the most common demographic affected by Palmar fibromatosis affects males more than
palmar fibromatosis? females, and 20% of the population at 65 years old.

What are some risk factors associated with palmar Some risk factors associated with palmar
fibromatosis? fibromatosis include diabetes mellitus, smoking, and
repetitive vibrational trauma.

What is the clinical feature of DM, smoking, and Subcutaneous nodule on distal palmar crease.
repetitive vibrational trauma?

What is the Makroskopis of Palmar fibromatosis? Small nodules or nodular masses associated with
aponeurosis and subcutaneous fat with
gray-yellow-white cut surface (color depends on
collagen content).

What is the Mikroskopik of Palmar fibromatosis? Uniform, plump, spindle cells (myofibroblasts and
fibroblasts) with bland nuclei and indistinct nucleoli
usually with a “bluer” appearance than the
surrounding aponeurotic tissue.
What is Fibrosarcoma? A malignant tumor of fibroblasts with herringbone
architecture and variable collagen.

What is the age range of patients diagnosed with Most patients are ages 40 - 55 years, and some
Fibrosarcoma? limit diagnosis to those age 10+ years.

Where is Fibrosarcoma usually found? Usually deep soft tissue of lower extremities or
trunk, only rarely in retroperitoneum or
mediastinum.

What is the recurrence rate of Fibrosarcoma? 50% recur.

What is the metastasis rate of Fibrosarcoma? 25% metastasize (lung, bone).

What is the Makroskopik of Leiomyoma? May appear well circumscribed but

nonencapsulated.

What is the appearance of Leiomyoma? Fleshy, hemorrhagic, necrotic, white-tan.

Where is Leiomyoma usually found? Skin and subcutis; also deep soft tissue.

What are the most common locations for Extremities, retroperitoneum, abdomen/pelvis, and
leiomyosarcoma to arise? trunk.

What is the typical appearance of leiomyosarcoma? It typically forms a fleshy, gray to white to tan mass
with a whorled appearance that may be evident.

What are the spindle-shaped cells in They have plump, blunt-ended nuclei and moderate
leiomyosarcoma like? to abundant, pale to brightly eosinophilic fibrillary
cytoplasm.

What is the epidemiology of Ewing sarcoma? It is typically found in patients 5-25 years of age and
is the second most common malignant bone tumor
in children.

Where is leiomyosarcoma particularly common? It is particularly common in paraspinal tissue.

What is the second most common malignant bone Ewing sarcoma.

tumor in children?

What are the common locations for Ewing The paraspinal tissues, pelvis, chest wall, and
sarcoma? extremities.
What are the most common bone locations for Pelvis, distal femur, proximal tibia, femoral
Ewing sarcoma? diaphysis, and proximal humerus.

Where are approximately 50% of Ewing sarcomas In the diaphysis of long bones.
found?

What are the clinical features of Ewing sarcoma? Pain, fever, weight loss, leukocytosis, and
increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate mimicking
osteomyelitis.

How is the definitive diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma Based on histomorphologic findings,

made? immunohistochemistry, and molecular pathology.

What is the radiology description of Ewing Laminated (onion skin) periosteal reaction in 57% of
sarcoma? cases.

What is the makroskopik description of Ewing Gray-tan mass with infiltrative borders,
sarcoma? intramedullary mass with soft tissue involvement,
and areas of hemorrhage and necrosis frequently.

What is the mikroskopik description of Ewing Uniform small round cells, tumor cells 1-2x size of
sarcoma? lymphocytes, round nuclei, finely stippled
chromatin, inconspicuous nucleoli, scant clear to
eosinophilic cytoplasm, indistinct cytoplasmic
membranes, sheet-like growth pattern, and islands
separated by dense fibrous tissue.

What is chondroma? Chondroma is a benign cartilaginous tumor,

encapsulated, with a lobular growing pattern.

