Md.

Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

 Knowledge based questions :

Scalar quantity, Vector quantity, Equal vectors, Negative or opposite vectors, Position vector, Like vectors,
Unlike vectors, Null or zero vector, Rectangular unit vectors, Collinear vectors, Coplanar vector, Resolution of
vector, Triangle law, Parallelogram law, Law of polygon, Scalar or dot product, Cross product or vector product,
Operator, Divergence, Curl

 Comprehensive based questions:

1. How can you calculate a unit vector?
2. A reciprocal vector is a collinear- explain.
3. Explain the addition law of parallelogram.
4. Two vector quantities acting at the same time at a point at the same time.
5. Show maximum resultant of them is sum of the two vectors and minimum is the subtraction of them.
6. Explain- the addition law of triangle.
7. It is easier to pull a lawn roller than to push- Explain.
8. Handle of a trolley bag becomes long. Explain it.
9. Explain the scalar product.
10. Explain the vector product.
11. How birds fly?
12. Why docs a man feel less weight while getting down with uniform acceleration through a lift? Explain..
13. Explain why a heavy object is pulled at a lesser angle?
14. Walking on our legs how it can be explained with vector resolution?
15. Can the resultant of two unequal but similar vectors be either zero or not? Explain.
16. Write the distinction between scalar quantity and vector quantity.
17. Write the distinction between scalar product and vector product.
10. Write down the properties of gradient.
11. Write down the properties of divergence.
12. Write down the properties of curl.
13. Why the addition and subtraction of vector quantity does not follow in general algebraic process?
14. When the resultant of three vectors be zero? Explain.
15. When is the work done by restoring force negative? Explain.
16. Resultant of two unlike vectors is zero - Explain.
17. In which condition the resultant will be zero? Explain.
18. A position vector is a localized vector – explain.
19. Why there is no definite direction of null vector? Explain.
20. Work is a scalar quantity – explain.
21. The scalar product follows the commutative law – explain.
22. The vector product does not follow the commutative law- explain.
23. Why iˆ  iˆ  0 but iˆ.iˆ  0 - explain.

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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
 Mathematical Problem:
1. Two forces of magnitude 10N and 20N are acting at point making an angle 600 with each other. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the resultant. Ans: 26.45N, 300
2. Resultant is equal to each of the two equal forces. Find the angle between the forces. Ans: 1200
3. A car running 40Kmh1 towards east. The driver of the car saw a truck is running 40 3Kmh1 towards north.
What is the real velocity of the truck and in which direction really the truck is running? Ans: 80Kmh1 , 300
4. A straight river of width 0.5Km flows at the rate of 3Kmh1 . A man can row his boat at the rate of 6Kmh1 in
still water wishes to cross the river at right angle to the bank. In what direction must he rows his boat and
what will be the time required by the boat to cross the river? Ans: 5Kmh1 , 53.60 , 7.3min
5. The velocity of current of a river is 3Kmh1 . A boatman rows his boat with 5Kmh1 to cross the river vertically
and he crossed the river diagonally. Find the resultant velocity. What will be the required time to cross the
river if the width of the river is1Km. Ans: 5.83Kmh1 , 12 min
6. A boat starts running with 5Kmh1 velocity in a river of width 5Km. The velocity of current is 10Kmh1 . (i). At
what angle the boat must be rowed to reach the opposite point of the bank of the river. (ii).What is resultant
velocity? (iii). What is the required time to reach the opposite bank. (iv). At what direction the boat must be
rowed to reach the opposite bank at the short time? (v). What is minimum required time to reach the opposite
bank? (vi). If the boat rows at 600 angle then what will be the required time to reach the opposite bank? Ans:
(i) 1200 , (ii) 8.66Kmh1 , (iii) 34.64min. , (iv) 900 , (v) 30min. (vi) 34.64min
7. The velocity of a sailing boat in favor of the current in a river is 18Kmh1 and against the current it is 6Kmh1 . In
which direction the boat is to be driven in order to reach the other side of the river and what will be the
velocity of the boat? Ans: 1200 , 10.3Kmh1
8. A person can directly cross a river of width 100m in 4 minutes when there is no current. But it takes 5 minutes
when there is current in the river. Find the velocity of the current. Ans: 15 m min
9. A man while running at velocity 4Kmh1 comes across rain falling vertically with velocity 6Kmh1 . At what
angle he will have to hold an umbrella to protect himself from rain? Ans: 33.7 0
10. Two particles passed a point with 12ms1 and 20ms 1 velocity by making 1200 angle. After 4s what will be the
distance between the two particles? Ans: 112m
11. If two vectors 100N and 50N act with 300 angle then find the magnitude of the multiplication of scalar product
2
and cross product. Ans: 2500N
 
12. If A  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ then find the unit vector of A . Ans:
 3 6 2
13. If R  3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ then parallel unit vector. Ans: rˆ  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
7 7 7
   
14. If A  10iˆ  12 ˆj  5kˆ , and B  7iˆ  8 ˆj  12kˆ then find the magnitude the resultant of vector A and B . Ans:
18.8
15. The scalar product and vector product of two vectors are 3 unit and 3 respectively. Find the angle between
two vectors. Ans: 300
 
16. If A  4iˆ  6 ˆj  3kˆ , and B  2iˆ  5 ˆj  7kˆ then find the angle between the two vectors. Ans 128.560
 
17. If force F  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ) N , and displacement, s  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ)m then find the work done and the angle
between the two vectors. Ans: 29J , 00
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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
 
18. If A  10iˆ  12 ˆj  5kˆ then the angle between vector A and X-axis.
 
19. If A  iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ , and B  6iˆ  8 ˆj  2kˆ then whether the two vectors are perpendicular or not?
 
20. If A  5iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ , and B  15iˆ  6 ˆj  9kˆ then whether the two vectors are parallel to each other or not?
 
21. If force, F  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ) N , and radius, r  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ)m then find the torque.
 
22. If A  2iˆ  mˆj  kˆ , and B  4iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ then for what value of m these two vectors will perpendicular to each
other? Ans: 3
 
23. If P  iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ , and Q  aiˆ  6 ˆj  10kˆ then for what value of ‘a’ these two vectors will parallel to each
other? Ans: -2
   
24. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ , and B  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ then find the normal projection of A on B .
   
25. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ , and B  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ then find the normal projection of B on A .
   
26. If P  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , and Q  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ , find the unit vector parallel to the resultant vector of A and B .
 
27. If P  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , and Q  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ represent two adjacent sides of a triangle, find area of the triangle.
 
28. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ , and B  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ represent two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then what will be the
area of the parallelogram?
 
29. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ , and B  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ represent two diagonals of a parallelogram, find the area of the
parallelogram.
       
30. For what value of the interim angle between vector A and B (i). A B  R ; (ii). A B  R ? Ans: 00 , 900
  
31. If A  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , B  3iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ and C  iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ then prove that, these three vectors are in same plane.
  
32. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ , B  4 ˆj and C  5 ˆj  mkˆ , for what value of m the volume of a parallelogram will be 24
unit? Ans: 3
 
33. If A  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ , find unit vector which is parallel with xy plane and perpendicular with vector A . Ans:
2iˆ  ˆj
( )
5
 
34. If A  3x 2 ziˆ  xyz 2 ˆj  x3 y 2 zkˆ , then find divergence of the vector A at point (1, -1, 1).

35. If A  5 y 2 ziˆ  2 xz 2 ˆj  x3 ykˆ , prove that the vector is solenoid.
36.   2 y 2 ziˆ  2 xz 2 ˆj  x3 ykˆ , find gradient of the  at point (2, -1, 2)
 
37. If V  6 xyiˆ  x 2 zˆj  x3 y 2 zkˆ , then find curl of the vector V at point (1, -1, 1).
 
38. If F  x 2 yiˆ  xyzˆj  x 2 y 2kˆ , prove that the vector field F is conserved or irrotational.

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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

 Creative Questions:
1. Follow the stem and answer the questions.
A B

O
300 900
Direction of water current
O
In the study tour of the Department of Physics of Milestone college while crossing Piayen river at
Bichhanakandi in Shylhet , boatman with the travellers start rowing his boat along OA with the
velocity 6kmh-1. Velocity of the water current was 3kmh-1 .
a. What is curl?
b. ‘Dot product follows commutative laws but cross product does not follow commutative law’ Explain
c. At what angle the boatman crosses the river?
d. Whether he will reach at B if he rows along OA – Explain mathematically.
2. According to the stem and answer the questions.

V2
V2
1km 1km
900
900

V1
Fig.1 Fig.2

In the figure width of the river1km, Velocity of water current V1=3kmh-1,Velocity of boat V2=5kmh-1.
a. What is called rectangular unit vector?
b. Why it is easier to pull a lawn roller than to push? Explain.
c. Calculate the magnitude of the resultant in fig.1.
d. Which figure takes less time to pass the river?
3. Observe the stem and answer the questions.

A B

1km

900
Direction of water current
O
Fig. A boat starts rowing along OA with the speed8kmh-1 Velocity of water current in the river was
4kmh-1.
a. What is unit vector?
b. Explain dot product of vectors.
c. At what angle the boat will pass the river?

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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
d. Whether boat will take less time or not to pass the river if there is no water current– Explain
mathematically.
4. Two vectors are𝑨 ̂ ; ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝟒𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝟓𝒌 ̂
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌
⃗ on 𝐴.
c. Find the projection of 𝐵
d. Whether the resultant of the two vectors will divides their interim angle into equally or not explain
mathematically.
5. Three vectors are ⃗𝑨⃗ = 𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂ ; ⃗𝑩 ̂ ; ⃗𝑪 = 𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒌
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂
c. Calculate the area of triangle if 𝐴 and 𝐵⃗ are the two sides of that triangle.
d. Whether the three vectors are co-planar or not – Explain mathematically.
6. Two vectors are𝑨 ̂ ; ⃗𝑩
⃗⃗ = 𝟏𝟎𝒊̂ + 𝟖𝒋̂ − 𝟖𝒌 ̂
⃗ = 𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟓𝒌
c. Find the angle between 𝐴 and𝐵 ⃗.
⃗ be
d. Whether the unit vector of only 𝐴 and the unit vector perpendicular to the surface of the vectors 𝐴and 𝐵
equal-Explain mathematically.
7. At the same time, three forces are acting on a of mass (m=10kg) which is shown in the figure-1:

a. What is called angular velocity?

b. Though force and displacement are vector quantities, work is derived from them is a scalar quantity. -
Explain
c. What is the magnitude of net force acting on the body of figure-I?
d. Justify the validity of figure-2 with respect to figure-I.
8. The co-ordinates of three points A, B and C are (2,1, -1), (3, -2, 4) and (1, -3, 5) respectively. An object
moving with uniform velocity took 2 seconds, to move from the point B to the point C. [all the quantities
are given in S.I. units] [R.B., C.B., Ctg.B., B.B.,18]

a. What is hypothesis?
b. Why is gravity a conservative force?
c. Determine the velocity of the object in BC path.
d. Will the position vectors formed by the points in the stem he in the same plane? Given logic to support
your answer.
9.

