Protocol architecture

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Infrastructure protocols
• Routing protocol
• IEEE 802.15.4
• IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
• Bluetooth Low Energy
• EPCglobal
• Long Term Evolution-Advanced
• Z-Wave
• ZigBee

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Routing Protocol
• RPL stands for routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (LLNs)
• IPv6 protocol
What is Low Power Lossy network?
• Wireless personal area networks (WPANs)
• Low-power line communication (PLC) networks
• Wireless sensor networks (WSNs)
• Characteristics of low power lossy network
• Capability to optimize and save energy
• Capability to support traffic patterns other than unicast communication
• Capability to run routing protocols over link layers with restricted frame sizes

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Routing Protocol
• Designed to support minimal routing needs by building a highly robust topology over lossy
networks
• This protocol provides support for various types of traffic modules
• Multipoint to-point
• Point-to-multipoint
• Point-to-point
• No cycles are present in the connection when devices and protocols are connected
• DODAG - Destination Oriented Directed Acyclic Graph
• Routed at a single destination
• Each node is a part of DODAG knows its parent node
• It does not have any information about its child nodes
• RPL maintains at least a single path from each node to the root and the preferred parent
• Increase the performance by pursuing a faster path

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

DODAG Topology

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

DODAG control messages

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

DODAG Topology
Build DODAG Topology
• When the root node starts sending its location information using DIO message to all low-power
lossy network (LLN) levels
• Routers are present at each specific level register the parent path and participation paths for each
node
• Each node propagates its DIO message, and the DODAG gets built gradually
Transmit messages
• When a DODAG is constructed, for each node, the preferred parent obtained by the router is set
as a default path toward the root
• Root has the capability
• To store the destination prefixes obtained by DIOs of other routers in its DIO messages to have
upward routes
• To provide support for downward routes,
• Routers should emit and propagate DAO messages to the root by unicasting through parents
N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service
RPL routers – Two modes
• Non-storing
• Storing modes
• Non-storing mode,
• RPL route messages move toward lower levels based on IP source routing,
• Storing mode,
• Downward routing is based on destination IPv6 addresses

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

IEEE 802.15.4
• To specify a sub-layer for the medium access control (MAC) and physical layer
primarily for low-rate wireless private area networks

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Features of IEEE 802.15.4
• low power consumption,
• Low data rate very suitable for use in IoT systems
• low-cost and high-message throughput
• Provides reliable communication and can handle a huge number of nodes
• Secured communication
• It provides high levels of security, encryption, and authentication services

• It does not provide any quality of service (QoS) guarantees

• This protocol forms the basis of ZigBee and other protocols that are used in IoT
communication

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

IEEE 802.15.4 – Frequency bands
• Three frequency bands
• 250 kbps at 2.4 GHz
• 40 kbps at 915 MHz
• 20 kbps at 868 MHz
• Method
• Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
• Protocol supports two types of network nodes:
• Full function devices (FFD)
• Act as personal area network (PAN) coordinator or as just a normal node
• Coordinator can be used to create, control, and maintain the network
• Store routing table within their memory and can implement a MAC
• Reduced function devices (RFD)
• very simple nodes, and they have constrained resources

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

FFD Vs RFD
• FFD can also communicate with other devices the following topologies
• Star
• Peer-to-peer
• Cluster-tree
• RFD can only communicate with a coordinator node using only the star topology
• Star topology:
• At least one FFD and a few other RFDs
• FFD that is designated to work as a PAN coordinator should be located at the center of the network
• FFD has the responsibility of managing and controlling all other nodes that are a part of the network

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Different types of star topologies

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Topologies
• Peer-to-peer topology:
• a PAN coordinator and other nodes communicate with each other in the same network or
through intermediate nodes to other networks
• Cluster-tree topology:
• A special kind of the peer-to-peer topology
• It consists of a PAN coordinator, a cluster head, and normal nodes

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless
• 6LoWPAN stands for IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks
• open standard defined in RFC 6282
• By Internet engineering task force (IETF)
• Suitable for IoT communication
• originally designed to support IEEE 802.15.4 low-power wireless networks in the 2.4-
GHz band
• Now supports a wide range of networking media such as
• Sub-1 GHz low-power RF,
• Bluetooth smart,
• power line
• control (PLC)
• low-power Wi-Fi

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol architecture

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

 Network Architecture of 6LoWPAN
N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service
Network Architecture of 6LoWPAN
• Uplink to the Internet is provided by the access point (AP), which in this case is an IPv6
router
• Different types of devices such could be connected to the AP
• PC and Servers
• Components of 6LoWPAN network are connected to the IPv6 network using a
6LoWPAN edge router
• Functions of edge router
• Enables exchange of data between 6LoWPAN devices and the Internet (or other IPv6 network)

• Enables exchange of data among devices that are part of 6LoWPAN network

• Generate and maintain the 6LoWPAN network

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Network Architecture of 6LoWPAN

• 6LoWPAN networks can communicate natively with IP networks

• They are connected to IP networks simply using IP routers

• 6LoWPAN networks will typically act as stub networks as they always operate on the edge

• Edge routers are used to connect 6LoWPAN networks to other IP networks forward

• IP datagrams between different media that are used in IP networks.

