STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

Course Teacher

Syed Salman Mobeen

Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
NEDUET
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Design for Wind Loads
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Impact on Buildings / Structures

▪ Wind Strikes Buildings and Structures and

Causes Two Types of Pressures.
▪ External - From Outside & All Around
▪ Internal – From Inside (After it Enters into the
Structures) – [BUT IT IS NOT RECOGNIZED
IN OLDER CODES]
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

General Considerations of Wind Design

in Different Codes & Standards
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

❖ External Effect of
Wind
➢ It may be Pressure
➢ It may be Suction
➢ All act together

➢ Need to Study Wind Impact on Different Parts of Structure

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Examples of External Pressure
& Suction
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Examples of External Pressures, Caused by Wind
Velocity
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Examples of Internal Pressure
❖ After Wind Enters into Buildings, it Starts Exerting
Pressures on All Interior Walls / Faces
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Combined Effect of Internal / External
Pressure
❖ Net Effect of Wind is Needed to be Considered both
for Individual Elements & Overall Building Design
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Combined Effect of Internal / External
Pressure
❖ Net Effect of Wind is Needed to be Considered both
for Individual Elements & Overall Building Design
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Local & Overall Wind Effects

▪ Overall Wind Loads are the Net Pressure Or

Suction acting on All Faces of the Building, In
any Direction (Along Wind Or Across Wind
Direction).
▪ Local Wind Load is the Net Pressure or Suction
acting on Any One Face / Wall of Building.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Local & Overall Wind Loads
▪ Overall Wind Load is a kind of Resultant and it
has Specific Direction and Intensity.
Local Wind Loads Local Wind Loads
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Local & Overall Wind Effects

▪ Overall Wind Loads are Essential for the Design

of Building Shear Walls & Lateral Load Resisting
Systems.
▪ Local Wind Load is Essential for the Design of
Claddings / Curtain Walls of the Building.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Local & Overall Wind Effects
▪ Local Wind Loads are influenced by the Building
Configuration.
▪ Local Pressure / Load can be Maximum at ANY
Wall, at ANY Time, while at the same instant
other parts of the building surface May be Less
Stressed .
▪ The Overall Loads are the Net Effect / Summation
of Positive and Negative Pressures Acting
Simultaneously over the Entire Building Surface.
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Wind Loads Transfer from Curtain Walls /
Cladding to the Shear Walls
Local Wind Loads Overall Wind Loads
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Curtain Walls
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Curtain Walls
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ How Curtain Walls are Fixed to the Building Face?
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Curtain Walls
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Curtain Walls
❖ How These are Fixed to
Building ?
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Curtain Walls
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

Terms / Definitions Used in Different

Codes – UBC, ASCE-7, IBC
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Definitions Used in ASCE-7
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Definitions Used in ASCE-7
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Definitions Used in ASCE-7
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Pressures in Enclosed & Partially
Enclosed Buildings
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Definitions Used in ASCE-7
❖ Minimum Design Loads on Buildings
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Definitions Used in ASCE-7

❖ Minimum Design Loads on Buildings

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Definitions Used in ASCE-7
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

Design Considerations in Uniform

Building Code (UBC 1997) for
Wind Loads
UBC 1997 is Based Upon
ASCE - 7 (1988)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Before Entering Into The Wind Design Do
Remember The Following :

Vortex Shedding is (Lateral External Pressures (No

Movement of Structure) Internal Pressure in UBC)
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Before Entering Into The Wind Design Do
Remember The Following :
Leeward
Side

➢ External Pressures
Are Different for
Main (Primary)
Windward Elements & Curtain
Side Wall / Cladding of
Building
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure

▪ Find Basic Design Wind Velocity “V” from the

Relevant Code Tables (or Map) / Whether Data .
▪ Using the basic Wind Velocity V find the Wind
Stagnation Pressure Exerted by Wind on
Structures.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
▪ Wind Stagnation Pressure “qs” due to the mass of
air with density ‘ρ’ moving with velocity ‘V’ is
given by “Bernoulli's Equation” as:

▪ In this equation density of air ρ is 0.0765 lb /cft

▪ But Wind Velocity is taken from the recorded data
or developed Wind Maps - in miles/hour.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
▪ To convert the units of qs into psf
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure
❖ Wind Speed Provided in UBC 1997
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure
❖ Wind Speed Provided in UBC 1997
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure
❖ Wind Speed Provided in Tables / Maps of UBC 1997

❖ Wind Speed in UBC 1997 is basically of the fastest

One-mile long wind patch having return period of 1 in
50 years.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure

❖ After having the Wind Pressure qs it is needed to

Apply Certain Factors to Convert it for the Given Site,
because the Wind Pressure may not be for the Exact
Building Height, its Exposure & Geometry.
❖ Also The Basic Wind Pressure does not Recognize the
Building Importance with Regards to its Occupancy
and Usage.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997

➢ The Design Wind Pressure is Given By:

C e = Combined Height, Gust & Exposure Factor

C q = Pressure Coefficient (Only External)
q s = Wind Stagnation Pressure
I w = Importance Factor
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure
❖ Consider Exposure Effect on Wind Speed “Ce”
Exposure
Category B Exposure
Category C
Exposure
Category D
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Exposure Categories Definitions
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Exposure Categories Definitions
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure
❖ Wind Speed Provided in Tables / Maps of Later Codes

❖ Wind Speed in UBC 1997 is basically of the fastest

One-mile long wind column having return period of 1
in 50 years.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Exposure Categories - “B”
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Exposure Categories - “D”
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ The Ce factor (Height, Gust & Exposure).
Table 16-G
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Ce Values
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure

▪ Find the Importance Factor ‘Iw’ for the Given

Building from Code Tables (depending upon
Building Occupancy / usage).
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Occupancies for Importance factor Iw
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Importance Factor Iw Table 16-K
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ The Design Wind Pressure :

Defined

Left
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997

➢ Details of Factor Cq in Table 16-H in UBC-97

➢ It Differentiates Wind Pressure w.r.t Different
Structural Elements of Building
➢ Primary Lateral load Resisting Elements
➢ Cladding or Secondary Elements

➢ Within Primary Elements Design, it Provides Two

Methods: Method -1 & Method - 2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997

Shear
Walls
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997

Curtain Wall, Windows

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ The Cq factor (Pressure Coefficient) also depends
upon Wind Direction, Building Shape, Roof Slope
etc.)

Table 16-H
UBC-97
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ The Cq factor (Pressure Coefficient) is given
Separately for Primary Lateral Load Resisting
Elements (Shear Walls etc.) & for the Non
Structural Elements (Cladding) of the Building .
➢ Wind Loads for Primary Structural Elements are
calculated using Average Wind Pressures because
of the Expected Variation in Wind Pressure
throughout the Building Surface.
➢ Wind Loads for Cladding are Expected to include
Gust Effect.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Table of Cq Shows Two Methods to select Cq for
Primary Structural Elements, Provided in UBC
1997 :
▪ Method-2
✓ Also Called Projected Area Method
✓ Assumes Building as Vertical Line and
Applies Net Wind Loads to it.
✓ Does not consider Pressure & Suction
separately, Applicable for Primary Elements
✓ Limited to Regular Structures Up to 200 ft.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
▪ Method-1 (Specially for Gable Frames)
✓ Also Called Normal Force Method
✓ Applies to any Building / Structure / Gabled
Frame Type Not Prone to Vortex Shedding.
✓ Considers Pressure & Suction separately
✓ Limited to Regular Structures Up to 400’ ht.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997

➢ Method - 1
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Method - 2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

Summary
Cq Values
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
Ridge Line

Wind
Perpendicular Wind Parallel to
to Ridge Line Ridge Line
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Cq Summary for Primary lateral Load
Resisting Elements Method -1
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Cq Summary for Primary lateral Load
Resisting Elements Method -1
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Cq Summary for Primary lateral Load
Resisting Elements Method -2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Cq Summary for Roof on Windward Side
Using method -2
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Cq Summary for Corner Regions
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ The design Wind Pressure ‘p’

➢ ‘p’ Shall be calculated for All Sides of Building

➢ ‘p’ Shall be applied Simultaneously on All Sides.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Steps Involve in Wind Design Procedure