̂&𝑸
⃗⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌
In the figure, OABC is a rectangle. OA and OB represent the vector, 𝑷 ⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌̂.
[D.B.17]
a. What is Instantaneous Velocity?
b. Write down two differences between Forced Vibration and Resonance.

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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
c. What is the area of ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 of the stem?
d. Which one is greater between 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 ? Explain mathematically using the stem.
10.

⃗ | = 5 and |B
In fig. |A ⃗|=6
a. What is angle of contact?
b. Why are the angular velocities at all points of an electric fan same in comparison to rotatory axis?
⃗ − ⃗B).
c. In fig. determine the magnitude of (A
⃗ ×B
d. According to the stem, (A ⃗ +B
⃗ ) is normal to (A ⃗ ). Verify its authenticity with mathematical discussion.
11. On a rainy day, Nafisa observed that rain was falling with a vertical of 6 kmh-1 . She also saw that a
person was walking with 4kmh-1 and another person was riding a cycle with 8kmh-1. They hold their
umbrella inclinedly but the angle is different. [R.B.17]

a. Define unit Vector.

b. Which quantity doesn’t need unit?
c. What us the resultant velocity of rain with respect to the walking person?
d. The angle of umbrella between the walking person and person in the cycle is not the same - discuss the
observation of Nafisa mathematically.
12. The mass of the object at the point R = 𝟐𝒌𝒈,⃗⃗⃗𝒓 = (𝒊̂ − 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝒃𝒌 ̂ )𝒎 , 𝒗 ̂ )𝒎𝒔−𝟏 𝑷
⃗ = (𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟒𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 ⃗⃗ =
momentum. [Dj.B.16]

a. What is called escape velocity?

b. Centripetal force of rotating body in a circular path changes with the change of radius. Explain it.
c. If b = 2, determine the angular momentum of the body.
d. If 𝑟 and 𝑣 are parallel or perpendicular to each other, what will be the change of value of b? Analyze
13. In three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system position of two points are 𝑨(𝟏, 𝟎, −𝟏) and 𝑩(𝟏, 𝟏, 𝟎)
respectively. [C.B.-17]

a. What is right-hand screw rule?

b. A reciprocal vector can be said as Co-linear vector.-Explain.
c. Determine the unit vector parallel to AB vector.
d. Compare two points A and B’s position vector with X axis’s perpendicular projection.

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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
14. Follow the figure and answer the questions.

a. Define position vec1or.

b. Handle of a 1rolley bag becomes long. Explain it.
c. What is the angle made by 𝐶 wi1h the X axis?
⃗ and 𝐶 remain on the same plane of
d. Does the vector perpendicular to the plane constructed by the vectors 𝐵
𝐴? Explain with mathematical analysis.
15.

According to the figure the width of a river is 31 km. Two engine boats started to cross the river
diagonally with same velocity. One boat moves along AB and another along AC. Though the first one
reached at 'C' another reached at D. The water current in 𝟗𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 . [Ctg.B.17]
a. What is position vector?
b. Whether the kinetic energy of a projectile at its maximum height becomes zero or not? Explain it.
c. Calculate the identical velocity of the boats from the stem.
d. Will two boats reach opposite bank in equal time or not? Analyze mathematically and give your opinion.

16.

𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
⃗ = 6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
𝐵 [Ctg.B.16]

a. What is derived unit?

b. Can the resultant of two unequal but similar vectors be either zero or not? Explain.
c. Determine the value of-𝛼.
d. How much the value of 𝛼 should be changed so that the projection of 𝐴 on 𝐵 ⃗ will he one-forth? Analyze
mathematically with your opinion.
17.

According to the figure a bird is flying in the sky parallel to plane land. The thrust duced by both the
wings of the bird is SN. [S.8.17]
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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
a. What is called curl?
b. Walking on our legs how it can be explained with vector resolution?
c. What is the force of reaction along OC of the fig?
d. If the thrust along AO is doubled, in which direction the bird will fly? Explain through mathematical
argument.
18.

[S .B -16]

a. What 1s torque?
b. Why U = O? Explain.
c. If 'KA' person tows the boat at 45° angle with horizontal, then calculate the horizontal component of the
force.
d. If 'KA' person and 'KHA' person tow the boat with same force which of them can easily tows the boat·
given mathematical analysis in favor of your logic.
19. According to the picture, A boat is moving from position A toward AD of another side of a river, which
has 2.5 km width.

Velocity of the boat on steady water = (𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂) 𝒎𝒔−𝟏 and velocity of tide = 𝟐𝒊̂ 𝒎𝒔−𝟏. In another case
the boat is rowed along AB at the same speed.
a. What is free vector?
b. When is the work done by restoring force negative? Explain.
c. Determine the unit vector that is perpendicular to the plane of the river.
d. According to the stem in which case the boat will reach the other bank earlier? Give your answer with
mathematical analysis.
20. Asad was watching the rainfall standing at the door of his house on a rainy day. The falling vertically
with velocity 𝟔 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 . At this moment he saw a man walking with an umbrella placing it at an angle of
33.8° with 'the vertical. Another man was running by bicycle with an umbrella placing it at an angle of
53.06° with the vertical. Both of them were saved from rain. [J.B-16]
Coordinates of two points A and B are given below:

a. Define null vector.

b. Explain why a heavy object is pulled at a lesser angle.
c. Determine the connecting vector of AB.
d. Will the triangle mentioned in stem make a right angle triangle? Analyse and give your opinion.

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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
21.

In the figure, ⃗𝑨 ̂ and ⃗𝑩

⃗ = 𝒊̂ = 𝒋̂ + 𝒌 ̂
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌
a. What is called impulse of force?
b. What is meant by the efficiency of an engine is 60%.
c. In the light of stem, calculate the value of 𝜃1 .
d. In the stem, is it possible to be 𝜃1 =𝜃2 or not Give a conclusion with a mathematical analysis.
22. Rifat and Imran, two friends were running together Mass of Rifat is half of Imran and kinetic energy of
Imran is half of Rifat. At that time rain started to fall vertically with velocity 10𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 . Then Imran
increased his velocity by 1𝒎𝒔−𝟏 and achieved the kinetic energy same as Rifat. To save from rain both
friends hold umbrellas at the same direction. Another two friends was running with velocities-
⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟒𝒋̂, ⃗⃗𝑸 = 𝟕𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝟒𝒋̂
⃗𝑷 [Ideal School and college, Motijheel ]

a. What is escape velocity?

b. Why docs a man feel less weight while getting down with uniform acceleration through a lift? Explain.
⃗.
c. Calculate the projection of 𝑃⃗ along 𝑄
d. Calculate mathematically and analyze the values of 𝛽 and 𝛾 according to the stimulus.
23. If the co-ordinate of a triangle are 𝑷(𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟐). 𝑸(𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟏) and 𝑹(−𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑)[BAF Shaheen College,
Dhaka]

a. Define angle of contact.

b. According to vector method prove that the diagonals of rhombus are mutually perpendicular to each other.
c. Calculate the area of triangle from the stem.
d. Above three vectors are lie on the same plane- verify the statement.
24. Width of a river is 1 km. Current is flowing with velocity 𝟑 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 . Two swimmers A and B want to
cross the river. Swimmer 'A' starts journey with velocity 𝟓 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 in such a way that he crosses the
river along its width. At the same Swimmer 'B' starts journey with velocity 𝟓 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 along the of the
river to reach other end of the river from one end. [Bir Shreshrha Noor Mohammad Public
College, Dhaka]

a. Define: Position vector.

b. 𝑖̂. 𝑖̂ = 1. Explain.
c. Determine the angle between the direction of velocity of swimmer 'A' and direction of velocity of current.
d. Among 'A' and 'B' which swimmer crosses the river first? Justify your answer by mathematical analysis.

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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
25. Question No-21: River and boat are the parts of the livelihood in the life of the Bangali. In a boat Race
competition in the river Modhumoti, starting from O at on equal speed along OA the Red crew reached
at B, but the Blue crew passed the river at a definite period of °time moving along OB. during the
competition suddenly started on rainfall at a speed of 𝟐𝟎 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 The velocity of the boat was
𝟏𝟎 𝒌𝒎𝒉−𝟏 .

a. What is called position vector?

b. Why it is easier to pull a lawn roller than to push? Explain.
c. Find out at what time did the Blue crew passes the river.
d. How the boatman of Red crew has to hold an umbrella to protect from rain? Explain mathematically.
26. See the following diagram and answer following questions:
Following forces are acting on a body of mass 20kg.

[Bangladesh international Scho11 & College. Dhaka]

a. What is vector operator?
b. Explain the mechanism of birds fly with vector.
c. De1ermine the resultan1 force acting on the body.
d. At what distance the body will travel in 1 minute Determine.

27.

In figure ⃗𝑨 ̂ and ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝟓𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟑𝒌 ̂
⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 [BIAM Laboratory School and College, Bogura]
a. What is position vector?
b. Explain scalar product?
c. Determine the normal projection of vector A on B from above the stem.
d. Will the value of 𝛼 and 𝛽 be equal? Explain mathematically.
28. Two vector 𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 𝐵
⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ are acted ‘O’ point. the figure is shown below:

[The Millennium Stars School and College, Rangpur]

a. What is radius of gyration?
b. Vector product obeys commutative law but scalar product does not obey. Explain it.

10
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
c. Find the resultant vector of the two vectors. (With ray diagram)
d. If the angle between two vectors become twice of initial, the value of resultant vector will be changed-
Mathematically analyze it.
29.

[Mirzapur Cadet College, Tangail]

a. What is radius vector?
b. Why is it easier to pull a lawn roller then to push? Explain.
c. Calculate the parallel unit vector of the resultant of 𝑃⃗ and 𝑅⃗ vectors in above stem.
⃗ and 𝑅⃗ ) in above stem co-planer vectors? Give your answer with mathematical
d. Are the all vectors (𝑃⃗, 𝑄
analysis.
30. Observe the figure and answer the following questions:

⃗ = 𝒊̂ − 𝒋̂ + 𝑹 and ⃗𝐁
𝐀 ⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝑹 [Mymensing Girls Cadet College, Mymensing]
a. What is position vector?
b. Explain Curl of a Vector quantity?
c. Fine the magni1ude of 𝜃1 1 according to stem.
d. According to stem. 𝜃1 = 𝜃2 is possible or not- justified it mathematically.
31. A man can swim at a speed of 3 km/h in still water. He wants to cross a 500m wide river flowing at 2
k/h. He keeps himself always at an angle of 120° with the river flow while swimming.
[Rajshahi Cadet College, Rajshahi]
a. What is Position vector?
b. Can resultant of two vectors be smaller than any of the vectors? Explain it.
c. Find the time he takes to cross the river.
d. At what point on the opposite bank will he arrive? Explain in mathematically.
32.

