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DESIGN METHOD
DIFFERENCES IN LOAD FACTORS
▪ Gravity Load Combinations
▪ 1.0 DL + 1.0 LL – WSD
▪ 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL – USD

▪ Combinations with Seismic Loading

▪ 1.0 DL + EQ/1.4 – WSD
▪ 1.2 DL + 1.0 LL + 1.0 EQ – USD

Problem: Types of Reinforcing Steel

In accordance with Section 405 of 2015 NSCP, the required strength U shall be at least equal to the effects of the factored
loads Locally-used Bar Sizes
Number Sizing SI Sizing
3 10mm
4 12mm
5 16mm
Result from elastic analysis of a concrete beam yields the following values of the un-factored (service) moments: 6 20mm
Dead load moment = 50kN-m, Live load moment = 80kN-m, Wind Load moment = 60kN-m, Earthquake load moment =
100kN-m. Determine the value of the factored moment (kN-m) that will be used in designing the member.
8 25mm
a) 70 kN-m
b) 188kN-m 9 28mm
c) 200kN-m
d) 240kN-m 10 32mm
11 36mm
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Outline
-------------------------  Design of Rectangular Beams for Flexure using USD
 NSCP Requirements on Beams
Reinforced Concrete Design for Beams  Formulas Derived from the Stress Diagram
 Examples on Design and Analysis
(Flexure)

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AS3 - Architectural Structures : Module 03a

Design of Rectangular Beams for Flexure

W in KN/m

Design of Rectangular Beams

for Flexure using USD

T T

Cracks will appear at midspan starting from the bottom of the section where the beam
7 experiences Tension 8
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Design of Rectangular Beams for Flexure Design of Rectangular Beams for Flexure
 Rebars are placed Example
T T at parts where the  For a simply
C concrete supported beam,
experiences a lot of rebars are
C C tension commonly placed
T at the bottom
where the beam
experiences tension

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Design of Rectangular Beams for Flexure Design of Rectangular Beams for Flexure
• h = overall depth of beam
Example • b = width of compression edge
 For a Cantilever • d = effective depth
Beam, Rebars are • As = Total Area of Steel in tension Zone

placed at the top • db = diameter of Steel Reinforcement

• ds = diameter of stirrup
near the support d • cc = concrete cover
where beam h • C = compressive force
experiences tension • T = Tensile Force
As • εs = Tensile strain
• c = distance from Neutral axis to extreme compression fiber
• a = equivalent depth of compression zone
cc +ds+db/2
• f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete
b • fy = yield stress of tensions steel
• E = Modulus of elasticity
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Flexural Theory for Reinforced Concrete

Design of Rectangular Beams for Flexure Basic assumption:
(410.4.2) Balanced strain condition exist at a cross section
• h = overall depth of beam when tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding
• b = width of compression edge
to its specified yield strength fy just as concrete in
compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.
• d = effective depth
W in KN/m • As = Total Area of Steel in tension Zone 0.85 f’c εcu =0.003
• db = diameter of Steel Reinforcement a=β1c/2 a/2
• ds = diameter of stirrup
a=β1c c C c
• cc = concrete cover
L • C = compressive force
• T = Tensile Force d Mn Neutral Axis
• εs = Tensile strain
h d-a/2 (axis of zero strain)
εcu • c = distance from Neutral axis to extreme compression fiber d-c
• a = equivalent depth of compression zone
As
C c T
c • f’c = specified compressive strength of concrete h-d εs =fs/E
h d Neutral • fy = yield stress of tensions steel
As d-c Axis • E = Modulus of elasticity b
T εs (a) Cross-Section (b)Rectangular Stress Distribution (c) Strain Diagram
b
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Formulas Derived from Stress-Strain Diagrams NSCP Requirements on Beams

General Equations 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
Strain Compatibility
𝐶=𝑇
εcu =0.003
0.85𝑓 𝑐(𝑎𝑏) = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠

c
d
Σ𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: Neutral Axis
(axis of zero strain)

𝑎 d-c
𝑀𝑛 = (𝑇)(𝑑 − )
2
εs =fs/E
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓 𝑐(𝑎𝑏) 𝑎
Ø𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶)(𝑑 − )
2 Strain Diagram
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠
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NSCP Requirements on Beams NSCP Requirements on Beams

