Direct Broadcast Satellite Television The idea of using satellites to provide direct transmissions into the home has been around for many years, and the services provided are known generally as direct broadcast satellite (DBS) services. Broadcast services include audio, television, and Internet services. DBS-TV originally started in US and Eurape in 1980s using analog FM transmission in the Ku Band. But, the market for DBS-TV started growing rapidly in 1990s after the introduction of high capacity digital DBS-TV satellites. It was made practical by the development of low cost Ku-band antennas and receivers, and high speed digital integrated circuits that incorporated QPSK demodulation, error control, decryption and MPEG decoding.+ The 12,2-12.7 GHz band was set aside for exclusive use by DBS-TV satellites in geostationary orbit so that high-power transponders could be used, * The flux density at the earth surface produced by medium and high power transponders used in the DBS satellites is in the range 105-115 dB W/m? , which allowed small receiving antennas (0.45-0.9 m) used for reception. + Typically, a satellite carries upto 32 transponders covering part of the 12.2-12.7 GHz band . The available bandwidth (uplink and downlink) is seen to be 500 MHz + Atotal number of 32 transponder channels, each of bandwidth 24 MHa, can be accommodated. The bandwidth is sometimes specified as 27 MHz, but this includes a 3- MHz guard band allowance. Therefore, when calculating bit-rate capacity, the 24 MHz value is used. * The total of 32 transponders requires the use of both right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) . + Digitizing the audio and video components of a television program allows signal compression to be applied, which greatly reduces the bandwidth required.DBS-TV Receiver * The front end of receiver is located at the antenna feed to minimize sigr and hence maintain the lowest possible system noise temperature. * Apolarizer is used immediately behind the antenna feed. It is set to rece LHCP or RHCP by changing the voltage supplied to the low noise block converter (LNB) unit at the antenna. = The polarizer converts the circularly received polarization signal to a linearly polar signal in a section of waveguide and a linear probe in the waveguide converts the currents that drive the LNA input. * The low-noise block that follows the polarizer contains a low-noise ampli (LNA) and a downconverter. * The downcomerter converts the 12.2-to 12.7-GH: band to 900 to 1400 Mie a fre+ The front end of receiver is located at the antenna feed to minimize signal loss and hence maintain the lowest possible system noise temperature. + Apolarizer is used immediately behind the antenna feed. It is set to receive LHCP or RHCP by changing the voltage supplied to the low noise block converter (LNB) unit at the antenna. = The polarizer converts the circularly received polarization signal to a linearly polarized. signal ina section of waveguide and a linear probe in the waveguide converts the signals to currents that drive the LNA input. + The low-noise block that follaws the polarizer contains a low-noise amplifier (UNA) anda downconverter. * The downconverter converts the 12.2- to 12.7-GHz band to 900 to 1400 MHz, a frequency range where cable losces are lower than tha Ku band, + The user enters a desired channel no into the set-up box using an IR remote control which is converted via a stored look up table in the receiver to an RF channel frequency and polarization. + The set-up box selects the channel desired by the user by filtering that channel from the multiple channels received from the satellite, converts the signal to a lower intermediate frequency, decrypts the encrypted signal, demodulates the radio signal and sends the resulting video signal to the television through a cable. + The lookup table in the receiver that relates channel numbers to frequencies, is downloaded from the satellite on a regular schedule,Twisted pairDBS-TV System Design + The main factor governing performance of a DBS system will be the [C/N] of the downlink. + The selection of C/N margin is a design trade off between the outage level that customers can be expected to tolerate, the maximum allowable diameter of the receiving dish antenna and power output from the satelite transponders. + The Ku band transmit beam is shaped to deliver more power to those areas that suffer the highest occurrences of heavy rain so the outages are kept to an acceptable level. Error Control in Digital DBS-TV + Digital D8S-TV transmissions typically uses a symbol rate of 20 Mbps using OPSK which gives a bitrate of 40 Mbps. + Error correction coding and control bts occupy 13-17 Mb and dgtal data occupy the emai 23.27 Mb, + The compressed digital video signal bit stream is first split into blocks of bits and encoded with 2 Reed-Solomon linear block code. + The coded bit stream is then interleaved and encoded again with a convolutional code. The double layer of the code is called 2 concatenated code. algorithm to remove the convolutional coding , and a limited number of errors in the Ae kmeramemmmemmninitAt the receiver, the recovered bit stream is first decoded with a Viterbi decoding algorithm to remove the convolutional coding , and a limited number of errors in the bit stream are corrected. The corrected bit stream is then de-interleaved and a Reed-Solomon decoding algorithm is applied. Master control station and uplink * Ground stations that provide the uplink signals to the satellites in a DBS system are highly complex systems in themselves, utilizing a wide range of receiving, recording, encoding, and transmission equipment. Signals will originate from many sources. * The many signals that are broadcast by the satellites are collected at a master control station and uplinked to the satellites by a Broun of large antennas with fade margins sufficient to overcome any expected rain fade. The uplink station must transmit hundreds of signals to the DBS-TV satellites 24 hr a day, 365 days a year. All of the signals must be converted to a uniform digital format, compressed, and time division multiplexed.SATELLITE / Home “: = { \ Cable ae 3 Headends Tel rs vanes Transmitter TY SIGNALS UPLINK RECEIVE NETWORKMaster control station and uplink + Ground stations that provide the uplink signals to the satellites in a DBS system are highty complex systems in themselves, utlzing a wie range ofrecelving, recording, encoding, and transmission equipment. Signals will originate from many sources. + The many signals that are broadcast by the satellites are collected at a master control station and uplinked to the satellites by a group of large antennas with fade margins sufficient to overcome any expected rain fade. ‘The uplink station must transmit hundreds of signals to the DBS-TV satellites 24 hr a day, 365 days a year. lll of the signals must be converted to a uniform digital format, compressed, and time division multiplexed. ‘One uplink antenna will transmit upto 16 RF channels to one DBS-TV satellite. Each signal is a QPSK modulated Ku-band carrier with a symbol rate of upto 20 Mbps, ‘occupying a bandwidth of 27 MHz. ‘The bit stream drives a video exciter which generates the carrier typically at 70 MHz and is then upconverted to the transponder input frequency in the transmitter. Advantages + Offers digital quality signals which do not degrade the picture or sound quality + Availability of satellite broadcast in rural and semi-urban areas where cable is difficult to install.Satelliet op de Clarke Belt transponders 14 GHz uplink / IZ GHz downlink La ee Ms grondstation Ty tTUDIoO