INTERNET,

CYBER
SECURITY and
ETHICS

Sources:
• CILC Training Manual used by the National Computer Institute.
• Hoe, NS and Charles, C. User Guide to Using the Linux Desktop
Chapter 8: The World Wide Web (WWW) by the International Open
Source Network. http://userguide.mainstreamlinux.com/linux-
userguide8.html
• www.google.com
• Computing for Life Book A by Tan. FNB Publications. 2005.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNDERSTANDING THE INTERNET......................................................................................3

OVERVIEW OF INTERNET APPLICATIONS...............................................................................................3
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET......................................................................................4
THE INTERNET EXPLOSION................................................................................................................4
INTERNET ARCHITECTURE..................................................................................................................6
BASIC INTERNET SERVICES................................................................................................................7
GETTING CONNECTED WITH THE INTERNET................................................................7
HARDWARE/SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS...............................................................................................7
INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS (ISP).................................................................................................8
LEVELS OF INTERNET ACCESS............................................................................................................9
WEB BROWSING......................................................................................................................11

NAVIGATING THE WEB...................................................................................................................11

WEB BROWSER.............................................................................................................................12
FINDING INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET..........................................................................................16
ELECTRONIC MAIL ...............................................................................................................19
EMAIL MODELS.............................................................................................................................20
E-MAIL ADDRESS.........................................................................................................................20
PARTS OF AN E-MAIL....................................................................................................................21
SENDING AN E-MAIL MESSAGE......................................................................................................22
READING AN E-MAIL MESSAGE......................................................................................................22
REPLYING TO/FORWARDING MESSAGES.............................................................................................23
USING WEB-BASED E-MAIL SERVICES............................................................................................23
REGISTERING/GETTING AN ACCOUNT................................................................................................24
SEARCHING E-MAIL ADDRESSES.......................................................................................................24
STRATEGIC USES OF THE INTERNET...............................................................................25
PROJECT MANAGEMENT..................................................................................................................25
E-COMMERCE...............................................................................................................................26
THE NET IN THE CLASSROOM..........................................................................................................26
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................................28

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UNDERSTANDING THE INTERNET

The word Internet evolved from the terms Inter for international and Net
for network. Internet refers to a global collection of interconnected
networks - a network of networks. It is commonly known as “Mother of All
Network”, “Cyber Village”, “Virtual Community” and other monikers.

• Local Area Network (LAN): a collection of inter-connected

telecommunication and computer equipment and resources that facilitate
access, sharing of resources, transfer and distribution of data and
information established in an office building, warehouse, campus, or any
other facility that enables low cost high-speed data transfer.
• Two or more interconnected LANs constitute a bigger network called
WAN. Geographically dispersed LANs provide employees with a means of
communication and information sharing.

Unlike company networks that only provide for the needs of a closed set of
individuals, the Internet is accessible to anyone connected to an Internet
Service Provider (ISP) with a PC, a modem and a telephone line. It
represents a vast network of computers that allows information access and
exchange by users from around the world. It is no exaggeration to say that
it is the world’s first global village. With the Internet, dialogues, meetings,
seminars can be established with participants from all corners of the globe.
Recent Internet advancements even bring commerce and education to the
desktop.

It operates following the Client/Server paradigm. It consists of several

hundred thousand servers (hosts) accessed globally by millions of client-
PCs/users for data/information. Mainframes, Unix systems can host data or
provide a scheme of services. Users running TCP/IP can do searches or
access information relevant to ones area of interest.

TCP/IP is the standard protocol for internetworking. It is the common

standard by which computers of different types and brands are able to
communicate with one another, regardless of their location or platform. The
term TCP/IP represents two main protocols Transmission Control Protocol
and Internet Protocol. TCP specifies how data are broken down, to be
transmitted in packets while IP takes care of routing information to desired
destinations.

Overview of Internet Applications

The Internet brings together the best qualities of communication systems
that preceded it while improving their worst features. It can be said that the
Internet is postal mailing, a telephone, a fax machine, library, newspaper,
store, school/classroom, conference room, entertainment center, etc., all in
one, sans their negative features.

The Internet removes the hassles of having to go to a library to search on a

particular topic of choice. It eliminates long waits for a letter reach a friend
residing on the other side of the globe. It ushers one into the ease of doing
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shopping, banking and other transactions electronically without having to

step outside the confines of one’s room. It’s democratic and facilitates
global exchange of ideas, transforming the world into a global village
without geographic boundaries.

In the workplace, wise Internet use results in productivity and efficiency.

Information is transmitted across management levels easily, while
managerial leverage is enhanced and promoting healthy interpersonal
relationships.

The Internet has found its place in education, business, management,

medicine and governmental arenas as more and more people get
themselves connected. In the area of e-business, sales people no longer talk
about the local market but of an even larger virtual market of global
proportions.

Historical Development of the Internet

The U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
(DoD ARPA) originally developed the Internet (then called ARPANET) to be a
military communication system that could survive a nuclear war – a system
that was not reliant on one or more central computers. ARPANET was the
world’s first decentralized computer network.

ARPANET initially connected DoD departments and major universities and

laboratories. In the 1970s, major research agencies and universities like
University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT), Stanford, Harvard, UCL joined the
network and experimented with email, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and
other primordial Internet services.

In 1986, the National Science Foundation funded a research support

system called NFSnet, established by linking five (5) supercomputers at a
backbone speed of 56kbps. This opened the gateway for external
universities to tap into superior processing power and to share resources.
Between 1984 and 1988, the number of hosts (servers) connected grew
from 1,000 to 60,000. Bandwidth increased to T1 (1.544 Mbps). Meanwhile
more and more countries joined the network - Australia, New Zealand,
Iceland, Israel, Brazil, India, and Argentina.