[Joypurhat Girls' Cadet college, Joypurhart]

a. State parallelogram law.
b. Prove that scalar multiplication of vectors obey commutative law.
c. Find angle b of the stem.

11
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
d. Analyze mathematically that the area of ABCD is equal or not with the sum of area of triangle ABC and
mangle ACD.
33. Two vectors ⃗𝑷 ̂ . and ⃗𝑸
⃗ = 𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝟐𝒌 ̂ are acting perpendicularly at a point.
⃗ = 𝟑𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ + 𝟐√𝟑𝒌
[Pabna Cadat College. Pabna]
a. Define unit vector.
b. Explain vector product.
⃗.
c. Find out a unit vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝑃⃗ and 𝑄
d. What is the direction of resultant vector with respect to 𝑃⃗.
34.

Give that ⃗𝑨
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌̂ and ⃗𝑩 ̂
⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌 [Rangpur cadet college, Rangpur]
a. What is called operator?
b. Why the horizontal distance traveled by body thrown vertically upward is zero?
c. Calculate the value of a from above stem.
⃗ will be one-fourth? Analyze your opinion
d. For what change in the value of a, projection of 𝐴 on 𝐵
mathematically.
35. A Boat is moving with a velocity 𝟏𝟓𝒎𝒔−𝟏 in a 45m wide river. The boat reached at a point C on the
other bank of river the current velocity is 𝟓𝒎𝒔−𝟏 .

[Cumilla Cadet College]

a. What is a vector field?
b. Explain whether the resultant of two unequal vectors becomes zero.
c. What is the distance of BC in other bank of the river?
d. If the velocity of the boat is 7𝑚𝑠 −1 and the current velocity is 9𝑚𝑠 −1 . Is it possible to reach the boat at B on
the opposite Bank of the river? Explain mathematically.
36. Vector 𝐴 = 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑖̂ + 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂ [Feni girls Cadet College]
a. What is an operator?
b. Write the physical properties of divergence.
c. Find the divergence of 𝐴 at the point (1. −1. 1).
d. Vector 1is irrigational or not. Give your logic with mathematically.

12
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
37. ⃗𝑨 ̂ and ⃗𝑩
⃗ = 𝟐𝒊̂ + 𝟐𝒋̂ − 𝒌 ̂ are two vectors are 𝜶 is the angle between them. [Jhenidah
⃗ = 𝟔𝒊̂ − 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟐𝒌
cadet College]
⃗ ) × 𝐶 possible? Why?
a. (𝐴. 𝐵
b. Shows that, 𝑃⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑄
⃗ = 4𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ are orthogonal.
c. Determine 𝛼.
d. For what change in a dose the projection of on becomes one-fourth? Give mathematical Analysis.

 Formula:

S Equations Quantities Unit

Position vector  
01 m
Position vector of P is , OP  r  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ
Y 
P(x, y, z)
 Its magnitude, r  r  x 2  y 2  z 2
 Q(-2,3,4)
r r
ĵ  
m
X X Position vector of Q is , OQ  r  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ
k̂ O iˆ 
Its magnitude, r  r  (2) 2  32  42
Z X
Distance between Q and R ,
For three point vectors: 
P( x1 , y1 , z1 ), Q( x2 , y2 , z2 ), R( x3 , y3 , z3 ) PQ  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2  ( z 2  z1 ) 2

Distance between P and Q ,


QR  ( x3  x2 ) 2  ( y3  y2 ) 2  ( z3  z 2 ) 2

02 Scalar Product: iˆ.iˆ  ˆj. ˆj  kˆ.kˆ  1, iˆ. ˆj  ˆj.kˆ  kˆ.iˆ  0

   
A. B  AB cos  A. B
degree
Angle,   cos 1 ( A  Ax  Ay  Az ,
2 2 2
 
),
AB
A. B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz
B  Bx  B y  Bz
2 2 2

 
If A. B  0 then the vectors will be perpendicular
03 Cross Product: iˆ  iˆ  ˆj  ˆj  kˆ  kˆ  0 iˆ k̂
 
A B  AB sin  iˆ  ˆj  kˆ, ˆj  kˆ  iˆ, kˆ  iˆ  ˆj
ˆj  iˆ  kˆ, kˆ  ˆj  iˆ, iˆ  kˆ   ˆj ĵ
 
iˆ ˆj kˆ
 
A B  Ax Ay Az IfA B  0then the vectors will be parallel
Bx Bx Bx

 
04  
N A. B

B
S Normal projection of B on A OM , B cos  
A
  

  A. B
O
A M Normal projection of A on B OM , A cos  
B
13
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
OM  B cos  = normal projection  
 
A. B
  Component of A vector along with B ,   aˆ
of B on A A
OS  A cos  = normal projection of  
 
A. B ˆ
 
Component of B vector along with A ,  b
A on B B
Use of scalar and vector product:

05
1. If vector A  Axiˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ is make three angle  ,  and  with positive X, Y, Z axis
Ax Ay A
) ,   cos 1 ( ) ,   cos 1 ( z ) , A  Ax  Ay  Az
2 2 2
respectively.   cos 1 (
A A A
   
2. If vector A and B acts two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then its area will be = A B
 
1 
3. If vector A and B acts two diagonals of a parallelogram then its area will be = A B
2
 
1 
4. If vector A and B acts two adjacent sides of a triangle then its area will be = A B
2
 
 
A B
5. Unit vector along with the resultant of A and B vectors, ̂   
A B

 
 
A B
6. Unit vector along with the perpendicular on the surface of vectors A and B , ̂   
A B



A
7. Unit vector of A is, â  
A
     
8. The condition vectors A , B and C are present in the same plane, A.( B C )  0 or,
  
B .( A C )  0 or
  
C .( A B)  0
06      ˆ  ˆ  ˆ
Divergence : div.V   .V ,  i j k
  x y z
Curl  V  
If  .V  0 then the vector will be solenoidal.
 
If V  0 then the vector will be irrational.
07 Law of parallelogram: In case of river crossing:
C 
B P  Velocity of current
  
Q R Q  Velocity of Boat/ velocity of swimmer
 
   Angle between P and Q / full angle
O 
A  
P   Angle between P and R /half angle
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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
 If you asked to cross the river vertically/
Magnitude of resultant vector, across / along with the width of the river then
R P 2  Q 2  2 PQ cos   will be 900 and value of  will have to find
Direction of resultant vector, out.
Q sin  In case of rain fall:
tan   
P  Q cos 
P  Velocity of man / velocity of cyclist/ velocity of
Maximum value of resultant vector, car
Rmax  P  Q 
Minimum value of resultant vector, Q  Velocity of rain
Rmin  P  Q  

Required time to cross the river:   Angle between P and Q / full angle
 
d
t   Angle between P and R /half angle / angle
Q sin  between umbrella and horizontal plane.
d = With of the river
If you asked to what angle should you have to
keep your umbrella to safe from rain then  will
be 900 and value of  will have to find out.

 Answer to the knowledge based questions:

1. Scalar quantity: The physical quantity which has only magnitude but no magnitude is called scalar quantity.
Examples: Length, mass, time, area, volume, density, speed, work, power, energy, heat, temperature,
population, electric potential, kinetic energy, charge, frequency, electric current.
2. Vector quantity: The physical quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called vector quantity.
Examples: Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, surface tension, momentum, weight, intensity, torque,
moment of inertia, electric and magnetic field, impulse of force etc.
3. Unit vector: A vector of unit magnitude is called a unit vector.
4. Equal vectors: two or more vectors having same magnitude and acting in the same direction are called equal
vectors.
5. Negative or opposite vectors: Two similar vectors having same magnitude but acting opposite to each
other are called negative or opposite vectors.
6. Position vector: When the position of a vector is uniquely specified with reference to the origin of a reference
frame that vector is called position vector.
7. Like vectors: Two vectors of same types, parallel to each other and directed along the same direction are
called like vectors.
8. Unlike vectors: Two vectors of same type, parallel but directed opposite to each other are called unlike
vectors.
9. Null or zero vector: A vector whose magnitude is zero is called null or zero vector.
10. Rectangular unit vectors: In three dimensional co-ordinate systems, unit vectors iˆ, ˆj , kˆ along the respective
X, Y and Z axes are called rectangular unit vector.
11. Collinear vectors: If two or more vectors are directed along the same line or parallel to one another, then the
vectors are called collinear vectors.

15
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
12. Coplanar vector: If a vector is restricted to pass through a specified point then it is called a localized vector.
13. Resolution of vector: The process of resolving a vector into two or more vectors is called resolution vector
and each resolving vector is called component of the original vector.
14. Triangle law: If two similar vectors acting at a point can be represented by two consecutive sides of a triangle
taken in order, then the third side will give the resultant vector in the reverse order.
15. Parallelogram law: If two similar vectors acting simultaneously at a point can be represented both in
magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the diagonal from the point of
intersection of these sides give the resultant vector both in magnitude and direction.
16. Law of polygon: This law states that if a vector polygon be drawn, placing the tail-end of each succeeding
vector at the head or arrow – end of the preceding one, their resultant is drawn from the tail end of the first to
the head – arrow – end of the last.
 
17. Scalar or dot product: It is defined as the product of the magnitudes of the two vectors A and B and the
cosine of their included angle.

18. Cross product or vector product: It is defined as a vector R whose magnitude is equal to the product of the
 
magnitudes of the two vectors P and Q and the sine of their included angle and direction is perpendicular to
 
the plane containing P and Q .
19. Operator: The mathematical symbol or index by which one quantity can be transformed into another quantity
or can explain a variable quantity, then it is called an operator.
20. Divergence: In three dimensional space, if the appropriate vector function of a point is

V ( x, y, z )  v ( x, y, z )iˆ  v ( x, y, z ) ˆj  v ( x, y, z )kˆ , then the scalar product of the operator  with V is called
1 2 3

divergence of that vector field.

21. Curl: In three dimensional space, if the appropriate vector function of a point is

V ( x, y, z )  v ( x, y, z )iˆ  v ( x, y, z ) ˆj  v ( x, y, z )kˆ , then a vector along the rotational axis is obtained by the
1 2 3

cross product of the operator  and V. This type of product is called curl.