What is the characteristic feature of chondroma? The vascular axes within the tumor, which make the
distinction with normal hyaline cartilage.

What is osteoma? Osteoma is a benign osteogenic tumor that usually

involves the surface of craniofacial bones.

What is the typical bone architecture of osteoma? Cortical type bone architecture is typical.

What is the age range for osteoma? Fourth through sixth decades.

What is the sex distribution of osteoma? M = F.

What is the common presentation of osteoma? Usually slow growing and asymptomatic, solitary
mass; multiple tumors can be seen in G.

What is the subset of chondroma with Homer-Wright pseudorosettes.

neuroectodermal differentiation called?

What is the growth pattern of chondroma? Sheet-like growth pattern.

What is the appearance of the cytoplasmic Indistinct cytoplasmic membranes.

membranes in chondroma?

What is the appearance of the cytoplasm in Ear to eosinophilic cytoplasm.

chondroma?

What is the composition of the matrix produced by Cartilaginous matrix (amorphous, basophilic
chondroma cells? material).

What is the macroscopic appearance of Lobulated, hyaline and calcified.

chondroma?

What is the potential for recurrence of chondroma? May recur locally.

What is osteosarcoma? Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor.

What is the age distribution of osteosarcoma? Osteosarcoma has a bimodal age distribution, with
most cases occurring in 10-14 year olds and a
second smaller peak in adults (>40 years old).

What are the most common bones affected by Osteosarcoma may arise in any bone, but the most
osteosarcoma? common bones affected are the long bones of the
extremities, such as the distal femur, proximal tibia,
and proximal humerus.

What is the most common location of osteosarcoma The metaphysis is the most common location of
within a bone? osteosarcoma within a bone, accounting for 90% of
cases.

What is rhabdomyoma? Rhabdomyoma is a benign soft-tissue neoplasm

showing mature skeletal muscle differentiation.

What is the size range of rhabdomyoma? The size of rhabdomyoma ranges from 1.5 to 7.5
cm (median 3 cm).
What are the types of rhabdomyosarcoma? Rhabdomyosarcoma is a sarcoma with features of
skeletal muscle differentiation and has three types:
embryonal (botryoid or spindle cell), alveolar, and
pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma.

What are the three types of rhabdomyosarcoma? The three types of rhabdomyosarcoma are
embryonal, alveolar, and pleomorphic.

What is the typical age range and gender Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma often affects
distribution for embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma? children between the ages of 2-6 years old, with
75% of cases occurring in males.

What is the macroscopic appearance of alveolar Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma forms an expansile,

rhabdomyosarcoma? rapidly growing soft tissue tumor with a fleshy
quality, grey-Ian in color, and containing variable
amounts of fibrous tissue.

What is the microscopic appearance of pleomorphic Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma is composed of

rhabdomyosarcoma? sheets of large, atypical, and frequently
multinucleated polygonal eosinophilic cells or of
undifferentiated round to spindle cells.

What is the meaning of "Terimakasih" and "Selamat "Terimakasih" means "thank you" in Indonesian,
Belajar"? and "Selamat Belajar" means "happy learning."

What are eosinophilic cells? Eosinophilic cells are a type of white blood cell that
play a role in the immune response and are
characterized by their staining with eosin dye.

What are undifferentiated round to spindle cells? Undifferentiated round to spindle cells are cells that
have not yet developed into a specific type of cell
and have a round to spindle shape.

What is the significance of eosinophilic cells in the Eosinophilic cells play a role in the immune
immune response? response by attacking and destroying parasites and
other foreign substances in the body.

What is the function of undifferentiated round to The function of undifferentiated round to spindle
spindle cells? cells is to develop into specific types of cells in the
body.

What is the meaning of "Terimakasih" in "Terimakasih" means "thank you" in Indonesian.

Indonesian?
What does "Selamat Belajar" mean in Indonesian? "Selamat Belajar" means "happy learning" in
Indonesian.