Using ratio and proportion
Strain Compatibility Strain Compatibility 𝑓
𝑐 𝑑 𝐸=
= 𝜀s
εcu =0.003 εcu =0.003 0.003 0.003 + εs
𝑓 = 𝜀s𝐸
0.003
c c 𝑐= (𝑑) 𝐸 = 200,000
0.003 + εs
d d
Neutral Axis Neutral Axis
(axis of zero strain) (axis of zero strain) 0.003 200,000
𝑐= 𝑑 𝑥
d-c d-c 0.003 + εs 200,000

εs =fs/E εs =fs/E Note:

600 𝑓𝑠 ≤ 𝑓𝑦
𝑐= 𝑑
Strain Diagram Strain Diagram 600 + fs Else use
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
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NSCP Requirements on Beams NSCP Requirements on Beams

Minimum Height, hmin Modulus of Elasticty, Ec

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NSCP Requirements on Beams NSCP Requirements on Beams

𝑎 β

𝑎 = 𝛽1𝑐 𝑓 𝑐 ≤ 28:
𝛽 = 0.85

𝑓 𝑐 > 28:
0.05(𝑓 𝑐 − 28)
𝛽 = 0.85 ≥ 0.65
7

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NSCP Requirements on Beams NSCP Requirements on Beams

Concrete Cover Concrete Cover
 NSCP 2015 Sec 420.6.1 Requires
the clear concrete cover.
 More cover may be required for
fire protection in some cases

Beam not exposed to earth

cc=40 mm
Beam exposed to earth
cc=75 mm
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NSCP Requirements on Beams NSCP Requirements on Beams

Design Strength Tensile Strain
𝑓𝑠
𝜀s =
Ø𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 𝐸

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NSCP Requirements on Beams NSCP Requirements on Beams

Minimum Area of Steel Ratio, ρ ρ=
𝐴𝑠
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑏𝑑
Reinforcement, 𝐴𝑠 min ρ=
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒
 Earthquake Provisions: ρmax 𝐴𝑠 = ρ𝑏𝑑
0.25 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝑏𝑤𝑑 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑓𝑦 ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑏𝑑
1.4 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠max 1.4
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝑏 𝑑 ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
𝑓𝑦 𝑤
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ ρ ≤ ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦

ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.025
𝐴s
𝑛= 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠max
𝐴b 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.025𝑏𝑑

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NSCP Requirements on Beams NSCP Requirements on Beams

Coefficient of Resisting Nominal Resistance implies that the resistance is a Earthquake Provisions:
computed value based on the specified concrete and
Moment steel strengths and the dimension.  Dimensional Limits
𝑀𝑢 Basic General Relation
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑓′𝑐 0.003
∅𝑏𝑑2 ρ = 0.85 β 𝑙𝑛 ≥ 4𝑑
𝑓𝑠 0.003 + 𝜀
𝑓′𝑐 600
ρ = 0.85 β
𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 𝑓𝑠 600 + 𝑓𝑠
ρ = 0.85 1− 1− 𝑏𝑤 ≥ 0.3ℎ
𝑓𝑠 0.85𝑓′𝑐
For tension-controlled section 𝑏𝑤 ≥ 250𝑚𝑚
𝑓′𝑐 3
ρ ≤ 0.85 β
𝑓𝑠 8
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NSCP Requirements on Beams NSCP Requirements on Beams

Earthquake Provisions: Strength Reduction Factor
 Minimum Number of Bars

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NSCP Requirements on Beams Summary of Basic Formulas

𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑛
𝑓 𝑐 ≤ 28: 𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛 =
Strength Reduction Factor Ø = 0.9
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓 𝑐(𝑎𝑏) ∅𝑏𝑑2 𝑏𝑑2
𝛽 = 0.85
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠
𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛
ρ = 0.85 1− 1−
𝑓 𝑐 > 28: 𝑓𝑠 0.85𝑓′𝑐
𝐶=𝑇
0.05(𝑓 𝑐 − 28)
0.85𝑓 𝑐(𝑎𝑏) = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 𝛽 = 0.85
7
𝐴𝑠 = ρ𝑏𝑑 0.25 𝑓 𝑐
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝑏𝑤𝑑
𝑎 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑛 = (𝑇)(𝑑 − ) 600 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.025𝑏𝑑
𝑐= 𝑑 1.4
2 600 + fs 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≥ 𝑏 𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝐴𝑠 ≤ 𝐴𝑠 max 𝑓𝑦 𝑤
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = (𝐶)(𝑑 − ) 𝑎 = 𝛽 1𝑐
2
𝐴s
𝑛=
𝐴b
Ø𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
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Problem #3.1
1) ? Identify what the problem Requires
 What is the required number of reinforcement of a joist 6m in length
2) MU Get the Factored Loads with a uniform spacing of 3m on center, if the DL=6.5 KN/m2 (including
the weight of the beam) and the LL = 2.0 KN/m2? Use beam dimension
3) B, h, d Choose/check section dimensions if not provided 300x600 and constants fc’=21MPa, and fy=275MPa. Available bar
diameter is 28mm, stirrup diameter, ds = 12mm & concrete cover =
4) Rn Get the Coefficient of Resisting Moment 40mm. Assume the beam to be simply supported.
Get & Check the reinforcement steel Ratio
5) ρ