 Comprehensive base questions:

1. How can you calculate a unit vector?
Ans; Unit Vector: The vector whose magnitude is one or unit is called unit vector. It is denoted by putting

cap (^) sing upon the vector. So we can write a unit vector a for the vector A .
If the magnitude of a vector is not zero, then by dividing the vector by its magnitude a unit vector is found in
the direction of the vector.


Let A is a vector whose magnitude is A  o  The unit vector along A  a  A



A
Unit vector along the vector = Vector/ magnitude of the vector.
2. A reciprocal vector is a collinear- explain.
Ans: If two vectors acting in the same direction has value reciprocal to each other, then 1hese vectors arc
called reciprocal vectors of each other.

⃗ = 1 𝑎̂, then 𝐴 & 𝐵

For example. If, 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑎 & 𝐵 ⃗ are reciprocal vectors. As reciprocal vectors act in the same
𝐴
direction they're also co-linear vectors.
16
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
3. Which quantity doesn’t need unit?
Ans: For measurement any quantity it's need to take a part of that quantity and comparing with this standard
we can determine the quantity of that kind. This standard part is called unit of this. So it is needed every
quantity to measurement.
4. Explain the addition law of parallelogram.
Ans: Law of parallelogram:
If two adjacent sides of a parallelogram are represented by the two similar vectors in magnitude and direction
on a particle at a time, then the diagonal of the parallelogram drawn from that point will represent the
magnitude and direction of the resultant of two vectors.
   
Suppose, two vectors OA  P and OC  Q are acting at the same time at point O of a particle at an angle  .
By taking OA and OC as two adjacent sides let us draw a parallelogram OABC and connect OB.
 
Now, according to the parallelogram law, the diagonal OB drawn from the tail-points of P& Q represents the
resultant vector R . C B

   R
OA OC  OB
  
P Q  R
O N
A
B

5. Two vector quantities acting at the same time at a point at the same time. Show maximum resultant of
them is sum of the two vectors and minimum is the subtraction of them.
 
Ans: If two vectors P& Q act a point at a angle, then their resultant is
R2  P2  Q2  2PQ cos  …… ………….(1)
From eq. (1) it is seen that R will be maximum, when cos  is maximum and R will be minimum, cos  is
minimum. Thus, the resultant becomes maximum, when the angle between the vectors is 00 or the vectors act
in the same direction.
R2  P2  Q2  2PQ cos 00  P 2  Q 2  2PQ  ( P  Q) 2
 Rmax  P  Q

Again, when   180 then the resultant becomes minimum.

0

R 2  P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos 1800  P 2  Q 2  2PQ  (1)  P 2  Q 2  2PQ  ( P  Q) 2

 Rmax  P  Q
Therefore, the maximum value of two vectors is their sum and the minimum value is their subtraction.
(Proved)
6. Explain- the addition law of triangle.
Ans; Law of triangle:
If two similar vectors acting at a point can be represented by two consecutive sides of a triangle taken in
order. Then the third side will give the resultant vector in the reverse order.
  
Explanation: let us consider two vectors P & 
Q are acting along the sides AB  P and
 
BC  Q in the same order of the triangle ABC , as show in according to law of triangle-
     
AC  AB  BC or. R  P Q

17
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
   
Again, AB  BC  AC   CA
  
or. AB  BC  CA  0
The result may be stated in the following ray. It three vectors acting simultaneously at a point be represented
by the three sides of a triangle, taken in order, the vectors will remain in equilibrium. This is an alternative
form of triangle law.
7. It is easier to pull a lawn roller than to push- Explain.
Ans: Lawn Roller: When a body moves on a plane, a frictional force acts between the plane and the body.
This frictional force is directly proportional to the weight of the body and it retards the motion of the body.
When an object moves over a plane then friction force obstructs it. The more force the object applies, the
more the friction force will be. A lawn roller is moved by pulling or pushing. Lawn roller pushing and pulling
are shown in figures (a) and (b) respectively.

Let, force 𝐹 applied on 1he lawn roller at 𝜃 angle with the horizontal. According to the law or vector
resolution, component 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 of force 𝐹 will act along with the horizontal to more the lawn roller and the
other component 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 will act along with the vertical. In case of pushing (Figure-a), since both weight W
and 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 act downwards so the total force on the plane is W + 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. But in case of pulling (Figure-b),
weight W acts downwards and Fsin𝜃 acts upwards so total force on the plane is W - 𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃. So, since the total
force is less in case of pulling than the total force in case of pushing, friction force is less in case of pulling
than in case of pushing. That is why, pulling a lawn roller is easier than pushing it.
8. Handle of a trolley bag becomes long. Explain it.
Ans: When trolley bag is pulled, the force (F) is resolved into two components; one along horizontal 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
and another vertical (𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) acts along vertical which decreases the weight of the trolley bag, and 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
helps to move the trolley bag forward. If the length of handle is long, the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 will be less. For this
reason, the length of handle of trolley bay is kept long.
9. Explain the scalar product.
Ans: Scalar product or dot product:
The multiplication of two vectors by which a scalar quantity is obtained is called scalar product. The product
of the magnitude of two vectors and the cosine of the smaller angle between them is called the scalar product
or dot product.
 
Explanation: Let A and B are two vectors and angle between them is  . The product is represented by the
   
symbol A . B ( pronounced A dot B ). So that according to the definition of scalar product.
   
A . B  A B cos   AB cos 

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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
  
But B cos  is the horizontal component of B vector. B cos  is the component of B along A or projection of
 
B [ 0    180 ] in the direction of A .
10. Explain the vector product.
Ans: Vector product or Cross product:
The multiplication of two vectors by which a vector quantity is obtained is called vector multiplication. The
product of the magnitude of two vectors and the sine of the smaller angle between them is called the
magnitude of vector product.
   
Explanation: Let A and B are two vectors acting at O marking an angle  . The vector product = A B
 
(Pronounced as A cross B ). Then according to the definition we get-
 
A B  AB sin 
 
A B  AB sin   AB sin 

   
 is a unit vector. The direction of the resultant vector or  is normal to the plane of the vectors A and B .


The right-handed screw when rotated anticlockwise, the direction in which it moves, the direction of  or
resultant vector of vector product.
11. How birds fly?
Ans:

Birds exert ⃗⃗⃗

𝐹1 force on air & according to 3rd law of motion, R air also exerts a force ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
−𝐹 reacting force on
birds wings. Similar things happen on another wing. Resultant of these two force is 𝑅⃗ by which birds go
ahead.
12. Why docs a man feel less weight while getting down with uniform acceleration through a lift? Explain.
Ans:

If weight of the lift is W = mg & reciting force is R, then in case of moving down ward at a acceleration, W-R
= ma
:. 𝑅 = 𝑤 − 𝑚𝑎 Or, 𝑅 = 𝑚(𝑔 − 𝑎) < 𝑚𝑔.
So, the reacting force is less than its weight. That's why a man feels himself lightweight while getting down
with uniform acceleration.
13. Explain why a heavy object is pulled at a lesser angle?

Ans:

19
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
A heavy body is pulled by a force F with the horizontal at an angle 𝜃. The horizontal component of force F is
F 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. We know, as small as 𝜃, the value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 is large.
So. a heavy body is pulled with very little/small angle with the horizontal.
14. Walking on our legs how it can be explained with vector resolution?

Ans: When we walk, the back foot exert force (𝐹 ) obliquely on the ground. This is action. The ground exerts
an equal and opposite force on foot (𝑅⃗ ). This is reaction force. The vertical component (R sin𝜃) balances the
weight and the horizontal component (R cos𝜃).

15. Can the resultant of two unequal but similar vectors be either zero or not? Explain.

Ans: The resultant of two unequal like vectors cannot be zero. If the magnitude of two vectors is equal and
their direction is opposite, the resultant will he zero.
Example: 𝐴 + (−𝐴) = 0
So, the sum of two unequal but lie vectors can never be zero.

16. Write the distinction between scalar quantity and vector quantity.
Ans: Distinction between scalar quantity and vector quantity:
Scalar quantity Vector quantity
01. The physical quantity which has 01. The physical quantity which have
magnitude only is called scalar quantity. magnitude and direction both is called
vector quantity.
02. A scalar quantity is changed only when 02.A vector quantity is changed , when its
its magnitude is changed. magnitude is changed, or direction is
changed or both magnitude and direction
are changed.
03. Addition, subtraction, multiplication is 03.Vector algebra is used for vector
carried out by simple algebraic rules. addition, subtraction and
multiplication.
04. The product of two scalar is zero only 04.The product of two vectors may be zero,
when the value of one of them or both is even if none of them is zero.
zero.
05. For examples: mass, time , work etc. 05.For examples: Displacement,
Acceleration, force etc.

20
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
17. Write the distinction between scalar product and vector product.
Ans: Distinction between scalar product and vector product:
Scalar product Vector product
01. The multiplication of two vectors by 01. The multiplication of two vectors by
which a scalar quantity produced is called which a vector quantity produced is called
scalar product. vector product.
02. The magnitude of the scalar product is 02.The magnitude of the vector product is
equal to the product of their magnitude and equal to the product of their magnitudes and
cosine of the angle between them. sine of the angle between them.
03. The scalar product obeys the 03.The vector product does not obey the
commutative law of multiplication. commutative law of multiplication.
04. Scalar product of two mutually 04.Vector product of two parallel vectors is
perpendicular vector is zero. zero.

18. Write down the properties of gradient.

Ans: Properties of gradient:
01. Gradient of a scalar quantity is a vector quantity.
02. The magnitude of the vector quantity is equal to the maximum rate of increase of the scalar quantity.
03. The change of scalar quantity is not only depends on co-ordinates of points, but it also depends on the
direction.
19. Write down the properties of divergence.
Ans: Properties of divergence:
01. If magnitude is positive, the volume of liquid will increase and density will decrease.
02. If the magnitude is negative, the volume of liquid will decrease and density will increase.
  
03.  .V or div. V means the rate of change of density.

20. Write down the properties of curl.

Ans: Properties of curl:
01. Curl is a vector quantity.
02. Direction of curl will be along the perpendicular drawn on the field.
03. The magnitude of the vector obtained by curl is doubled of the angular velocity.
     