▪ Calculate Wind Pressure and Suction on All

building faces using Prescribed Equations and
Procedures given in The Code.
▪ Analyze & Design the Building using the
obtained Wind Loads.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Find Wind Pressure for Primary Elements of Frame.
➢ Basic Wind Speed V = 65 miles/hr., Hazardous
Chemical Storage, Exposure Category “C”
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Importance Factor = 1.15 – Table 16-K UBC
➢ qs = (.000256) x 652 = 10.85 psf
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Find Ce. Combined Height, Exposure and
Gust. Use Table 16-G, UBC
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Ce and Cq values as per UBC 1997
➢ Find Ce. Combined Height, Exposure and
Gust. Use Table 16-G, UBC
➢ There is Variation of with Height, 0-15 ft, 20
ft, 25 ft, 30 ft, 40 ft.
➢ Ce Varies from 1.06 –at base to 1.2 at Wall
Top.
➢ Cq is 0.8 On Windward Side and 0.5 on
Leeward Side.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

Cq Values
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Cq = 0.8 on Windward & 0.5 on Leeward Side
➢ Cq = 1.06 at Base & 1.2 at Wall Top

Cq = 0.8 Cq = 0.5
Ce = 1.2 Ce = 1.2

Cq = 0.8 Cq = 0.5

Ce = 1.06 Ce = 1.06
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Wall Wind Presure ‘p' on Wall as per UBC 1997

➢ Wall Pressure at Windward Side:

➢ At Base = 0.8 x 1.06 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 10.7 psf
➢ At Wall Top = 0.8 x 1.2 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 12.1 psf

➢ Wall Pressure at Leeward Side:

➢ Base = 0.5 x 1.06 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 6.7 psf
➢ Wall Top = 0.5 x 1.2 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 7.6 psf
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Wall Pressures

p = 12.1 psf p = 7.6 psf

p = 10.7 psf p = 6.7 psf

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997

p = 12.1 psf
p = 7.6 psf

Wall Pressures
p = 10.7 psf p = 6.7 psf
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Wind Presure ‘p' on Roof as per UBC 1997
➢ Based Upon Cq = 0.9 Outward on Windward Side
➢ Roof Pressure at Windward Side:
➢ Start = 0.9 x 1.2 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 13.6 psf
➢ Roof Top = 0.9 x 1.3 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 14.7 psf

➢ Roof Pressure at Leeward Side:

➢ Start = 0.7 x 1.2 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 10.6 psf
➢ Roof Top = 0.7 x 1.3 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 11.5 psf
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
p = 14.7 psf p = 11.5 psf

p = 10.6 psf
p = 13.6 psf

Roof Pressures Based

on Ce 0.9 Outward on
Windward Side
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
p = 14.7 psf p = 11.5 psf

p = 13.6 psf

p = 10.6 psf

Roof Pressures Based

on Ce 0.9 Outward
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Wind Presure ‘p' on Roof as per UBC 1997
➢ Based Upon Cq = 0.3 Inward on Windward Side

➢ Roof Pressure at Windward Side:

➢ Start = 0.3 x 1.2 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 4.5 psf
➢ Roof Top = 0.3 x 1.3 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 5 psf

➢ Roof Pressure at Leeward Side:

➢ Start = 0.7 x 1.2 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 10.6 psf
➢ Roof Top = 0.7 x 1.3 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 11.5 psf
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997

p = 11.5 psf
p = 5 psf

p = 10.6 psf
p = 4.5 psf

Roof Pressures Based

on Cq 0.3 Inward on
Windward Side
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
p = 5 psf p = 11.5 psf

p = 4.5 psf

p = 10.6 psf

Roof Pressures Based

on Cq 0.3 Inward
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force on Windward Side

Ridge Line

26 ft.
Wind
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force on Windward Side Wall

p = 12.1 psf

26 ft.
p = 10.7 psf

➢ Net Wall Wind Force on Windward Side:

➢ Rect. = 10.7 x 26 x 100 = 27,820 lb
➢ Tri. = 1/2 x (12.1-10.7) x 26 x 100 = 1,820 lb
➢ Total = 29, 640 lb.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force on Leeward Side Wall
p = 7.6 psf

p = 6.7 psf

➢ Net Wall Wind Force on Leeward Side:

➢ Rect. = 6.7x 26x 100 = 17,420 lb
➢ Tri. = 1/2 x (7.6-6.7) x 26 x 100 = 1170 lb
➢ Total = 18,590 lb
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force Developed By Wall Pressure.

