UNIX/Linux Course

Unix Files and Processes

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Unix Files and Processes

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 Agenda
Everything is a File Unix Process Control
01 02 Commands
in UNIX

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Everything is a File in UNIX

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Everything is a File in UNIX

FILES

DIRECTORIES

EXECUTABLES

PROCESSES

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Everything is a File in UNIX
The first character of flags indicates the type of file:

‘-’ represents that it is an ordinary file

FILES

DIRECTORIES

EXECUTABLES

PROCESSES

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Everything is a File in UNIX
The first character of flags indicates the type of file:

‘d’ represents that it is a directory, which is a special

FILES file

DIRECTORIES

EXECUTABLES

PROCESSES

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Everything is a File in UNIX
The first character of flags indicates the type of file:

‘-’ represents that this is also an ordinary file

FILES

DIRECTORIES

EXECUTABLES

PROCESSES

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Everything is a File in UNIX
The first character of flags indicates the type of file:

‘d’ represents that processes are also directories

FILES

DIRECTORIES

EXECUTABLES

PROCESSES

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Unix Process Control Commands

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Unix Process Control Commands
A command issued in unix/linux, starts a new process,
which invokes a 5 digit unique id, called pid.
Using pid, the process can be tracked

This process Using pid the

invokes an pid process can be
unique id tracked

pwd Track

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Initializing a Process
A process can be initialized in two ways,
foreground and background

INITIALIZING A
PROCESS

TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A Foreground Background

PROCESS Runs in the background allowing other
Every process runs in foreground by
default when it is started processes to run in parallel

OTHER PROCESSES $ ls pwd $ pwd &

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Initializing a Process
All running processes can be tracked using the following
commands:

INITIALIZING A $ ps
PROCESS
Lists out all the running processes
TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Initializing a Process
All running processes can be tracked using the following
commands:

INITIALIZING A $ ps -f
PROCESS
Lists out full formatted information of running processes
TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Initializing a Process
All running processes can be tracked using the following
commands:

INITIALIZING A
PROCESS

TRACKING A
PROCESS
UID: User ID or ID of the user running the process
PID: Process ID
STOPPING A PPID: Parent process ID
PROCESS C: CPU utilization of process
STIME: Start time process
TTY: Terminal type associated with the process
OTHER PROCESSES TIME: CPU time taken by the process
CMD: The command that started this process

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Tracking a Process
All running processes can be tracked using the following
commands:

INITIALIZING A $ ps -aux
PROCESS
Lists out all the running processess for all users
TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Tracking a Process
All running processes can be tracked using the following
commands:

INITIALIZING A $ ps -u [username]
PROCESS
Lists out all the running processess for one user
TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Stopping a Process
In order to stop a foreground running process use the following
command:

INITIALIZING A $ Ctrl + C
PROCESS

In order to stop a background running process use the following

TRACKING A command:
PROCESS

$ kill [TERM SIG] [pid]

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Stopping a Process

Take a look at the list of terminate signals

INITIALIZING A $ kill -l
PROCESS

TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Stopping a Process
Example, stop the cat command running in background by sending
the kill signal

INITIALIZING A $ cat &

PROCESS

$ kill -9 9922
TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Other Processes
The following command is used to see all the running processes
within the working environment of Linux

INITIALIZING A $ top
PROCESS

TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Other Processes
The following command is used to start a process and assign it a
priority value (also known as nice value) at the same time

INITIALIZING A $ nice [-nice value] [process]

PROCESS
nice value ranges from -20 to 19, where -20 is of the
TRACKING A highest priority
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES Nice value 0

Default priority 80

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Other Processes

$ nice -19 [command] VS. $ nice --19 [command]

INITIALIZING A
PROCESS

TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS Nice value 19
Priority is reduced to 99

OTHER PROCESSES

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Other Processes

$ nice -19 [command] VS. $ nice --19 [command]

INITIALIZING A
PROCESS

TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS Nice value -19
Priority is increased to 61

OTHER PROCESSES

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Other Processes
The following command is used to change the priority of a
process

INITIALIZING A $ renice [-nice value] [process id]

PROCESS

TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Other Processes
The following command is used to change the priority of a
process

INITIALIZING A $ renice [-nice value] [process id]

PROCESS
Let’s say, a process is started with a nice value of -10

TRACKING A
$ nice -10 cat &
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Other Processes
The following command is used to change the priority of a
process

INITIALIZING A $ renice [-nice value] [process id]

PROCESS
Now we want to modify the priority of the process. How do we do that?

TRACKING A
$ renice -3 11988
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Other Processes
The following command is used to see the amount of available
and used disk space by a file systems

INITIALIZING A $ df
PROCESS

TRACKING A
PROCESS

STOPPING A
PROCESS

OTHER PROCESSES

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Quiz

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Quiz
1. Which command is used to start the cat process in the background?

A. cat &&

B. cat &

C. Both a and b

D. cd. None of the above

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Quiz
1. Which command is used to start the cat process in the background?

A. cat &&

B. cat &

C. Both a and b

D. cd. None of the above

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Quiz
2. Lists out all the running processes for one user

A. ps -u [username]

B. ls -u [username]

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Quiz
2. Which command is used to check which users are logged in to the system?

A. ps -u [username]

B. ls -u [username]

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Quiz
3. Which of the following has lowest priority?

A. Nice value = 4

B. Nice value =-4

C. Nice value = 2

D. Nice value =-2

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Quiz
3. Which of the following has lowest priority?

A. Nice value = 4

B. Nice value =-4

C. Nice value = 2

D. Nice value =-2

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Quiz
4. Which of the following command is used to check the amount of disk space used by
a file system

A. ps

B. ls

C. df

D. None of the above

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Quiz
4. Which of the following command is used to check the amount of disk space used by
a file system

A. ps

B. ls

C. df

D. None of the above

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Quiz
5. Which of the following terminate signal kills the process when used with the kill
command?

A. 1

B. 5

C. 14

D. 9

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Quiz
5. Which of the following terminate signal kills the process when used with the kill
command?

A. 1

B. 5

C. 14

D. 9

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