ARPANET folded up in 1990 and NFSnet took over administering the net.
While many original networks (UUCP, Bitnet, Usenet) closed down with
ARPANET, many new networks joined NFSnet. This fast growing web of
networking eventually became the Internet of the ‘90s. In response to those
who wanted to use the Internet for commercial purposes, the Commercial
Internet Exchange (CIX) was born.

The Internet Explosion

As of Dec. 2005, the Internet had more than 1 billion users worldwide (15.7%
of the world’s population which is 6.5 billion), with a growth rate of 182%

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from 2000-2005. This number is projected to balloon to 1.8 billion by 2010. It

is estimated that over 200 countries are linked via the Internet.

The Internet has evolved beyond the original intentions of its creators. Once
the sole province of the military, research institutions and universities, it is
now available to anyone who wants it.

Who uses the Internet? There is no question that the number and variety of
people logging on is growing daily. From its birth as a tool for scientists and
government personnel to its role today as a commercial and information
center, the human face of the Internet has changed dramatically. The
"virtual community" is increasingly representative of the demographics of
the "real" community, as Internet access becomes more common in
businesses, schools, libraries and homes.

There are different ways of using the Internet. The Internet has electronic
post offices where one can send or receive mails. In recent years, the use of
e-mail has exploded – the preferred communication service over traditional
forms.

There are libraries that the user can use any time of the day or night, with
millions of books and unlimited browsing. One can shop, order a pizza,
preview a movie, watch videoclips, and listen to radio stations from around
the world.

In the real world, one can travel to different places using the same network
of roads and highways, but using different modes of transportation. Getting
around on the Internet works pretty much the same way. It is helpful to
realize that there are many different kinds of communication going on at the
same time. On the Internet, one uses different software programs to
accomplish different tasks.
For instance, many commercial Internet programs, such as Netscape
Communicator, contain more than one kind of software. Communicator has
a web browser, called Netscape Navigator, an e-mail program and a
newsreader. You can also use more specialized and sophisticated software,

WORLD INTERNET USAGE AND POPULATION STATISTICS

Usage
Population Population Internet Usage, % Population Usage
World Regions Growth
( 2006 Est.) % of World Latest Data ( Penetration ) % of World
2000-2005
Africa 915,210,928 14.1 % 22,737,500 2.5 % 2.2 % 403.7 %
Asia 3,667,774,066 56.4 % 364,270,713 9.9 % 35.7 % 218.7 %
Europe 807,289,020 12.4 % 290,121,957 35.9 % 28.5 % 176.1 %
Middle East 190,084,161 2.9 % 18,203,500 9.6 % 1.8 % 454.2 %
North America 331,473,276 5.1 % 225,801,428 68.1 % 22.2 % 108.9 %
Latin
America/Caribbea 553,908,632 8.5 % 79,033,597 14.3 % 7.8 % 337.4 %
n
Oceania /
33,956,977 0.5 % 17,690,762 52.9 % 1.8 % 132.2 %
Australia
WORLD TOTAL 6,499,697,060 100.0 % 1,018,057,389 15.7 % 100.0 % 182.0 %
From: Internet World Stats: Usage and Population Statistics. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm Accessed March
2006

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such as Eudora, a stand-alone e-mail program. You can even combine many
different software packages together into a system that works.

Internet Architecture
• Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing
All computers (hosts) connected to the Internet must have their own
unique address or hostname. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the default
protocol for routing data. IP addresses or host numbers, like phone
numbers, are used by network applications to identify hosts. IP
addresses are generally set by network users or managers. To be exact,
an IP address is assigned to each Network Interface Card (NIC).
Therefore, if a computer has two NICs, two IP addresses are assigned to
this computer. What does host number 140.186.81.6 mean? Treat it in
two parts: network 140.186, host 81.6. The PC with IP number
140.186.81.6 and another with IP number 140.186.2.3 belong to the
same network because they have the same number. For PC
(140.186.81.6) to be able to communicate with PC (140.185.1.1), a
device called router is necessary.
• Domain Naming System
Machines and network protocols use IP addresses in forwarding data
packets from one location to another. Although this combination of four
numbers, called a dotted quad, is used mainly by network
administrators, technicians and IT gurus. The vast majority uses a more
user-friendly naming scheme called Domain Naming System (DNS).
Though the dotted quad address is actually more specific, humans can
remember sequences of words or abbreviations more easily than
sequences of numbers, so DNS makes use of the lettered IP address
system which is more popular among Internet users. A domain name
server takes care of associating a given DNS name say www.rdnus.edu.jp
to its IP address say, 182.23.1.3. The domain/host address in
alphanumeric format, like the numeric one, is a series of words or word
abbreviations separated by periods, called dot. For example,
sei.dost.gov.ph is the Internet address for the SEI division of the
Department of Science and Technology (sei.dost) of the Philippines
(gov.ph).

Note that the last three letters “gov” at the far right is part of the IP
address. These letters, called zones, tell what kind of organization owns
that IP address. Zones come in two main kinds: organizational and
geographic. Three letter zones represent organizational types. The
three-letter code indicates the type of organization, and the part just
before the zone indicates the specific organization. Most systems using
organizational names are in the US. Some major ones are:
• edu – educational
institution
• net – network
• mil – military
• gov – government
• com – commercial
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• org – organization

If the zone is two-letters long, it is a geographical name. The two-letter

specifies the country, and the item before it is specific to that country.
Examples: ca for Canada, us for the U.S.A., ph for Philippines. Pedro’s
computer in the Directorate for IT Manpower Development, National
Computer Center may be called pedro.ditman.ncc.gov.ph.