If v   r , then  v  2  The gradient of curl of a vector

21. Why the addition and subtraction of vector quantity does not follow in general algebraic process?
Ans: The addition and subtraction of scalar quantity is calculated in general algebraic process. Example:
4Kg  3kg  7 Kg , 10s  4s  6s, cause scalar quantity has only magnitude but no direction. But vector quantity has
magnitude and direction both. Resultant vector is depended two equal vectors and the magnitude of resultant
may be its addition or subtraction. The addition and subtraction is depending to the angle between two equal
vectors. So that the addition and subtraction of scalar quantity do not follow the general algebraic process.
22. When the resultant of three vectors be zero? Explain.
Ans: The resultant will be zero if three equal and coplanar vectors is act at a same time in a fixed point in
three sides of a triangle.

21
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
23. When is the work done by restoring force negative? Explain.
Ans: When a body is displaced n opposite direction of the applied force, the work done is called negative
work. To elongate an elastic body against applied force inside body involved force is called restoring force.
Whatever be the elongation or compression this force always acts opposite to the direction to the
displacement. So, the work done by restoring force is negative.
24. Resultant of two unlike vectors is zero - Explain.
Ans: The resultant of two unlike vector can not be zero. If two vectors P& Q act a point at angle  , then their
 

resultant is R 2  P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos  . If   1800 then R will be minimum.

R 2  P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos1800  P 2  Q 2  2PQ

R 2  ( P  Q) 2
  
or R  P Q .
  
So that if R  0 then P  Q . The resultant of two unlike vectors never be zero.
25. In which condition the resultant will be zero? Explain.
Ans: There are two conditions-
    
i. If the two vectors are null then the resultant will be zero. If P  0 and Q  0 ; then R  P  Q  0  0  0 .
ii. If the magnitude of two vectors is equal and it acts along the opposite direction to each other then the
      
resultant will be zero. If P  Q then R  P  Q  Q  Q  0 .
26. A position vector is a localized vector – explain.
Ans: We know, if a vector is restricted to pass through a specified point then it is called a localised vector.
Position vectors means when the position of a vector is uniquely specified with reference to the origin of a
reference frame. That vector is called position vector. The end point of a position vector always be fixed and
that it is the midpoint of a reference frame. So that it is also a localised vector.
27. Why there is no definite direction of null vector? Explain.
Ans: Null vector is a zero vector. The magnitude of null vector is zero so that it is impossible to determine the
direction of a null vector. So it’s considered that null vector has no definite direction.
28. Work is a scalar quantity – explain.
Ans: From the definition of work we know, when force is applied and displacement takes place then the

product of force and displacement is called work. So work = force  displacement . W = Fscos  F.s . Here force
and displacement are vector quantity. And the dot product of two vectors quantity is scalar quantity. So work
is scalar quantity.
29. What is the reason to fly a bird towards? Explain.
Ans: During flying, a bird passing the wind flow in the back. So that wind also applied reaction force in the
opposite direction by the two wings of the bird. A resultant force produced by the two reactions forces
applying by the bird. Due to the resultant force the bird goes forward.
30. The scalar product follows the commutative law – explain.
 
Ans: Suppose A and B are two vectors and the angle between of then is  .
 
A. B  AB cos  … ……(1)
 
and B . A  AB cos  …. …….(2)
   
From equation (1) and (2) we get- A. B  B . A .
So that the scalar product follow the commutative law.

22
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
31. The vector product does not follow the commutative law- explain.
 
Ans: Suppose A and B are two vectors and the angle between of then is  .
 
A B  ˆAB sin  ………..(1)
 
and B A  ˆAB sin  ……….(2)
   
Here ̂ is defined the direction and that is different in A B and B A .
   
So that it is impossible to write A B  B A .
So we can say vector product does not follow the commutative law.
32. Why iˆ  iˆ  0 but iˆ.iˆ  0 - explain.
Ans: iˆ is a unit vector in X-axis. Two iˆ vector is act parallel in the same line. So that the angle between iˆ
vector and iˆ vector is 00 .
iˆ  iˆ  ˆ (11 sin 00 )  0 [ sin 00  0] .
On the other hand iˆ.iˆ  (11 cos 00 )  1

 Solution of Mathematical Problems:

1. Two forces of magnitude 10N and 20N are acting at point making an angle 600 with each other.
Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
Solution: We Know, Here,
P = 10N
R  P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos  Q = 20N
or , R  (10) 2  (20) 2  2 10  20  cos 600   600
R=?
1  ?
or , R  100  400  400 
2
or , R  700  24.49
 R  26.45N
Q sin 
Again, we know, tan  
P  Q cos 
1
20 
20  sin 600 20  sin 600 10
or , tan     2 
10  20  cos 600 10  20  cos 600 3 27.32
10  (20  )
2
or, tan  0.366
or,  tan1 (0.366)  20.10
  20.10

2. Resultant is equal to each of the two equal forces. Find the angle between the forces.
Solution: We Know,
Here,
R 2  P 2  Q2  2PQ cos  P=Q=R
 ?
or, R 2  R 2  R 2  2R 2 cos 
23
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
or, R 2  2R 2  2R 2 cos 
or, R 2  2R 2  2R 2 cos 
or , R 2  2R 2 cos 
or ,2R 2 cos    R 2
1
or , cos   
2
1
or ,   cos 1 ( )  1200
2
  1200
3. A car is running with a velocity of 40Kmh1 towards east. The driver of the car saw a truck running with
40 3Kmh1 towards north. What is the real velocity of the truck and in which direction really the truck is
running?
Solution: We Know, Here,
R  P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos  P  40Kmh1
Q  40 3Kmh1
or , R  (40) 2  (40 3 ) 2  2  40  40 3  cos 900
  900
or, R  1600  4800  0 R =?
or , R  6400  80  ?

 R  80Kmh1
Q sin 
Again, we know, tan  
P  Q cos 
40 3  sin 900 40 3 1 40 3
or , tan   
40  40 3  cos 90 0
40  0 40
or, tan  1.732
or,  tan1 (1.732)  600
  600
Ans: 80Kmh1 ,600
4. A straight river of width 0.5Km flows at the rate of 3Kmh1 . A man can row his boat at the rate of 6Kmh1
in still water wishes to cross the river at right angle to the bank. In what direction must he rows his boat
and what will be the time required by the boat to cross the river?
Solution: we know,
Q sin 
tan   Here,
P  Q cos  Velocity of the current,
6  sin  P  3Kmh1
or , tan 900 
3  6  cos  Velocity of the boat,
1 6 sin  Q  6Kmh1
or , 
0 3  6 cos  Width of the river, d = 0.5Km
or ,3  6 cos   0
 ?
  900
or,6 cos   3 t=?

24
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
3 1
or , cos    
6 2
1
or ,  cos 1 ( )  120
2
  1200
d 0.5Km 0.5h 0.5  60 min
Again, we know, t      5 min
Q sin  6 Kmh  sin 90
1 0
6 1 6
t  5 min
0
Ans: 120 ,5 min
5. The velocity of current of a river is 3Kmh1 . A boatman rows his boat with 5Kmh1 to cross the river
vertically and he crossed the river diagonally. Find the resultant velocity. What will be the required time
to cross the river if the width of the river is1Km.
Solution: we know, Here,
1
Velocity of the current, P  3Kmh
Again, we know, R  P  Q  2PQ cos 
2 2
1
Velocity of the boat, Q  5Kmh
or , R  3  5  2  3  5  cos 90
2 2 0
Width of the river, d = 0.5Km
or , R  9  25  0   900
t =?
or , R  34  5.83
 R  5.83Kmh1
d 1Km 1h 60 min
Again, we know, t      12 min
Q sin  5Kmh  sin 90
1 0
5 1 5
t  5 min
1
Ans: 5.83Kmh ,12 min
6. A boat starts running with 5Kmh1 velocity in a river of width 5Km. The velocity of current is 10Kmh1 . (i).
At what angle the boat must be rowed to reach the opposite point of the bank of the river. (ii).What is
resultant velocity? (iii). What is the required time to reach the opposite bank. (iv). At what direction the
boat must be raw to reach the opposite bank in the short time? (v). What is minimum required time to
reach the opposite bank? (vi). If the boat rows at 600 angle then what will be the required time to reach
the opposite bank? Ans: (i) 1200 , (ii) 8.66Kmh1 , (iii) 34.64min. , (iv) 900 , (v) 30min. (vi) 34.64min
Solution: (i) We know, tan  Q sin  Here,
P  Q cos  Velocity of the current,
10  sin  P  5Kmh1
or , tan 900 
5  10  cos  Velocity of the boat,
1 10 sin  Q  10Kmh1
or , 
0 5  10 cos  Width of the river, d = 5Km
or,5  10 cos   0   900
or,5 cos   10
5 1
or , cos    
10 2

25
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
1
or ,  cos 1 ( )  120
2
  1200

(ii). we know, R  P  Q  2PQ cos 

2 2

or , R  52  102  2  5 10  cos1200

1
or , R  25  100  100  ( )
2
or , R  125  50  75  8.86
 R  8.86Kmh1
d 5Km 5h 5  60 min
(iii). we know, t      34.64 min
Q sin  10 Kmh  sin 120
1 0
10  0.866 8.66
t  34.64 min
(iv). We know,
d
t
Q sin 
Now, t will be minimum if  is maximum, so
sin   1
sin   sin 900
  900
So that if the boat rowing with an angle of 900 then it will take less time to reach the another bank.

d 5Km 5h 5  60 min
(v). we know, t      30 min
Q sin  10 Kmh  sin 90
1 0
10 1 10
t  30 min
d 5Km 5h 5  60 min
(vi). we know, t      34.64 min
Q sin  10 Kmh  sin 60
1 0
10  0.866 8.66
t  34.64 min

7. The velocity of a sailing boat in favor of the current in a river is 18Kmh1 and against the current it is
6Kmh1 . In which direction the boat is to be driven in order to reach the other side of the river and what
will be the velocity of the boat? Ans: 1200 , 10.3Kmh1
Q sin 
Solution: we know, tan  Here,
P  Q cos  Let, the velocity of the current = P, and
12  sin  The velocity of sailing = Q
or , tan 900  1
6  12  cos  Here, P  Q  18Kmh …………(i)
1 12 sin  1
And Q  P  6Kmh …………....(ii)
or , 
0 6  12 cos  By adding equ. (i) and (ii) we get, 2Q  24Kmh
1

or,6  12 cos   0
 Q  12Kmh1
or,6 cos   12 By subtracting equ. (i) and (ii) we get,
26 2P  12Kmh1
 P  6Kmh1
0
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
6 1
or , cos    
12 2
1
or ,  cos 1 ( )  120
2
  1200
we know, R  P  Q  2PQ cos 
2 2

or , R  62  122  2  6 12  cos1200

1
or , R  36  144  144  ( )
2
or, R  180  72  108  10.39
 R  10.39Kmh1
8. A person can directly cross a river of width 100m in 4 minutes when there is no current. But it takes 5
minutes when there is current in the river. Find the velocity of the current. Ans: 15 m min
Solution: We Know,
Here,
R 2  P 2  Q2  2PQ cos  100
Resultant velocity, R  m min 1  25m min 1
or, (25)  P  (20)  2P  20  cos 90
2 2 2 0
4
100
or ,625  P 2  400  0 Velocity of the man, Q  m min 1  20m min 1
5
or , P 2  625  400 Velocity of current, P =?
or , P 2  225   900
 P  15m min 1
Ans: 15 m min
9. A man while running at velocity 4Kmh1 comes across rain falling vertically with velocity 6Kmh1 . At what
angle he will have to hold an umbrella to protect himself from rain?
Q sin  Here,
solution: we know, tan 
P  Q cos  Velocity of the man, P  4Kmh
1