• The media used in IP network could be Ethernet, Wi-Fi, 3G, or 4G

• Do not maintain the state of application layer

• It turns lowers the workload on the edge router in terms of processing power which makes it possible to
use low cost embedded devices with simple software as edge routers
N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service
Two types of devices in 6LoWPAN
• Routers
• Hosts

• Routers
• Devices that route data to other nodes in the 6LoWPAN network
• Hosts are end point devices,
• Do not have the capability to route data to other devices in the network
• Host is a sleepy device that could check the routers at regular intervals for data

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol stack of 6LoWPAN

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol stack of 6LoWPAN
• Many protocols such as ZigBee require complex application layer gateway in order to
connect to the Internet
• 6LoWPAN solves this issue with the help of an adaptation layer that is present in
between the IP stack’s data link and network layer
• The adaptation layer allows transmission of IPv6 datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Features of OSI layer protocol
• Physical layer
• Responsible for the conversion of data bits into signal that can be transmitted through air
• IEEE 802.15.4 is used as physical layer
• Data link layer
• Ensures a reliable connection or link is established between two nodes by correcting the
errors that occur in physical layer during data transmission
• Media Access Control (MAC) layer that provides access to the media is also present in the
data link layer.
• 6LoWPAN, IEEE 802.15.4 is the MAC layer
• Adaptation layer of 6LoWPAN that provides adaptation from IPv6 to IEEE 802.15.4 is also
present in the data link layer

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Features of OSI layer protocol
• Network layer:
• Responsible for routing of data in the network
• Ensures that data or packet from a source device is delivered to the correct destination
device
• Devices are identified using their IP address, which is assigned by using the Internet
protocol (IP)
• In 6LoWPAN, IPv6, or RPL, is used in the network layer
• Transport layer:
• Helps ensure that multiple applications running on each device have their own
communication channel
• Start sessions between applications running on other end devices
• Transmission control protocol (TCP) is the prominent transport layer protocol used in the
Internet.

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Features of OSI layer protocol
• TCP is a connection oriented protocol,
• it incurs significant overhead and may not be suitable for all devices especially for devices
that have low power consumption.
• User datagram protocol (UDP) which is a connectionless protocol with a lower overhead
could be a better choice
• Application layer:
• Data formatting.
• HTTP that runs over TCP.
• HTTP uses XML that in turn is a text-based language with a large overhead.
• Hence, it is not suitable for 6LoWPAN systems that have low power consumption
• other alternatives like COAP and MQTT

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE)

• Part of the Bluetooth 4.0 core specification

• Short-range radio with minimum power and operates for a long time

• Range : 100 meters (10 times more than conventional Bluetooth scheme)

• Latency of BLE is 15 times lesser than that of conventional Bluetooth

• Power : 0.01 mW and 10 mW

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol stack of BLE

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol stack of BLE
Physical layer:
Receives and transmits data bits
Link layer:
• Media access control
• Error control
• Connection establishment
• Flow control
• Host control interface (HCI)
• It provides a command, event, and data interface that allows link layer to access the data
from upper layers such as GAP, L2CAP, and SMP
• Logical link control adaptation protocol (L2CAP):
• This layer mainly performs multiplexing of data channels
• This layer also does fragmentation and reassembly of larger packets

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol stack of BLE - Generic access profile (GAP)

• It defines processes related to the discovery of Bluetooth devices and also lays down link
management aspects while establishing connection between Bluetooth devices
• Different types of roles (when operating over low-energy (LE) physical channel)
• Broadcaster role:
• A device that operates in this role can send advertising events
• The device that operates in this role is referred to as a broadcaster
• The broadcaster has a transmitter and may have a receiver as well
• Observer role:
• A device that operates in this mode can receive advertising events
• The device is referred to as an observer
• The observer has a receiver, and it may a transmitter as well