18,590 lb

29,640 lb
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force on Wind Ward Side Roof Ce 0.9
p = 14.7 psf

p = 13.6 psf

12

36

Rect. = 13.6 x 37.95 x 100 = 51,612 lb

Tri. = 1/2 x (14.7-13.6) x 37.95 x 100 = 2087 lb
Total = 53,699 lb
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force on Lee Ward Side Roof
p = 11.5 psf

p = 10.6 psf
12

36

Rect. = 10.6 x 37.95 x 100 = 40,227 lb

Tri. = 1/2 x (11.5-10.6) x 37.95 x 100 = 1708 lb
Total = 41,935 lb
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force on Wind Ward Side Roof Ce 0.3
p = 5 psf

p = 4.5 psf

12

36

Rect. = 4.5 x 37.95 x 100 = 17,077 lb

Tri. = 1/2 x (5-4.5) x 37.95 x 100 = 950 lb
Total = 18,027 lb
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Horizontal Components of 12

Roof Wind Force:

36
➢ Wind Ward (Ce 0.9 Out) = 53699 x 12 /37.95 = 16,981 lb
➢ Lee Ward = 41935 x 12 /37.95 = 13,260 lb

41,935 lb
53,699 lb

16,981 lb 13,260 lb
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Horizontal Components of 12

Roof Wind Force:

36
➢ Wind Ward (Ce 0.3 In) = 18027 x 12 /37.95 = 5,700 lb
➢ Lee Ward = 41935 x 12 /37.95 = 13,260 lb

41,935 lb
18,027 lb

5,700 lb 13,260 lb
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force. 41,935 lb
53,699 lb 13,260 lb

18,590 lb

16,981 lb

29,640 lb
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force.

13,260 lb

18,590 lb

16,981 lb
29,640 lb

29640 + 18590 + 13260 -16981 = 44,509 lb

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force. 41,935 lb

18,027 lb 13,260 lb

18,590 lb

5,700 lb

29,640 lb
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Force.

13,260 lb

18,590 lb

5,700 lb
29,640 lb

29640 + 18590 + 13260 + 5700 = 67,190 lb

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Lateral Load Resisting System in Structure

67,190 lb

Which Shear Walls Will Bear This Force

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Therefore For a Shear Wall
➢ Total Base Shear = 29,640 + 18,590 + 5,700 +
13,260 = 67,190 /2 = 33,595 lb
5,700 lb 13,260 lb

29,640 lb 18,590 lb

67,190/2 = 33,595 lb
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢Governing Roof & Wall Wind Forces In Horizontal
Direction (Wind Perpendicular to Ridge)
9,50 lb 1708 lb
17,077 lb
300 lb 40,227 lb
5,400 lb
540 lb
12,720 lb
1,820 lb
17,420 lb
27,820 lb 32 ft. 34 ft.
1,170 lb
33,595 lb 13 ft.
17.3 ft
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Moment on Windward Side

p = 12.1 psf

26 ft.
p = 10.7 psf

➢ Net Wall Wind Moment on Windward Side:

➢ Rect. = 27,820 x 26/2 = 361,660 lb-ft
➢ Tri. = 1,820 x 26 x 2/3 = 31,546 lb-ft
➢ Total = 393, 207 lb-ft.
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Net Wind Moment on Leeward Side
p = 7.6 psf

p = 6.7 psf

➢ Net Wall Wind Moment on Leeward Side:

➢ Rect. = 17,420 x 26/2 = 226,460 lb-ft
➢ Tri. = 1,170 x 26 x 2/3 = 20,280 lb-ft
➢ Total = 246,740 lb-ft
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
➢ Wind Roof Moment on Wind ward Side:
➢ Rect. = 17, 077x (12/37.95) x (26 + 6) = 5400 x 32
➢ = 172,795 lb-ft
➢ Tri. = 950 x (12/37.95) (26 + 8) = 300.4 x 34 = 10,213 lb-ft
➢ Total = 172,795 + 10,213 = 183,008 lb-ft