6) As Get Area of reinforcement

--- STEPS --- 7) n Compute for number of bars

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Required: Problem #3.1

Number of 28mm reinforcement = n

3m
Given:
3m
DL=6.5 KN/m2 (included weight of beam)
6.5𝑘𝑁
LL = 2.0 KN/m2 3m 𝑤𝐷𝐿 = 3𝑚 = 19.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑚2
beam dimension 300x600 2𝑘𝑁
fc’=21MPa 𝑤𝐿𝐿 = 3𝑚 = 6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑚2
LL=2kN/m2
fy=275MPa
db= 28mm DL=6.5kN/m2
ds = 12mm
cc = 40mm 6m

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Problem #3.1 Problem #3.1

Step 3: Compute for the maximum bending moment (M). Step 4: Compute for d.

𝑤𝐿 Ø𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢
𝑀=
8
Ø = 0.9
LL=2kN/m2 𝑀𝑈 = 1.2𝑀𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝑀𝐿𝐿 𝑑𝑏 d
0.9𝑀𝑛 = 𝑀𝑢 𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑠 − h
𝑤𝐷𝐿𝐿 𝑤𝐿𝐿𝐿 2
DL=6.5kN/m2 𝑀𝑈 = 1.2 + 1.6
8 8 0.9𝑀𝑛 = 148.5 28 As
𝑑 = 600 − 40 − 12 −
19.5(6) 6(6) 2 cc +ds+db/2
𝑀𝑈 = 1.2 + 1.6 𝑀𝑁 = 165 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
6m 8 8
𝑑 = 534 𝑚𝑚 b
𝑀𝑈 = 148.5 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 𝑀𝑁 = 165𝑥106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

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Problem #3.1 Problem #3.1

Step 5: Compute for As.
Step 6: Compute for n.
1.4
𝑓′𝑐 2𝑅𝑛 ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐴s
ρ = 0.85 1− 1− 𝑓𝑦 𝑛=
𝑓𝑠 0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴b
𝑀𝑢 1.4
𝑅𝑛 = =
∅𝑏𝑑2 275 1191.91
21 2(1.929) 𝑛= 𝜋
148.5 𝑥10 6 = 0.0051 PASSED 2
4 (28 )
ρ = 0.85 1− 1−
𝑅𝑛 = 275 0.85(21)
0.9(300)(534)2 ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.025 PASSED
𝑛 = 1.94 −→ 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑊ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟!
148.5 𝑥10 6 ρ = 0.00744
𝑅𝑛 =
0.9(300)(534)2 𝐴𝑠 = ρ𝑏𝑑
𝑛 = 2 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 (𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚)
ρ𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ ρ ≤ ρ𝑚𝑎𝑥 ?? 𝐴𝑠 = (0.00744)(300)(534)
𝑅𝑛 = 1.929
𝐴𝑠 = 1191.9 𝑚𝑚2
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Problem #3.2
 Determine the safe uniform live load that the beam shown
can carry on a simple span of 6m

f’c = 27.6Mpa
WLL=?
fy = 414Mpa
γconc = 24kN/m3 540mm
SDL = 10kN/m 6m
4Ø25
60mm
300mm

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Problem #3.3
 A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an
overall depth of 480mm. The beam is simply supported over
a span of 5 meters. Steel strength fy=415 Mpa and concrete

END OF LECTURE
strength f’c =28 Mpa. Concrete cover is 70mm from the
centroid of steel area. Unit weight of concrete is 23.5 kN/m3
.Other than the weight of the beam, the beam carries a
superimposed dead load of 18 kN/m and a live load of 14
kN/m.
a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam Ans :
QUESTIONS?
b) If the design ultimate load capacity of the beam is 280 kN- a)150.19 kN-m
m. Determine the required number of 20mm tension bars. b) 7bars
c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kN at c) 8 bars
midspan (excluding self weight), determine the required
number of 20mm tension bars
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