Basic Internet Services

The Internet provides several basic services. Some of the more popular
ones are listed below:

• Electronic mail or e-mail: Provides a means for individuals or groups to

electronically correspond with each other across the global network. As
compared to ordinary snail mail, e-mail is faster and more timely, reaching
its destination within an hour at the most.
• Instant Messaging: Allows real-time chatting (via typing, voice, video) with
online “buddies”, similar to texting via cellphones
• Newsgroups, Bulletin Boards: Provides a forum for individuals to
participate in an open worldwide discussion virtually on any topic under the
sun. People belonging to special interest groups can log on simultaneously
and engage in free discussion of their own peculiar interests.
• Mailing Lists, Discussion Groups: Provides a means for users to
electronically correspond as a “group” and are usually associated with a
special interest.
• Remote Logins: Provide a means for users to log onto an Internet fileserver
for purposes of downloading and uploading files and documents. Users can
likewise engage in friendly chat with other logged users and use server
resources.
• Search Engines: Provide Internet users with the ability to search for
specific information relevant to one’s needs or requirements. With search
engines and tools, the vast information scattered all over the world is made
available at the click of a button.
• World Wide Web: Provide a means for users to access multimedia
information through the use of threaded access called hypertext. By clicking
on a highlighted portion of text, users jump from one distributed server to
another. WWW or W3 incorporates into a single GUI, most if not all of the
abovementioned services. Because of this, WWW is popularly yet
erroneously equated with the Internet.

GETTING CONNECTED WITH THE INTERNET

Hardware/Software Requirements
A computer is indispensable when connecting to the Internet. A modem or
a similar device and a telephone/cable/wireless connection are
required only when the user is not connected to a local area network which .
In this case, the user has to dial to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) in
order to access the Internet (i.e. “dial-up”).
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Since computers, modem brands, and capabilities change every so often, it

is difficult to set fixed requirements for PCs and modems. The book Internet
for Dummies cites the need for the following hardware and software
components:
• Computer: minimum requirement: 486DX2/66 PC with 8Mb RAM, a hard
drive, a SVGA monitor and card, a mouse and appropriate O.S.

Depending on their requirements, more veteran Internet users can opt to

choose more powerful PCs. Most new desktop machines, nowadays, come
with at least 80Gb of hard disk. This size is large enough for Internet use
unless one plans to download a lot of stuff. Having a large RAM (regular: 512
Mb) does more for a PC’s performance than processor speed. One must also
consider getting a PC with multimedia capability in order to access some of
the Webs more recent features. Other peripherals like webcams,
microphones, speakers, etc., can help add color to surfing.
• Modem – a modem is not needed when connecting via a LAN, since in most
cases the company with LAN has direct access to the ISP via a leased line. A
modem however, is necessary for dial-up connections. Regular modem
speed in the market: 56kbps.
• Telephone line – whereas telephone, leased line, and cellular networks are
available locally for connecting to ISPs, more developed countries offer
faster connectivity services like ISDN, frame-relay, ATM, or packet switching.
• Some software – besides hardware resources, one has to invest
considerably in needed software and operating systems. Browsers are
needed for WWW, like Mozilla Firefox, Netscape Communicator/Navigator,
and Microsoft Internet Explorer (IE). Other applications may be required for
email, ftp, telnet, instant messaging, chatting, etc.

Internet Service Providers (ISP)

An Internet Service
Provider (ISP) is a company
that provides Internet
connection services to the
general public to the Internet.
An ISP is an online system that
has direct Internet connection
and provides access to it.

In the Philippines, the lack of

regional and local
infrastructure has forced
several providers to get their
own leased line to the US or
through a regional access point
like Singapore. The latter,
though cheaper, adds another Figure 1: ISP
link between a local ISP and
the high speed backbone
providers in the US. The high cost of long distance leased line to the US
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(about $10,000/month) makes it impossible to bring Internet connection

costs down to North America levels.
Internet service providers in Manila typically charge anywhere from P100 for
12 hours of dial-up access to P999/mo. for unlimited broadband access,
depending on the speed of data transfer -- or higher for higher speeds; goes
higher with dedicated bandwidth. With more and more ISPs entering the
market, prices are expected to drop further.

Levels of Internet Access

Connection to the Internet may be made in a number of ways, below are
some of the most common:
• Dedicated Leased-Line Connection – This connection is used by large
organizations such as universities and government departments. In this
setup, an entire LAN is connected to the Internet for a permanent and
reliable ISP connection. This is the fastest form of connection thus, the most
expensive. It normally involves a one-time setup cost plus an ongoing fee
structure.
• Direct Connection – Involves buying a
PC server, configuring it, and leasing A file that takes 1 hour to
some fiber optic cable or similar download via a 56K dial-up
transmission media. In this case, one’s connection will take about 26
computer becomes a node on the minutes with an ISDN line,
network. between 2.2 and 13 minutes
• Dial-up Connection – This is the most over a cable connection, and
common and cheapest form of between 2.2 and 26 minutes
connection wherein a user dials into an over a DSL connection would
Internet Service Provider every time a connection is needed. It is the
slowest form of connection nowadays with performance varying depending
on current load and location. With “dial on demand”, there is usually an
initial connection fee or registration charge plus a monthly access fee of
between P300 to P1200. Prepaid Internet cards are gaining popularity
nowadays, with prices ranging from P50 (6-10 hours) to P250 (60 hours).
 ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network): high-speed dial-up and requires
a special type of dedicated digital telephone line (costly!); signals are
already in digital form thus no conversion is needed from analog-digital and
vice-versa
• Broadband Connection – This high-speed “always on” connection is
recommended for small to medium-sized organizations. This type of
connection are able to transmit various forms of data at the same time (i.e.
TV signals/voice and Internet data)
 Cable Broadband: ISP is the local cable television company, need for a cable
modem and a network card for your computer (400kbps download and 128K
upload).
 DSL-Broadband (Digital Subscriber Line): ISP is the local telephone service
provider or the ISP the telephone company connects to, need for a DSL
modem and a DSL telephone line (for both voice communications and
Internet connection saving on the cost of a second line) to connect your
computer (400-650kbps download and 128-256kbps)