1
6  sin 900 Velocity of the rain, Q  6Kmh
or , tan 
4  6  cos 90
0
Width of the river, d = 5Km
6 1 Angle,   90
0
or , tan  
40
6
or , tan 
4
6
or ,  tan 1 ( )
4
  56.300
10. Two particles passed a point with 12ms1 and 20ms1 velocity by making 1200 angle. After 4s what will be
the distance between the two particles? Ans: 112m
Here,
Solution: we know, R  P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos  velocity of the 1st particle,
P  12ms1
or , R  (12)  (20)  2 12  20  cos120
2 2 0
velocity of the 2nd particle,
Q  20ms1   1200
27
R?
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
1
or , R  144  400  480  ( )
2
or, R  544  240  784  28
Here,
 R  28ms1
R  v  12ms1
Again, we know, s  vt  28  4  112m t = 4s
Ans: 112m s=?
11. If two vectors 100N and 50N act with 30 0 angle then find scalar product and cross product.
 
Solution: We know, A. B  AB cos  Here,
  A  100 N
or , A. B  100  50  cos 300  4330.12
B  50 N
 
 A. B  4330.12   300
 
Again, we know, A B  AB sin 
 
or , A B  100  50  sin 300  2500 N
 
12. If A  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ then find the unit vector of A

Solution: Given, A  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ


A iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
Unit vector of A is aˆ  
   
A Ax  Ay  Az
2 2 2
12  22  (2) 2 1 4  4 9

iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ 1 ˆ
 aˆ   (i  2 ˆj  2kˆ)
3 3

13. If R  3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ then parallel unit vector.

Solution: Given, R  3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ


R 3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ 3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ 3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ
Parallel unit vector of R is rˆ  
  
R Ax  Ay  Az
2 2 2
32  (6) 2  22 9  36  4

3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ 3iˆ  6 ˆj  2kˆ 3 ˆ 6 ˆ 2 ˆ

 rˆ    i  j k
49 7 7 7 7
   
14. If A  10iˆ  12 ˆj  5kˆ , and B  7iˆ  8 ˆj  12kˆ then find the magnitude the resultant of vector A and B .
Ans: 18.8
  Here,
Solution: We know, resultant of vector A and B , 
   A  10iˆ  12 ˆj  5kˆ
R  A B  (10iˆ  12 ˆj  5kˆ)  (7iˆ  8 ˆj  12kˆ) 


B  7iˆ  8 ˆj  12kˆ
or , R  17iˆ  4 ˆj  7kˆ

28
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

Magnitude of resultant, R  Rx 2  Ry 2  Rz 2  (17)2  (4)2  (7)2  18.8

 
If A  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ , and B  3iˆ  2 ˆj  12kˆ . The vectors act perpendicularly at a point. Find the perpendicular
unit vector. Here,
  
Solution: We know, A B  ˆAB sin  A  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
  
or ,ˆAB sin 900  A B B  3iˆ  2 ˆj  12kˆ
    900
or ,ˆAB  1  A B
 
A B
ˆ  ..............(i)
AB
 
̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘
Now, A B = |1 2 −2|
3 2 12

 iˆ(24  4)  j (12  6)  kˆ(2  6)

 
 A B  26iˆ  18 ˆj  4kˆ

Again, A  Ax  Ay  Az  1  2  (2)  1  4  4  9  3
2 2 22 2 2

B  Bx  By  Bz  32  22  (12)2  9  4  144  157  12.52

2 2 2

Putting the value in equation (i) we get,

Here,
26iˆ  18 ˆj  4kˆ  
ˆ  A. B  3
3 12.52  
26iˆ  18 ˆj  4kˆ A B  3
ˆ   ?
37.58

15. The scalar product and vector product of two vectors are 3 unit and 3 respectively. Find the angle
between two vectors.
 
Solution: We know, A. B  AB cos 
or,3  AB cos  .............(i)
 
Again, we know, A B  AB sin 
or, 3  AB sin  ..........(ii )
Dividing equ. (ii) by equ. (i) we get –
3 AB sin 

3 AB cos 
3 sin 
or ,   tan 
3 3 cos 
29
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
1
or ,  tan 
3
1
or ,   tan 1 ( )  30
3
  300
Ans: 300
 
16. If A  4iˆ  6 ˆj  3kˆ , and B  2iˆ  5 ˆj  7kˆ then find the angle between the two vectors.
 
Solution: We know, A. B  AB cos  Here,

  A  4iˆ  6 ˆj  3kˆ
or , AB cos   A. B 
  B  2iˆ  5 ˆj  7kˆ
A. B  ?
  cos 1 ( )..............(i)
AB
 
Again we know, A. B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz
 
or , A. B  (4  2)  {6  (5)}  {(3)  7}
 
or , A. B  8  30  21
 
 A. B  43

Again we know, A  Ax  Ay  Az  4  6  (3)  16  36  9  61  7.81

2 2 2 22 2

B  Bx  By  Bz  22  (5) 2  7 2  4  25  49  78  8.83
2 2 2

Putting the value in equ. (i) we get –

 
A. B  43
  cos ( 1
)  cos 1 ( )  128.57 0
AB 7.81 8.83
  128.570
0
Ans: 128.57
 
ˆ ˆ
17. If force F  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4k ) N , and displacement, s  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4k )m then find the work done and the angle
between the two vectors. Here,
   
Solution: We know, W  F . s F  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ) N
  
or , F . s  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ).(2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ) s  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ)m
    
or , F . s  (2  2)  (3  3)  (4  4) W  F.s  ?
   ?
or , F . s  4  6  8
 
 F . s  18 J
 
Again We know, F . s  Fs cos 
 
or , Fs cos   F . s
30
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
 
or , Fx  Fy  Fz  sx  s y  sz cos   F . s
2 2 2 2 2 2

or, 22  32  42  22  22  42  cos   18
or , 4  9  16  4  9  16  cos   18
or, 29  29  cos   18
or , ( 29 )2  cos   18
or,29  cos   18
18
or ,   cos 1 ( )  51.630
29
  51.630
0
Ans: 51.63
 
18. If A  10iˆ  12 ˆj  5kˆ then the angle between vector A and X-axis.
 
Solution: We know, A. B  AB cos  Here,

 
A  10iˆ  12 ˆj  5kˆ
or , A iˆ  cos   A .iˆ



B  iˆ
A .iˆ  ?
  cos (  )..............(i )
1

A iˆ
 
Again we know, A. B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz

or , A.iˆ  (10 1)  {(12)  0}  (5  0)

 A.iˆ  10

Again we know, A  Ax  Ay  Az  (10)  (12)  (5)  100  144  25  293  17.11
2 2 22 2 2

iˆ  Bx  By  Bz  12  02  02  1  1
2 2 2

Putting the value in equ. (i) we get –


A .iˆ 10
  cos (  )  cos 1 (
1
)  54.230
17.11 1
A iˆ

  54.230
0
Ans: 54.23
 
19. If A  iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ , and B  6iˆ  8 ˆj  2kˆ then whether the two vectors are perpendicular or not?
 
Solution: We know, A. B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz Here,

  A  iˆ  2 ˆj  5kˆ
or , A. B  (1 6)  {(2)  8}  (5  2) 
B  6iˆ  8 ˆj  2kˆ
31
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
 
or , A. B  6  16  10
 
or , A. B  16  16  0
 
 A. B  0
 
Though the A. B  0 , so that these two vectors is perpendicular to each other.
 
20. If A  5iˆ  2 ˆj  3kˆ , and B  15iˆ  6 ˆj  9kˆ then whether the two vectors are parallel to each other or not?
Solution: We know,
  𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘 ̂
A B = | 5 2 −3|
15 6 −9
 i (18  18)  ˆj (45  45)  kˆ(30  30)
ˆ
 0iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ
 
 A B  0
 
Though A B  0 , So that these two vectors is parallel to each other.
 
21. If force, F  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ) N , and radius, r  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ)m then find the torque.
  
Solution: We know, Torque,   r  F Here,


 
̂
𝑘 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ F  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ) N
r  F = |2 3 4| 
r  (2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ)m
4 3 4
  
 iˆ(12  12)  ˆj (8  8)  kˆ(6  6) Torque,   r  F  ?
 0iˆ  0 ˆj  0kˆ
 
 r F  0
Ans: torque = 0 Nm
 
22. If A  2iˆ  mˆj  kˆ , and B  4iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ then for what value of m these two vectors will perpendicular to
each other?
   
Solution: If the scalar product of A and B or A . B  0 then these two vectors will perpendicular to each other.
 
We know, A. B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz Here,

or,0  (2  4)  {m  (2)}  {(1 (2)} A  2iˆ  mˆj  kˆ

or ,0  8  2m  2 B  4iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
or,0  6  2m
or,2m  6
6
or , m  3
2
m  3
For m = 3 these two vectors is perpendicular to each other.
32
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
 
23. If P  iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ , and Q  aiˆ  6 ˆj  10kˆ then for what value of ‘a’ these two vectors will parallel to each
other?
   
Solution: If the cross product of P and Q or P Q then these two vectors will parallel to each other.
Here,


  𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ ̂
𝑘 P  iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ
We know, P Q = |1 −3 5 | 
Q  aiˆ  6 ˆj  10kˆ
𝑎 6 −10

0  iˆ(30  30)  ˆj (10  5a)  kˆ(6  3a)

0  0iˆ  ˆj (10  5a)  kˆ(6  3a)
If the value of a vector is zero then the components of the vector will be zero.
Now, Again,
 10  5a  0 6  3a  0
or,5a  10 or,3a  6
10 6
or , a    2 or , a    2
5 3
a  2 a   2
So that for a  2 these two vectors will parallel to each other.
   
24. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ , and B  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ then find the normal projection of A on B .
 