➢ Wind Roof Moment on Lee ward Side:

➢ Rect. = 40,227 x (12/37.95) x (26 + 6) = 12,720 x 32
➢ = 407,040 lb-ft
➢ Tri. = 1708 x (12/37.95) (26 + 8) = 540 x 34 =18,362 lb-ft
➢ Total = 407,040 + 18,362 = 425,403 lb-ft
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
❖ Total Wind Moment At The Shear Wall Base

➢ Moment At Shear Wall Base Due to Wind On Wall

➢ 393, 207 + 246,740 = Total = 639,947 lb-ft

➢ Moment At Shear Wall Base Due to Wind On Roof

➢ 183, 008 + 425, 403 = Total = 608,411 lb-ft
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997
➢ Therefore For a Shear Wall in Windward Dir.
➢ Total Base Moment = 608,410+639,947
= 639,947 /2 = 1249, 198 / 2 = 624, 599 lb-ft

608, 411 lb-ft

639,947 lb-ft

1248,357 / 2 = 624,179 b-ft

STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

Design of Primary Elements Using

Method-2 of UBC 1997
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997, Method -2
➢ Find Wind Pressure for Primary Elements of Frame.
➢ Basic Wind Speed V = 65 miles/hr., Hazardous
Chemical Storage, Exposure Category “C”
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997, Method -2
➢ Design of Same Frame Using Method – 2
➢ Mthod-2 treats whole Building as
Vertical Line
➢ So, it applies Pressure only from one
side
➢ Height + Exposure factor Ce Remains
Same
➢ Cq Factor is to be taken from Table 16-H
➢ Cq is to be taken for Method-2
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997, Method -2
➢ Find Ce. Combined Height, Exposure and
Gust. Use Table 16-G, UBC
STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING

Cq Values
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997, Method -2
➢ Using Method – 2
➢ Wall Pressure in Horizontal Dir:
➢ Ce = Remain Same, 1.06 – 1.2 – 1.3
➢ Cq = 1.3 up to 40 ft

➢ Roof Pressure
➢ Ce = 1.2 – 1.3
➢ Cq = 0.7 Upward
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997, Method -2
➢ Pressure Calculations
➢ Net Wind Pressure in Horizontal Dir:
➢ Base = 1.3 x 1.06 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 17.4 psf
➢ Top = 1.3 x 1.2 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 19.6 psf
➢ Top = 1.3 x 1.3 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 21.2 psf

➢ Net Wind Pressure in Vertical Dir (Roof):

➢ Start = 0.7 x 1.2 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 10.6 psf
➢ Top = 0.7 x 1.3 x 10.85 x 1.15 = 11.5 psf
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
11.5 psf
10.6 psf 10.6 psf
21.2 psf

26+12 = 38 ft

17.4 psf
 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997, Method -2
➢ Wind Force Calculations
➢ Total Wind Force in Horizontal Dir:
73,340 lb
➢ Rect. = 17.4 x 38 x 100 = 66,120 lb
➢ Tri. = ½ (21.2-17.4) x 38 x 100 = 7,220 lb
➢ Total = 66,120 + 7,220 = 73,340 lb.

Comparing 73,340 With Method-1, F = 67,190 lb

 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997, Method -2
➢ Wind Moment Calculations
(21.2-17.4) 17.4 psf
➢ Rect. = 66,120 x 38/2 =
➢ 1256, 280 lb-ft
7.220 lb
➢ Tri. = 7,220 x 38 x (2/3) =
66,120 lb ➢ 182,907 lb-ft
➢ Total = 1256,280 + 182,907 =
1439,187 lb-ft.
17.4 psf

Comparing 1439,187 With Method-1, 1248,357 lb-ft

 STRUCTURAL DESIGN & DRAWING
❖ Wind Design According to UBC 1997, Method -2
➢ Comparison of Method-1 & Method-2
➢ Comparing Total Wind Force.

Method-2= 73,340 With Method-1 = 67,190 lb

➢ Comparing Total Wind Moment

Method-2= 1439,187 With Method-1=1248,357 lb-ft

Therefore Method-2 is More Conservative