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 Satellite: expensive equipment and connection but sometimes the only

option available (600Kbps download and 128kbps upload)

Ways to connect to the Internet

• Telephone line – for dial-up connections
• Ethernet – physical connection to the LAN in your organization/home
• Wi-Fi Wireless – connecting wirelessly to hotspots/access points, your PC
has to have its own wireless adapter/ card to connect
• Bluetooth Wireless - more common in cell phones, PDAs, and other
devices for computer-type components to communicate between
themselves not normally for internet connectivity
• Connecting via a Cell Phone with built-in modem type adapters that
enable them to provide a connection between your laptop, PDA, or other
computer device and the Internet, either via dial-up to an ISP or through
the use of GPRS (always connected digital service provided by the
mobile phone company), using special a data cable, infrared ports, or
Bluetooth
• Using a special device like Blackberry, Treo, combination cell

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WEB BROWSING

The World-Wide Web (WWW or W3) is a set of software applications or

programs which allow both distribution of and access to information on the
Internet. The main purpose of the Web is to make all online knowledge part
of one web of interconnected documents and services. The web is not the
Internet but a means of distributing and accessing the information that is on
it.

The World Wide Web is the fastest growing Internet service. Through its GUI
(graphical user interface), the World Wide Web supports multimedia on
which information in different formats such as sound, video, graphics and
text can be distributed and viewed through a single/integrated software
application. A web document can have text, pictures, drawings, sound clips
and video clips included within it.

Using the World Wide Web, one can enter a virtual museum viewing images

http://www.howstuffworks.com/computers/internet-infrastructure.htm

Domain or Server
Transmission Location within
Name: translated File Name of the
Protocol: the server:
by the Domain Web page: actual
contains the specific folder
Name Server to its name of the HTML
protocol to be in the server
corresponding file for the web
used to access where the web
numeric IP Address page; if not
the data in a page is stored;
(e.g. indicated, retrieves
particular review: folder
216.27.22.162) the web site’s
server; other divisions in
that is used to home page
protocols storage
connect to the host normally named
include ftp://, devices; not
server machine or index.htm or
gopher://, found in some
computer where index.html
mailto:// URLs
the data is stored

NOTE: Top-level domain names include: .gov (government), .mil (military), .edu
or .ac (educational), .org or .net (organizations), .com or .biz (commercial), and
various domains for countries (.ph, .jp, .sg, .au).

of paintings, know more about his favorite personalities, listen to different

type of music, read historical documents, research a topic, purchase a plane
ticket, or talk with other people across the world, the possibilities are simply
endless.

Navigating The Web

The web supports hypertexting, which allows navigation through a web of
information by letting a user follow links of interest. A link may be words,
phrases or objects in the document that can be chosen by a reader which
cause another document to be retrieved and displayed

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• Hypertext allows a reader to move seamlessly from one document on

the web to another document that has been linked to the current
document. Documents residing on web servers all over the world can be
linked together and the reader navigates between them simply by
clicking on highlighted text. These documents were created using
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and are often referred to as Web
Sites or Home Pages.
• A Uniform Resource Locator or URL is the standard way to give the
address of any resource on the Internet that is part of the WWW. It
provides a single, standardized way of describing almost any type of
information that is available in cyberspace. A document’s URL is its
address on the Internet. A sample URL is
http://www.howstuffworks.com/computers/internet-infrastructure.htm

Web Browser
The Internet has much to offer in terms of information on almost any subject
matter imaginable and interaction with people and organizations from all
over the world. Much of this access and interaction make use of the World
Wide Web (WWW) or web. To review, the WWW is an interlinked network of
systems, called web servers, offering multimedia services and information.
A user can access these using what is known as a web browser.

Figure 2: The Mozilla Web Browser

A web browser is a software application that allows one to see the contents
or the World Wide Web. Examples of which are Netscape Navigator, Mozilla’s
Firefox, and Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. One can also hear sounds or play
music using these browsers, but needs additional equipment on the
computer to be able to do this.
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To start Firefox, click on the internet icon on the panel or launch the
application from the menu system:

Applications  Internet  Mozilla Firefox

The Firefox window has the following main parts.

1. the navigation toolbar
2. the menu bar
3. the side bar
4. the display panel

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• The Navigation Toolbar

Figure 3: The Navigation

Toolbar
The Address Bar in the navigation toolbar allows you to access a website by
entering its Uniform Resource Locater (URL) or more informally known as its
web address, e.g. http://www.google.com in the address box provided.

Clicking on the arrow at the right edge of the address box will open a pull-
down menu showing a history of websites visited previously. You may click
on an entry in the list to select that website to access.

Also present on the navigation toolbar are the Back, Forward, Reload and
Stop buttons.
 The Back button enables you to go back to the previous web page
displayed.
 The Forward button enables you to go forward to the next web page
that you have already accessed.
 The Reload button forces Mozilla to re-access the website and load
the current web page.
 The Stop button halts the loading of a web page that is currently
proceeding.

Next to the address box in the navigation toolbar is the Search button.
This button enables you to perform searches for relevant web pages on the
Internet by making use of a search engine. To search for some particular
information, you can enter the keywords for the search into the address box
and then double-click on the Search button. The results of the search will be
displayed in the display panel. You can configure the search engine to use
by this search button in the Firefox configuration setup (see Configuring
Mozilla below).

• The Menu Bar

Figure 4: The Menu Bar

The menu bar has several menu buttons. Clicking on one will open up a
drop-down menu selection where selected operations can be performed.

 The File button caters to the performance of file level operations like
the printing and saving of web pages, opening of web pages, files etc.
 The Edit button allows you to find strings of text on the displayed
page as well as to edit the browser configuration to you personal
preferences.