 
A. B Here,
Solution: We know, Normal projection of A on B = 
B A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ
A B  Ay By  Az Bz 
 x x B  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
Bx  By  Bz
2 2 2

(2  6)  {3  (2)}  {1 (2)}


62  (2) 2  (2) 2
12  6  2

36  4  4
4

44
4
Ans:
44
   
25. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ , and B  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ then find the normal projection of B on A .
 
  A. B Here,
Solution: We know, Normal projection of B on A = 
A A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ
Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz 
 B  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
Ax  Ay  Az
2 2 2

33
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
(2  6)  {3  (2)}  {1 (2)}

22  32  12
12  6  2

4  6 1
4
 (Ans.)
11
   
26. If P  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , and Q  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ , find the unit vector parallel to the resultant vector of A and B .
 
Solution: We know, resultant of vector A and B , Here,

P  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
  
R  P Q  (2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ)  (iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ)


Q  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
or , R  3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ


Again, Magnitude of resultant, R  Rx 2  Ry 2  Rz 2  (3) 2  (1) 2  (2) 2  14


R 3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ 1
Parallel unit vector of R is rˆ  
  (3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ)
R 14 14

1
 rˆ  (3iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ)
14
 
27. If P  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , and Q  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ represent two adjacent sides of a triangle, find area of the triangle.
1  
Solution: We know, area of triangle,   P Q Here,
2 
  P  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ
We know, P Q  
2 1 1 Q  iˆ  ˆj  2kˆ
1 - 2
1
 iˆ(2  1)  ˆj (4  1)  kˆ(2  1)
 3iˆ  3 ˆj  3kˆ
 

Again, we know, P Q  3  (3)  (3)  9  9  9  27

2 2 2

1
Area of triangle  27 (Ans.)
2
 
28. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ , and B  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ represent two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then what will be
the area of the parallelogram?
 
Solution: We know, area of triangle,  A B Here,

A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  kˆ
We know,   
A B  2 3 1 B  6iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
34
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

6 - -
2 2ˆ
 iˆ(6  2)  ˆj (4  6)  k (4  18)
 4iˆ  10 ˆj  22kˆ
 

Again, we know, A B  (4)  (10)  (22)  16  100  484  600

2 2 2

Area of triangle  600 (Ans.)

 
29. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ , and B  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ represent two diagonals of a parallelogram, find the area of the
parallelogram.
 
Solution: We know, area of parallelogram,  A B Here,

A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ
We know,   
A B  2 3 5 B  iˆ  2 ˆj  2kˆ
1 - 2
2
 iˆ(6  10)  ˆj (4  1)  kˆ(4  3)
 16iˆ  3 ˆj  7kˆ
 

Again, we know, A B  (16)  (3)  (7)  256  9  59  314

2 2 2

Area of triangle  314 (Ans.)

       
30. For what value of the interim angle between vector A and B (i). A B  R ; (ii). A B  R ? Ans

    
Solution: Let, if the interim angle between A and B then A B  R .
We know, R  A  B  2 AB cos 
2 2 2

or, ( A  B) 2  A2  B 2  2 AB cos 
or, A2  B 2  2 AB  A2  B 2  2 AB cos 
or, A2  B 2  2 AB  A2  B 2  2 AB cos 
or ,2 AB  2 AB cos 
2 AB
or , cos   1
2 AB
or,  cos 1 (1)
  00
    

Again, let, for interim angle between A and B then A B  R

We know, R  A  B  2 AB cos 
2 2 2

 2
or , A B  A2  B 2  2 AB cos 

35
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
or, A2  B 2  A2  B 2  2 AB cos 
or, A2  B 2  A2  B 2  2 AB cos 
or,0  2 AB cos 
or , cos   0
or,   cos 00
  900
0 0
Ans: 0 ,90
  
31. If A  2iˆ  ˆj  kˆ , B  3iˆ  2 ˆj  4kˆ and C  iˆ  3 ˆj  5kˆ then prove that, these three vectors are in same plane.

  
32. If A  2iˆ  3 ˆj  4kˆ , B  4 ˆj and C  5 ˆj  mkˆ , for what value of m the volume of a parallelogram will be 24
unit? Ans: 3
 
33. If A  iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ , find unit vector which is parallel with xy plane and perpendicular with vector A . Ans:
2iˆ  ˆj
( )
5
 
34. If A  3x 2 ziˆ  xyz 2 ˆj  x3 y 2 zkˆ , then find divergence of the vector A at point (1, -1, 1).

35. If A  5 y 2 ziˆ  2 xz 2 ˆj  x3 ykˆ , prove that the vector is solenoid.
36.   2 y 2 ziˆ  2 xz 2 ˆj  x3 ykˆ , find gradient of the  at point (2, -1, 2)
 
37. If V  6 xyiˆ  x 2 zˆj  x3 y 2 zkˆ , then find curl of the vector V at point (1, -1, 1).
 
38. If F  x 2 yiˆ  xyzˆj  x 2 y 2kˆ , prove that the vector field F is conserved or irrotational.

 Answer to the Creative Questions:

Answer to the question no. 1(c):

Here,
Solution: The total force along the north direction,
The applied force along the north direction, FN = 8N
= 𝐹́ N — Fs
The applied force along, the south direction, Fs = 2N
= (8 - 2)N = 6N
The applied force along the east direction, FE = 8N
∴ The net force acting on the object,
2
F =√𝐹𝑁́ + 𝐹
𝐸
2
= √6 + 8 N2

= 10N (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 1(d):

𝐹 10
Solution: We know, Acceleration, 𝑎 = 𝑀 = 10 𝑚𝑠 −2 Here,
The mass of the object, m = 10 kg
From 'C' we get,
36 Net force, F = 10N
 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
𝐹́𝑁
The angel between F and east direction 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝐹𝑁
6
or, 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (8) = 36.87°
The result is matched with fig-2, so the validity of fig-2 in the stem is justified.
Answer to the question no. 2(c):

Here,
𝐵 ≡ (3, −2, 4)
Solution: We know,
𝐶 ≡ (1, −3, 5)
Distance, s=BC=√(3 − 1)2 + (−2 + 3)2 + (4 − 5)2 Time, 𝑡 = 2𝑠
= √4 + 1 + 1
= √6 m
𝑠 √6
∴ Velocity, 𝑣 = 𝑡 = 𝑚. 𝑠 −1
2
Answer to the question no. 2(d):
Solution: We know,
Here,
î ĵ k̂ ⃗A = 2î + ĵ − k̂
⃗A × ⃗B = |2 1 −1|
⃗B = 3î − 2ĵ + 4k̂
3 −2 4
⃗ = î − 3ĵ + 5k̂
C
= î(4 − 2) + ĵ(−3 − 8) + k̂(−4 − 3)
= î − 11ĵ + 7k̂
∴ (A⃗ ×B ⃗ = î − 11ĵ + 7k̂ . (î − 3ĵ + 5k̂)
⃗ ). C
= 2 + 33 − 35
=0
⃗ ×B
Since(A ⃗ = 0, So according to condition, Position vector of point A, B and C will be in same plane.
⃗ ). C
Answer to the question no. 3(c):
Solution: We know,
Here,
î ĵ k̂
⃗P × ⃗Q
⃗ = |1 −2 −1| The vector indicated, by 𝑂𝐴, 𝑃⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂
The vector indicated, by 𝑂𝐵, 𝑄⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
2 −3 2
= î 4 − 3) − ĵ(2 − 2) + k̂(−3 + 4)
(
= 7î − 4ĵ + k̂
|P⃗ × ⃗Q
⃗ | = √(−7)2 + (−4)2 + (1)2 = √66
1
⃗ | = 1 × √66 sq. Unit = 4.02 sq. Unit (Ans.)
⃗ × ⃗Q
∴ Area of ∆𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 2 × |P 2
Answer to the question no. 3(d):
Solution: From ‘c’ we get,
⃗ × ⃗Q
|P ⃗ | = √66
Or, 𝑃𝑄𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √66
Or, √12 + (−2)2 + (−1)2 × √22 + (−3)2 + (−2)2 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = √66
∴ 𝜃 = 53.55°
∴ The angle between OA and OB 𝜃 = 53.55°

∴ 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a rectangle,
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Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
:. ∠𝐴𝑂𝐶 = 90°
:. 𝜃1 = 90° − 𝜃
= 90° − 53.55°
= 36.45°

Again,
∆𝐴𝑂𝐶 and ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵 1s all in all
Therefore ∠AOB = ∠OAC
:. 𝜃2 = 𝜃
:. 𝜃2 = 53.55°
Therefore 𝜃2 > 𝜃1
That is to say 𝜃2 , is greater than𝜃1 .
Answer to the question no. 4(c):
Solution: We know,
⃗|=𝐴=5
Here, |A
⃗ | = 𝐶 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵 2 + 2𝐴𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋−∝):
|C
⃗|=𝐵=6
|B
= √52 + 62 + 2 × 5 × 6𝑐𝑜𝑠(180° − 150°)
Angle between A⃗ & B,
⃗⃗⃗ ∝= 90° + 60° = 150°
= √25 + 36 + 60𝑐𝑜𝑠 30°
⃗ | = 𝐶 =?
|C
= 10.63
Answer to the question no. 4(d):
⃗ | cos 60° = 5 × 1 = 5
⃗ along with X-axis, 𝐴𝑥 = |A
Solution: The component of A 2 2
The component of ⃗B, 𝐵𝑥 = |B
⃗ |cos(−90°) = 0
The component of ⃗B, 𝐴𝑦 = |B
⃗ |sin (−90°) = −6
⃗ = 5 𝑖̂ + 5√3 𝑗̂
∴ A 2 2
⃗B = −6𝑗̂
⃗ = (5 𝑖̂ + 5√3 𝑗̂) − 6𝑗̂ = 5 𝑖̂ (5√3 − 6) 𝑗̂
⃗ +B
∴ A 2 2 2 2
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
∴ ⃗A × ⃗B = | 5 5√3 ̂
0| = −15𝑘
2 2
0 −6 0
⃗ ×B
∴ (A ⃗ +B
⃗ ). (A ⃗)
5 5√3
= −15𝑘̂ [2 𝑖̂ ( − 6) 𝑗̂]
2
=0
⃗ × ⃗B) is normal to(A
Therefore (A ⃗ + ⃗B).
Answer to the question no. 5(c):
Solution: We know,
𝑣𝑟 = √𝑢2 + 𝑣 2 + 2𝑢𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋−∝)
= √(6)2 + (4)2 + 264𝑐𝑜𝑠90°
= √36 + 16 = √52 = 7.21 𝑘𝑚. ℎ−1

