New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-level
Suggested Solutions for GCE Questions
Part 3 Energetics (Book 1, p.176 – p.178)
1
12. (a) (i) C(s) + O2 (g) → CO(g) = –110 kJ mol−1
2
C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) = –393 kJ mol−1
(ii) C(s) + CO2(g) ∆H→ 2CO
∆H = Σ (products) – Σ (reactants)
= [(2 ×(–110)) – [(–393) + 0]
= +173 kJ mol−1
(iii) The reaction is endothermic.
High temperature is necessary for reasonable yield (e.g. heat coke to red hot).
(b) Pass mixture into aq. KOH to remove CO2.
2OH– + CO2 → CO32– + H2O
(c) (i) *Pb(s) + PbO2(s) → 2PbO = –157 kJ mol−1
** C(s) + CO2(g) → 2CO = +173 kJ mol−1
∆H < 0 in * ⇒ +2 oxidation state of Pb is more stable than +4
∆H > 0 in ** ⇒ +4 oxidation state of C is more stable than +2
“Inert pair” of valence s electrons in Pb are strongly attracted to nucleus and are
not readily available for bonding because of ineffective shielding by the more
diffuse inner d and f orbitals. As a result, only the 2 valence p electrons are readily
available for bonding ⇒ +2 oxidation state.
(ii) CO2 is an acidic gas while CO is neutral.
Separation using absorption of CO2 in an alkali is convenient. PbO2 and PbO are
both amphoteric solids, and soluble in acids and alkalis. Hence separation is not so
straight-forward.
13
13. (a) C4H10(g) + O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(g) = –3 000 kJ mol−1
2
(b) Let mass of H2O = m g
1.2
Heat from butane = ×3 000 kJ = 150 kJ
24
∴ m ×4.2 ×(100 – 20)= 0.8 ×150 ×1 000
m = 357 g
(c) Estimate the mass of container of butane
5
(d) (i) C4H10(g) + O2(g) → 4C(s) + 5H2O(g) = –1 400 kJ mol−1
2
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New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-level
Suggested Solutions for GCE Questions
(ii) Complete combustion of C4H10 gives CO2 and evolves more heat. Incomplete
combustion gives only C which evolves less heat. Further combustion of C to CO2
evolves more heat.
(iii) Difference in ∆H = –3 000 – (–1 400) = –1 600 kJ is the enthalpy change for
4C(s) + 4O2(g) → 4CO2(g)
1
i.e. ∆H (combustion of C) = (–1 600) = –400 kJ mol−1
4
14. (a) Standard enthalpy change of combustion is the change in enthalpy for one mole of
substance burning completely in oxygen under standard conditions.
(b) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
(c) Q = mc∆θ
1
= 100 ×4.2 ×(65 – 15) = × ∆H c × 1 000 ×0.7
46
⇒ = –1 380 J mol−1
(d)
–1 380 + = (2 ×–393.5) + (3 ×–285.8)
= –264.4 kJ mol−1
Alternative method:
(C(s)) = (CO2(g)) = –393.5 kJ mol−1
(H2(g)) = (H2O(l)) = –285.8 kJ mol−1
(C2H5OH(l)) = Σ (prods.) – Σ (reactants)
–1380 = [2(–393.5) + 3(–285.8)] – [ (C2H5OH)]
−1
(C2H5OH(l)) = –264.4 kJ mol
(e) Combustion of 1 mole ethanol involves breaking of 1 C—C, 5 C—H, 1 C—O, 1 O—H
and 3 O=O bonds and formation of 4 C=O and 6 O—H bonds.
Heat absorbed in bond breaking is less than heat evolved in bond formation ⇒ overall
combustion of ethanol is exothermic.
8835348.doc 9 Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd.
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-level
Suggested Solutions for GCE Questions
15. (a) (i) Standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound is the enthalpy change when
one mole of compound is formed from the reactants/constituent elements under
standard conditions.
(ii) 2C(s) + 3H2(g) → C2H6(g)
(b)
+ (–1 560) = 2(–393) + 3(–286)
= –84 kJ mol−1
Alternative method:
(C2H6) = Σ (prods.) – Σ (reactants)
–1560 = [(2(–393) + 3(–286)) – [ (C2H6)]
= –84 kJ mol−1
16. (a) The standard enthalpy change of formation of a compound is the enthalpy change for
making 1 mole of a compound from its constituent elements in their standard states (at
25oC and 1 atm).
(b)
17. =∑ (product) – ∑ (reactants)
= 8(–394) + 9(–286) – (–250) – 0
= –5476 kJ mol−1
8835348.doc 10 Manhattan Press (H.K.) Ltd.
New Way Chemistry for Hong Kong A-level
Suggested Solutions for GCE Questions
18. (a) The standard enthalpy change of formation, , of a compound is the enthalpy change
when 1 mole of the compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions (at
25oC, 1 atm).
(b) 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)
∆H = ∑ (product) − ∑ (reactants)
= 0 – 2(−286) kJ mol−1
= +572 kJ mol−1
19. (a) Standard enthalpy of formation is the enthalpy change of reaction when one mole of a
substance is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states under standard
conditions.
(b) C6H10(l) + H2(g) → C6H12(l)
∆H = Σ (prods.) – Σ (reactants)
= –156 – (–36)
= –120 kJ mol−1
(c) C6H6(l) + 3H2(g) → C6H12(l)
Assuming C6H6 contains 3 C=C,
∆H (hydrogenation) = –120 ×3
= –360 kJ mol−1
(d)
( ) has a lower enthalpy level than ( ). Therefore it is more stable.
Stabilisation of ( ) is achieved as a result of delocalisation of π electrons or
resonance.
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