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 The View button allows you to control the viewing of the various
toolbars as well as the zooming of text and full page display of the
display panel. The HTML source code of the currently displayed page
can also be viewed using the selection “Page Source” under this
button.
 The History button allows you to view the list of websites that you
recently visited.
 The Bookmarks button enables you to manage your bookmarks and
personal folder. You can add frequently visited sites to the bookmark
and/or personal folder. To manage and organize your bookmarks you
can select the “Organize Bookmarks” item in the drop-down menu.
The bookmarks can be organized into folders by dragging and
dropping them into the desired folder. New folders can be created by
clicking on the New Folder button at the top. Folders can have names
and descriptions. To separate and group together related folders, a
separator line can be drawn by selecting the “New Separator” button.
 The Tools button allows you to view Add-Ons and recent Downloads
that you made.
 The Help button contains the Mozilla help files arranged in user-
friendly web page style and format.

• The Main Display Panel

This is the area where the contents of a web page are rendered and
displayed. This display area can be made full screen by either selecting
the View > Full Screen selection from the top menu bar or pressing the
F11 key. To disable full screen display either press F11 again or click on
the un-maximize window button on the top right corner of the menu bar.

• The Side Bar

A side bar may be displayed on the left of the main display panel.to show
the Bookmarks and History functions. You may close the side bar can by
clicking on its close button.

• Navigation Tab Bar

Mozilla Firefox allows you to browse multiple websites within one browser
window using navigational tabs. This overcomes the inconvenience of
opening several to view multiple sites. To do this either choose under the
menu bar: File > New Tab OR enter Ctrl + T.
If you open different web pages using this navigation tab feature, they
will all be displayed under the same window. You can then use the tab
bar to select between each tab screen.

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• Configuring Mozilla Firefox

To configure Firefox, select from the
main menu selection, Tools > Options.
The different Options categories allow
you to set the startup page, where to
direct your downloads from this
browser, how to view links, identify the
privacy and security settings, etc.

Finding Information on the Internet

The Internet is a treasure house of
information. Virtually information on any
topic under the sun (and more!) can be
found on the Internet. However, while
information is easily available it may not be
so easy to find the information you want. Figure 7: Firefox
This is because the information may be Configuration
available from very many sites, often in varying details and varying aspects
of the same piece of information. To assist us in finding information more
effectively a search engine or an Internet portal may be used.

• Using a Portal
A portal is a website that acts as a gateway for providing information
about a subject area or group of subjects – information as well as links to
other sites providing information about the topics in question may be
found. Portals are useful starting places for new web users who do not
know where and how to go and look for information about a specific topic
or subject.

Many major ISPs provide portal-like information services for their

subscribers so that if the latter make this their home page for their web
browser, on launching their browser the ISP's portal page is opened. The
subject areas covered by these ISP portals are typically subjects of
general interest like shopping, local and foreign news, entertainment etc.

Other portals offering general information as well as links to other more

subject-specific portals and websites include:
• Yahoo (www.yahoo.com)
• Mozilla Network (www.mozilla.org)

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• Microsoft Network (www.msn.com)

Figure 8: Sample Portal (includes a

Search Engine)

Note: Information Tips:

obtained from the If a document is taking too long to be
Internet should be displayed, press the Stop button, then press
scrutinized carefully and Reload/Refresh. Documents often arrive
not taken as “correct” or more quickly on the second try. If you
accurate in all cases. change your mind about a selection you just
This is because due to its made, simply press Stop.
free flowing nature and You will often get error messages when
easy means of access using a browser, sometimes because a
and creation, anyone can resource has been moved or removed, and
publish information on sometimes because the machine where that
the Internet. As such, document is stored is temporarily down. If a
unless one is certain that link does not work, try again later.
the information is from Click on a button or link only once.
an authoritative and Sometimes, documents are slow to arrive,

• Using an Internet Search Engine

While portals provide a guided and categorized means to access
information, sometimes we want to be more specific about the topic we
want to find and portals generally are not able to provide this in a timely
and efficient manner. An alternative is to utilize a search engine.

A search engine allows you to query it about some specific subject and
it will try to retrieve links to web pages and resources which contain
information about the subject matter being queried.
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The popular search

engines available are:
 Google
(www.google.com)
 Lycos
(www.lycos.com)
 Yahoo
(www.yahoo.com)
 Yehey
(www.yehey.com)

There are also sites

which allow you to
search using more than
one search engine, e.g.
 Search.com Figure 9: A Search
(www.search.com) Engine
 Easysearcher
(www.easysearcher.com)

While each search engine will have its own technology, its utilization to
perform a simple and basic search is essentially the same irrespective of
which search engine is used.

To use a search engine for basic searches, just type in a few descriptive
words about the item/subject you are searching for. It will return a list of
links to web pages and resources which contain all the words in the query
string.

Note that common words like “the”, “a”, “how” etc. are usually ignored
by the search engine unless specifically told not to. Words are also not
case sensitive unless enclosed by quotation marks. To refine and narrow
down your search, you will need to add more words to the search terms
you have already entered or use the Advanced Search feature. Your new
query will return a smaller subset of the pages found.

The basics of using current search engines is essentially keyword

matching and so it is important to be able to identify appropriate
keywords so that your search is more efficient and false hits are
minimized. The keywords entered should be as specific as possible in
order to get better results.

More details on how to use each particular search engine are available on
their respective websites and they should be consulted so that you can
make efficient use of them.

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3. The search results are returned to the user in a fraction of a second.   1. The web server
sends the query to the index servers. The content inside the index servers is similar to the
index in the back of a book--it tells which pages contain the words that match any particular
query term.
2. The query travels to the doc servers, which actually retrieve the stored documents.
Snippets are generated to describe each search result.

Copyright © 2003 Google Inc. Used with permission.