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol stack of BLE
• Peripheral role:
• A device that is in the peripheral role accepts the establishment of an LE physical connection
• A device that operates in the peripheral role will be in a slave role in the link layer
connection state
• A device that operates in the peripheral role is called a peripheral device
• A peripheral device has both a transmitter and a receiver
• Central role:
• A device that is in central role initiates establishment of a physical connection
• A device that is operating in central role will be in a master role in the link layer connection
• A central device has both a transmitter and a receiver

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol stack of BLE
Generic Attribute Profile (GATT)
• Specifies a framework using the attribute protocol (ATT) layer
• This framework mainly defines services and their characteristics
• GATT client:
• Any device that wants data is called a GATT client
• It sends requests and commands to the GATT server
• A GATT client can receive responses and other notifications sent by the GATT server
• GATT server:
• Any device that has the data and can accept incoming requests from the GATT client is
called GATT server
• A GATT server sends responses to a GATT client

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol stack of BLE
Attribute Protocol
• ATT layer defines a client or server architecture above the BLE logical transport channel
• Layer allows a GATT server to communicate with a GATT client by exposing a set of
attributes and interfaces

Security Manager Protocol

• Security Manager Protocol (SMP) specifies the procedures and behavior to ensure
security by managing pairing, authentication, and encryption between the devices

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

RFID – Example 1

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

RFID – Example 2

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

EPCglobal
• RFID (radio frequency identification) devices are wireless microchips
• Used for tagging objects for automated identification
• Electronic product code (EPC) is a unique identifier stored in an RFID tag
• To identify and track items in a supply chain management scenario
• EPCglobal
• Organization
• Developed EPC,
• Prepares and maintains standards that are related to RFID and EPC
• RFID is a key technology for IoT devices
• Openness
• Scalability
• Reliability
• Support for object IDs and service discovery
N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service
Key components of EPCs
Four types
96-bit
64-bit (I)
64-bit (II)
64-bit (III)
64-bit EPCs
• All types of 64-bit EPCs provide support for about 16,000 companies with unique
identities and cover 1–9 million types of products and 33 million serial numbers for each
type
96-bit type
• Provides support for about 268 million companies with unique identities, 16 million
classes of products, and 68 billion serial numbers for each class
N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service
RFID
RFID tag - Two main components
• Electronic chip
• To store the identity of the object
• An antenna
• It allows the chip to communicate with the tag-reader system
• tag and tag reader happens with the help of radio waves
RFID System -Two main components
Radio signal transponder
Tag reader

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Working of RFID

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Types of EPC tags
• EPC code

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Long Term Evolution-Advanced (LTE)
• 4G LTE is a standard for wireless mobile network
• Provides high speed data transfer rates for wireless networks
• 50 times performance improvement
• LTE broadcast is a single frequency network (SFN) that operates in a broadcast mode
• Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (eMBMS)
• Service cost
• Scalability
• Performance

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Use cases of LTE

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Z-Wave

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Z-Wave
• low-power wireless communication protocol [sed for home area networks (HAN)]
• Developed by ZenSys
• Later on improved by Z-Wave alliance
• Z-Wave operates mainly in the sub-GHz frequency range that is typically around 900 MHz
• Uses low-powered mesh networking topology
• Each node or device that is a part of the network has the capability to send and receive control
commands through walls and floors of a home
• They use intermediate nodes to route data around obstacles that might be present in the house
Two Main components of a Z-wave network
• Controllers
• Slave nodes

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Z-Wave - Controllers
• Capable to build a routing table for Z-Wave network.
• Calculates the routes to different node
• Two types of controllers
• Primary controller
• Secondary controller

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Z-Wave
Primary controller
• Contains a description of the Z-Wave network
• Capability to control the outputs
• Device assigns network or home ID and node ID to each Z-Wave node during the
enrollment process
• Only one primary controller in a network at a specific point in time
• This node maintains information on which nodes can reach each other
Secondary controller
• It is the device that contains the network ID like the primary controller
• This device remains stationary in order to maintain the routing table

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Z-Wave - Slave Nodes
• Slave nodes:
• Ability to receive frames from other nodes and respond to them if necessary
• Routing slave:
• Ability to provide several alternate routes for talking to other slave nodes and controllers
• Frequently listening routing slave
• This device or node is configured to wake up at the time of every wake-up interval

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

ZigBee
• ZigBee protocol was framed by the ZigBee alliance
• Features
• Low power consumption
• Low cost
• Support for large number of network nodes (<=65K nodes)
• ZigBee is decentralized network topology
• To find new routes if one route fails in the network
• ZigBee specification uses lower layers of IEEE 802.15.4 protocol stack
• Defines its own upper layers from network to application

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service

Protocol architecture of ZigBee

N. Rajesh Kumar Unit - 3 Infrastructure and Service