ELECTRONIC MAIL

Electronic Mail, or most commonly called as e-mail, is the most widely

used Internet service. Internet email has become one of the most popular
applications on the Internet. It works similarly with the manual mailbox
systems found in most large organizations, where messages such as memos,
letters, agendas, minutes and etc. are deposited in a mailbox or pigeonhole
for later collection. E-mail, however, is computerized and is therefore faster
and more reliable. An advantage is that messages can be collected and sent
from any computer connected to the Internet.

To send a mail message, a user simply has to log in to the computer and use
a mail program to compose and send the message. The message, once
sent, is later accepted by the remote computer which stores it in the
recipient’s electronic mailbox. The recipient is then informed the next time
they log in that a new message has arrived for them. It can arrive at its
destination within seconds even to the other side of the world. It provides
an automatic delivery service allowing users, separated by location and
time, to exchange information not only within an organization but all over
the world.

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Email Models
There are two main types of Internet email systems: webmail and POP3.
• Webmail, the traditional method of accessing e-mail, makes use of a
web browser to read, compose, send and manage your mail. E-mails will
be stored to a host computer and users will be able to access it by
executing a web-based mail program on the computer. The distinct
advantage of this method is that one can access the mail from any
location where there is access to the Internet, anywhere in the world.
(e.g. http://gmail.com, http://mail.yahoo.com)
• POP3 email makes use of a POP3 email client or a stand-alone software
application to download your email from a server housing your email
mailbox. This method of accessing e-mail works on the usual Post Office
(PO) paradigm where mail is sent to a central post office. The users
connect and the mail is moved or downloaded from the PO to the
personal computer. This model is used by most Internet Service
Providers. Once mail is downloaded, mail can be processed offline. The
disadvantages of using this method is the big problem of accessing the
PO if direct Internet access to the personal computer is not available and
accessing mail on the personal computer if one is elsewhere. (e.g.
Microsoft Outlook, Mozilla Thunderbird)

The main difference between a webmail system and a POP3 email system is
that for the former, generally, you have to be online to the server housing
your mailbox to access and manage your mail. For the POP3 system, you
need to be online to the server only to download your mail, after that you
can go offline to read, reply and manage your local mail storage. You only
need to go online again when you want to send out your email.

In addition to having a webmail account somewhere on the Internet,

webmail needs only a web browser and Internet access to work. Examples
of popular webmail services are those from Yahoo, Hotmail, Google (gmail).
Most ISPs also offer webmail services in addition to their traditional POP3
email services.

To use POP3 email, you will need to have a POP3 email client software
running on your computer. Mozilla Thunderbird supports POP3 email. In
addition, you will also need to know the name of the computer on which
your POP3 mailbox is located - the POP3 server, as well as the name of the
computer which allows you to send out (relay) mail through it - the SMTP
server.

E-Mail Address

name_of_user@domain_name_of_computer

To send an e-mail to someone, the user needs the recipient’s address. This
address is basically a replacement for an address on an envelope.
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Elements:
• Mailbox name or username – which is usually the user name of the
user’s account (letters, numerals and some punctuation characters).
Capitalization does not matter in e-mail addresses. A mailbox name
should not contain commas, spaces and parentheses.
• @ (at sign)
• Address or hostname – majority of e-mail addresses have hierarchical
structures similar to a real-world address. Networks are divided into
administrative regions known technically as domains which are then
further divided into sub-domains. These sub-domains are then further
sub-divided into smaller domains. Each component domain within the
address is delimited using a dot “.”.

To illustrate this, consider a typical e-mail address:

[email protected]
 “rcopinon” – is the name of the person sending or receiving the
message, this is referred to as the username.
 “ncc.gov.ph” – in this instance, “ph” is the top-level domain, usually
referring to the country of origin (usually the first two letters of the
country’s name). The sub-domain “gov” indicates the organizational
affiliation of the addressee, like for this instance, it indicates that the
addressee belongs to a government body.

Parts of an E-Mail
Regardless of which mail program the user uses, all electronic mail
messages have two main components. The first is the header of the
message and the second is the body of the message or its contents.

• The header consists of a number of fields which are either completed by

the user or automatically by the computer. This may consist of the
following:
 Addressee (To:) – where the username and address of the intended
recipient must be entered; must be typed correctly.
 Carbon Copy (Cc:) – optional field where the sender can enter the
username of those whom he wants to give a copy of the e-mail.
 Blind Carbon Copy (BCc:) – an optional field where the sender can
enter the username of those whom he wants to give a copy of the e-
mail but whose addresses will not appear in the recipients’ message.
 Title of Message (Subject:) - Although this is optional, it is common
courtesy to give every message a relevant/descriptive title.
 Sender (From:) - automatically entered by the mail server into any
mail messages that is sent out. Its purpose is to inform the recipient
of the sender’s e-mail address, so that message sent will be traceable.

• The body of the message is usually composed using an editor similar to a

word processing program built-in to the mail program. The user has the
option to send the message as plain text or as an html file (i.e. with
formatting). He/She also has an option to attach files within the body.

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Sending an E-Mail Message

All mail programs have a New
Message or Write/Compose Mail
command, often located on a
message menu. When starting a
new message, the program will
open a new window, then type
the address of the person to
whom the user wishes to send
the mail. To create and send an
e-mail message using Mozilla
Thunderbird:
1. Select FileNew Message
or Message  New
Message in the menu or click
the Write button in the
toolbar. The Compose
window appears.
2. Type the recipient address in
the Mail To: text box. In
almost all e-mail programs, the Tab key can be pressed to jump from box
to box or from area to area when filling in an address and subject.
Generally, the user can also just click directly in the desired area to go to
in most programs.
3. If the user wants to send a copy of the e-mail message to more than one
recipient, he can either type that person’s address on the Cc: text box,
separating the addresses with commas. In some e-mail programs, the
addresses may appear on separate lines.
4. After entering the recipient/s’s address in the Mail To: or Cc text box,
press Tab or go to the Subject text box. The subject typed in the subject
line should be fairly short, but should be a good description of the
contents of the message. Good subject lines can help recipients
categorize their mail and respond more quickly to the message sent.
5. Go to the blank message area and key-in the message.
6. When finished, click the Send button or select File Send Now/Later
menu.

Reading an E-Mail Message

It is a good habit to check e-mail every time you log into the
Net.
Unread or new mail typically appears as bold or with a closed
envelope icon. This is supposed to help the user pick out the messages that
are not read yet.

To Read an e-mail message in Mozilla

Thunderbird, do the following:
1. On the toolbar, click the Get Mail button or
select File Get New Messages in the
menu bar.

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2. Check the left frame of the application window that shows the mail
folders – the new messages will be directed to the Inbox folder. The top-
right frame contains the list of messages or mails within that particular
folder, while the bottom frame shows the content of the selected
message. You may opt to resize the different frames to your liking.
3. If the mail continues beyond the bottom of the window, use the scrollbar
to view the rest of the message.

Replying To/Forwarding Messages

Use the Reply/Reply All
button when replying to an
e-mail message, the new
message is automatically
addressed back to the sender, and depending on the application settings,
you can easily quote the message received (in this case, the contents of the
original message will be included automatically with a “ > “ or “” character
at the beginning of each line to indicate that it is quoted text.. You can also
send or forward messages to other recipients.

To Reply to an e-mail message in Mozilla Thunderbird, do the following:

1. Highlight the received message in the Inbox or open the message, then
select MessageReply from the menu bar or use the corresponding
icon on the toolbar. This will display the Message Composition window for
replying to the current mail message. The Mail To: field is pre-addressed
to the original message's sender.
2. If the user wants the Mail To: field pre- addressed to the original
message’s sender and all other recipients of the current message, click
the select MessageReply to All from the menu bar or use the
corresponding icon on the toolbar.
3. Click or tab on the Subject: textbox and type a new subject if the old
one is no longer significant, the default value of which is the original
message’s subject prefixed with Re: (i.e. Re: <original subject>). People
often fail to change the subject line of messages, even when the
conversation has evolved its way onto a new topic.
4. Add other recipients if necessary, tab into the message area to type the
reply then choose the Send command when finished.

To Forward an e-mail message in Netscape Mail, do the following:

1. Highlight the received message in the Inbox or open the message then
select MessageForward from the menu bar or use the corresponding
icon on the toolbar. This will display the Message Composition window for
the current message’s forwarding. The Mail To: field is blank and the
original Subject field is prefixed with Fwd (i.e. Fwd: <original subject>).
2. Type in the recipient/s’ addresses then click the Forward button or select
MessageForward in the menu.

Using Web-Based E-Mail Services

There are numerous Web-based e-mail services that are available. These
services follow the Login to Host model or the traditional method of

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accessing e-mail. It provides free personal e-mail accounts. The accounts

are paid for by advertisements that are seen onscreen while connecting.

You do not even need to have your own computer since libraries, cafes, and
other venues provide Internet access. Since your account is located at the
service provider’s Web site, you can send and receive e-mail anywhere as
long as there is an Internet connection.

Some examples of these are:

• Google (http://gmail.com),
• Yahoo (http://mail.yahoo.com),
• Hotmail (http://www.hotmail.com),
• Pinoymail(http://www.pinoymail.com).

Registering/Getting an Account
To avail of the services offered by a Web-based e-mail service provider,
simply go to its web page and look for the option to subscribe or register an
account which is usually the Sign Up Here or Sign Up button or link.

One of the most popular web-based e-mail service-provider to date is

Yahoo. It allows a huge storage space per account absolutely for free.

How to set up a free Yahoo Email Account:

1. Go to mail.yahoo.com
2. Click the button that says “Sign up now”.
3. On the succeeding page, click the button that says “Sign Up for Yahoo!
Mail” – make sure that it’s the free account.
4. Fill out the entire form, use the Tab key or the mouse to move from one
field to another (do not hit enter until you have filled out entire form).
Check the validity of the Yahoo ID you recommended until Yahoo permits
your new ID.
5. Type in the security word to verify that an actual person is filling up the
form and not an automated registration sequence. Click the button that
says “Submit This Form”.
6. A confirmation page will be displayed to verify that your email has been
set up. Click the button that says, “Continue to Yahoo Mail”.
7. Now you can start using your new, free Yahoo email account.
8. After successfully registering, the user can now send and receive e-mail
with his account as well as avail of its other features and services.

Searching E-mail Addresses

Presently, there is no central directory or “White Pages” that contains
everyone’s Internet e-mail addresses although considerable resources have
been developed which gives a good chance of finding someone’s e-mail
address.

The main resources on the Web mainly rely on three sources of information:
• People registering their e-mail addresses with ‘people finder’ search
engines. Some of these search engines require the user to give the name

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and e-mail address before they allow to carry out a search. That way,
they build up their directory as well.
• E-mail addresses that appear on Web sites.
• People who have contributed to one of the many thousands of
Newsgroups and E-mail Discussion lists.

You normally have a better chance of finding someone’s e-mail address if

you know their approximate location like the city, state or country. Many of
the e-mail search sites have a number of other facilities, usually free. One
common offering is a free web-based e-mail address, which means that you
can access mail sent to this address from anywhere you can get web access.
Other facilities often offered are company searches, telephone number
searches and address searches. Example of this is Four11
(www.four11.com), which has two search options. First is for the
registered and the other is for unregistered users.

STRATEGIC USES OF THE INTERNET

Project Management
Project Management covers all of the tasks required to create a strong
project plan, manage the on-going project progress, and provide
management with an accurate status of the project on a regular basis.

To ensure the success of any project, it is important for the project manager
and team to have a clear understanding of how the project will be planned
monitored and reported on. The project manager can use the Internet to
work collaboratively and communicate effectively with clients, project staff,
management, and support staff in a timely manner. Project adjustment
decisions, team member status reports, project status reports, cost tracking,
expenses projected and incurred reports can all be done in a workgroup
computing environment using the Internet or Intranet.

A workgroup system allows the group and its clients to send e-mail to one
another, share data files, and schedule meetings. Sophisticated workgroup
systems allow users to define workflow so that data is automatically
forwarded to appropriate people at each stage of a process.
• Groupware: class of software that helps workgroups attached to a LAN
to organize their activities and facilitate communication among the team
by supporting the following operations: scheduling meetings and
allocating resources, e-mail, password protection for documents,
telephone utilities, electronic newsletters, and file distribution.
• Scheduler: a software product designed to help a group of colleagues
schedule meetings and other appointments, complete with automatic
reminders and reservation of resources such as conference rooms and
overhead projectors.
• Workflow: used to define different workflow for different types of jobs,
notifies appropriate personnel and send relevant data that they need to
execute their stage of the process.

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• Teleconference: to hold a conference via a telephone or network

connection and share applications, complete with a common whiteboard
(e.g. Microsoft's NetMeeting).
• Whiteboard: An area on a display screen that multiple users can write or
draw on especially during teleconferences; enable visual as well as audio
communication.

E-Commerce
The Internet can provide both consumers and businesses new ways of doing
things, both short-term and long-term benefits. Not only can it open new
markets, enabling users to reach new customers, but it can also make it
easier and faster for others to do business with the existing customer base.

Moving business practices such as ordering, invoicing, and customer

support, to network-based systems can also reduce the paperwork, time,
and effort involved in business-to-business transactions, so as to better
focus on meeting customer’s needs.
Tracking customer satisfaction, requesting more customer feedback, and
presenting custom solutions are likewise made more efficient.

E-Commerce allows customers to do comparison shopping more easily

without the need to see the actual product and pay for the ordered item
electronically. It opens up new kinds of intermediaries, even if direct buyer-
seller communications increase. For example, some businesses will become
intermediaries or brokers to track special markets, notifying clients of
bargains, changing market conditions, and hard-to-find items, and even
conducting periodic searches for special products on their behalf.

Using the Internet for business-to-business transactions is less expensive

than using private networks. The World Wide Web has allowed more
consumers to confidently use the Internet, and has offered individuals and
businesses new ways to present and find information.

The Net in the Classroom

More and more schools have begun to see the tremendous educational
potential the Net has for use in the campuses and classrooms.

• Educational Tools & Resources

There are a number of resources on the Internet aimed specifically at
elementary and secondary students and teachers. One can use these to
set up science experiments with classes in another country, learn how to
use computers in the classroom or keep up with the latest advances in
teaching everything from physics to physical education.

 ArtsEdge: http://k12.cnidr.org/janice_k12/artsedge/artsedge2.html
 Ask Dr. Math: [email protected] or
http://olmo.swarthmore.edu/dr-math/dr-math.html
 AskERIC: Educational Resource and Information Center, provides a
way for educators, librarians and others with information about
virtually everything; contains digests of questions and answers, lesson
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plans in a variety of fields and other educationally related information.

[email protected] or http://ericir.syr.edu/
 Health-Ed: [email protected]
 Kidsphere: for elementary and secondary teachers to arrange joint
projects and discuss educational telecommunications. Includes news
on new software, lists of sites from which you can get computer-
graphics pictures from various NASA satellites and probes and other
news of interest to modem-using teachers. kidsphere-
[email protected] or [email protected]
 skoool: subject matter content for elearning by Intel; instructional
materials and assessment tools
 various groups, associations and networks to assist teachers:
lesson plans, strategies, materials, collaborative projects, support
groups
 www.education-world.com
 school.discovery.com/teachingtools/teachingtools.html
 teacher.scholastic.com
 www.apple.com/education/whyapple/teacherresources.html
 http://www97.intel.com/education/
 teachers.net
 SchoolNet.org.ph

• Resource-Based Learning and Inquiry-Based Learning

 Online Scavenger Hunt: requires students to visit websites to
gather information that would answer specific questions. Typically, an
activity such as this does not require the student to create a new
product from the information that is gathered. The questions can
range in difficulty depending on the age of the child and the
instructional goals.
 Online Treasure Hunt: “typically used when teachers want students
to learn specific, often factual, information about a selected topic,
using multiple pre-screened Web resources. Giving students pre-
screened Web sites ensures "safe surfing" on the Internet with
developmentally appropriate and high quality resources.” (McGraw Hill
website:
http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/education/cybereducator/cybpart07
c.html)
 Web Quest: “an inquiry-oriented activity in which some or all of the
information that learners interact with comes from resources on the
Internet” (discoveryschool.com)

• Distance Learning
 students work on their own at home or at the office and communicate
with faculty and other students via email, electronic forums,
videoconferencing and other forms of computer-based
communication. The Internet provides links to online course and
degree program providers and online study resources. There are
application software for the delivery of interactive live group learning
and training, and web-based training via the Internet or corporate
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intranets, such as Content and Learning Management Systems,

Computer-based Training modules, Discussion Forums, etc. Distance
learning is becoming especially popular with organizations that need
to regularly re-train their staff. It is less expensive than bringing all
the students together in a traditional classroom setting.

Research and Development

Research and development work has never been most comprehensive and
productive than in this period of Internet explosion.

The Internet is synonymous with the Information Superhighway, and as such

provides access to a wealth of archived information in several formats,
among them, documents, images, technical papers, software, sound, and
animations.

• databases
• free software
• numerous university and public libraries with own electronic card catalogs
• networking high performance computing centers
• computer centers for use by scientists, researchers, students, businesses
and other organizations
• representations, associations, and publications of professions, interests,
hobbies, research and development work of millions of people globally
 discussion groups, newsgroups, and bulletin boards

Refer to the slide presentations on:

• CYBER SEURITY
• CYBER ETHICS

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