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Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋−∝) 4𝑠𝑖𝑛90°
Again, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, = =
𝑢+𝑣 cos(𝜋−∝) 6+4𝑐𝑜𝑠90°
4
= 6 = 0.666667
𝜃 = 33.69°

The comparative velocity of rain dependent on the person 𝑣1 = 7.21𝑘𝑚ℎ−1and this velocity creates 33.69° angle
vertically. (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 5(d):
Solution:
Let, the person walking should hold the umbrella
with 𝜃1 angle vertically and the person who moving
by cycle should 𝜃2 angle vertically.
𝑣 sin(𝜋−∝) 4𝑠𝑖𝑛90°
We know,𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃2 = 𝑢+𝑣1 =
1 cos(𝜋−∝) 6+4𝑐𝑜𝑠90°
4
= 6 = 0.666667
∴ 𝜃1 = 33.69°
𝑣 sin(𝜋−∝) 4𝑠𝑖𝑛90° 8
Again, 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃2 = 𝑢+𝑣2 = = 6 = 1.333333
2 cos(𝜋−∝) 6+8𝑐𝑜𝑠90°
∴ 𝜃2 = 53.13°
So, the angle of umbrella between this two persons are not same.
Answer to the question no. 6(c):
Solution: We know,
Here,
𝑃⃗ = 𝑚𝑣 = 2𝑘𝑔 × (2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)𝑚𝑠 −1 = (4𝑖̂ − 8𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ )𝑚𝑠 −1 Mass of the object 𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑔
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 𝑟 = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑘̂)𝑚
⃗ = 𝑟 × 𝑃⃗ = |1 −2 2| = 𝑖̂(−8 + 16) − 𝑗̂(4 − 8) + 𝑘̂(−8 + 8)
𝐿
4 −8 4 𝑣 = (2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)𝑚𝑠 −1
= (8𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂)𝑘𝑔𝑚2 𝑠 −1 (Ans.) Magnitude of angular momentum,
𝐿 =?

Answer to the question no. 6(d):

Solution: When 𝑟 or 𝑣 are parallel to each other, Here,
𝑟 × 𝑣 =0 Mass of the object 𝑚 = 2𝑘𝑔
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ 𝑟 = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑘̂)𝑚
|1 −2 𝑏 | = 0
𝑣 = (2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂)𝑚𝑠 −1
2 −4 4
or, (−4 + 4𝑏)𝑖̂ + (2𝑏 − 2)𝑗̂ + (−4 + 4)𝑘̂ = 0
or, (−4 + 4𝑏)𝑖̂ + (2𝑏 − 2)𝑗̂ = 0
Now equation the coefficient of 𝑖̂ and 𝑗̂ we get, −4 + 4𝑏 = 0 or, 𝑏 = 1
and 2𝑏 − 2 = 0 or, 𝑏 = 1
∴ when 𝑟 or 𝑣 are parallel to each other 𝑏 = 1
Again of 𝑟 is normal to 𝑣 then, 𝑟 . 𝑣 = 0
𝑜𝑟, (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑏𝑘̂). (2𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂) = 0
or, 2 + 8 + 2𝑏 = 0

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Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
or, 2𝑏 = −10
∴ 𝑏 = −5
Therefore, if 𝑟 and 𝑣 are normal to each other, then 𝑏 = −5.
So, the difference between the two values of 𝑏 = 1 − (−5) = 6

Answer to the question no. 7(c):

Solution: We know,
𝐴𝐵 = (1 − 1)𝑖̂ + (1 − 0)𝑗̂ + (0 + 1)𝑘̂ = 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ Here,
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ The coordinates of the point 𝐴 ( 1. 0, − 1 )
A unit vector parallel to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 vector, 𝑛̂ = |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
The coordinates of the point 𝐵 (1, 1, 0)
̂
𝑗̂ + 𝑘
=
√(1)2 +(1)2
1 1
= 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ (Ans.)
√2 √2
Answer to the question no. 7(d):
Solution: We know, Here,
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑖̂ − 𝑘̂
The position vector of the point 𝐴, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ The coordinates of the point 𝐴 ( 1. 0, − 1 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂
The position vector of the point 𝐵, 𝑂𝐵 The coordinates of the point 𝐵 (1, 1, 0)
∴ The vertical projection of ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2
𝑂𝐴 on the X-axis =|𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |.𝑖̂
|𝑂𝐴 ̂ ).𝑖̂
(𝑖̂−𝑘
= |𝑖̂|
= =1
1
So, the vertical projection of the position vector A and B with X-axis is same and it is 1.
Answer to the question no. 8(c):
Solution: Since the unit vector with X-axis is 𝑖̂, so the angle Here,
with 𝑖̂ and x-axis is same. the coordinates of point N is (1, -2, 3)
The included angle between 𝐶 and x-axis is, Position vector of N is, 𝐶 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
𝑐 .𝑖̂ ̂ ).𝑖̂
(𝑖̂−2𝑗̂ +3𝑘 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = = = 0.267
𝑐 √1+4+9 √14
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (0.267) = 74.5° (Ans.)

Answer to the question no. 8(d):

Solution: We know,
Here,
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂ ⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
𝐷⃗ =𝐵 ⃗ × 𝐶 = |1 1 −2| 𝐵
1 −2 3 𝐶 = 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
= (3 − 4)𝑖̂ + (−2 − 3)𝑗̂ + (−2 − 1)𝑘̂ = −𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ − 3)𝑘̂ 𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗ × 𝐶 ) = 0 the resultant of 𝐵
Since 𝐴. (𝐵 ⃗ and 𝐶 will not lie on the same plane of 𝐴 but lies on the perpendicular
plane.
Answer to the question no. 9(c):
Solution: We know,
𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑃+𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛 120°
or, 𝑡𝑎𝑛90° = 𝑃+𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠 120°
or, 𝑃 + 𝑄 cos 120°=0
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Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
−9
or, 𝑄 =
−0.5
∴ 𝑄 = 18 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 9(d):
Solution: Angle between the velocity of cured current and 2nd boat.
Let, it needed t time to miss the river for 1st boat and 𝑡́ Here,
time for 2nd boat. Width of the river 𝑑 = 31 𝑘𝑚
𝑑 31
∴ 𝑡 = 𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 18 𝑠𝑖𝑛 120° = 1.988 ℎ Velocity of the current 𝑄 = 18𝑘𝑚. ℎ−1
𝑑 31 Angle between current and boat 𝛼 = 120°
∴ 𝑡́ = 𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼́ = 18 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90° = 1.722 ℎ
Angle between current and 1st boat, 𝑎́ = 90°
By the mathematical analysis 𝑡 < 𝑡 ́

So, the boats can't reach the opposite side of the river at the same time. 2nd boat reach deform the 1st boat.
Answer to the question no. 10(c):
Solution: We know,

Here,
A  A  Ax  Ay  Az 2 2
= √(2) + (2) + (−1) = 3 2
2 2 2
𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂

⃗ = 6𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
𝐵
Again, B  B  Bx  By  Bz = √(6)2 + (−3)2 + (2)2 =7
2 2 2

 
Again, A. B  Ax Bx  Ay By  Az Bz = 12 − 6 − 2 = 4
Now, We know,
⃗
𝐴 .𝐵 4 4
or, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = = 3×7 = 21
𝐴𝐵
−1 4
or, 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (21)
∴ 𝛼 = 79.02°
∴ The angle between 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗ , 𝛼 = 79.02° (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 10(d):
⃗ on 𝐴 will be 1 th.
Solution: If the angle, 𝛼 changes to 𝛼́ , normal projection of 𝐵 4
From, ‘C’ , 𝛼 = 79.02° Here,
⃗
𝐴 .𝐵 4
⃗ on 𝐴 is, 𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 =
∴ Projection of 𝐵 =3 From ‘c’
𝐴
4 1 4 1 ⃗ =4
𝐴. 𝐵
⃗ on 𝐴 =
∴ 3 th projection of 𝐵 ×3=3
4 A=3
Now,
1
𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 3
1
or, 7𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼́ = 3
1
or, 𝛼́ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (21)
∴ 𝛼́ = 87.27°
⃗ on 𝐴 will be 1 of 1st one.
∴ If the angel will 87.27° then the projection of 𝐵 4
∴ Change value of 𝛼 = 87.27° − 79.02° = 8.25°

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 Md. Ashraful Islam
Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
⃗ on 𝐴 will be 1 of 1st.
Therefore, if 𝛼 is increased by 8.25°, the projection of 𝐵
4
Answer to the question no. 11(c):
Solution: We know, Here,
𝑅 = √𝑃2 + 𝑄 2 + 2𝑃𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 Reaction force along OA, P=5N
= √(5)2 + (5)2 + 2(5)(5) cos 60° Reaction force along OB. Q=SN
1 Angle between OA and OB. 𝛼 = 60°
= √25 + 25 + 50 × 2 Resultant reaction force along OC, R =?
= √75
∴ 𝑅 = 8.66𝑁 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 11(d):
Solution: Let, the bird will fly making an angle 𝜃 with OA. Here,
√3
𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 5× 4.33 Thrust along AO = 10 N
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑃+𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 2
1 = = 0.346
10+5× 12.5 ∴ Reaction force along OA, P = 10 N
2
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (0.346) = 19.10° Similarly reaction force along OB, Q = 5N
Angle between OA and OB, 𝛼 = 60°

Angle between the earlier (east) direction and present direction of the bird = 30° − 19.10° = 10.9°
Therefore, the bird will fly along north-cast direction at angle = 10.9° with the original (east) direction of the bird.
Answer to the question no. 12(c):
Solution: We know, Here,
∴ Horizontal component = 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 20 𝑐𝑜𝑠 45 ° Angle with horizontal, 𝜃= 45°
20
= 𝑁 = 10√2𝑁 (Ans.) Applied force, F = 20 N
√2
= 20 × 0.7071𝑁 = 14.142 𝑁 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 12(d):
Solution: From the figure it is clear that,
𝜃1 > 𝜃2
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 > 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2
∴ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 > 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2
∴ Kha person can easily two that boat.
Answer to the question no. 13(c):
Solution:
𝑣𝑏 = (3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂)𝑚. 𝑠 −1
Velocity of the boat ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐 = 2𝑖̂ 𝑚𝑠 −1 𝜂̂ =?
And velocity of the current ⃗⃗⃗
We know the unit vector will be normal to that river level in which ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑏 and ⃗⃗⃗
𝑣𝑐 is valid.
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑣 ×𝑣 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∴ 𝜂̂ = |𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑐×𝑣⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑏|
𝑐 𝑏

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑣𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ 𝑣𝑏 = |2 0 0|
3 3 0
= 𝑖̂(0 − 0) − 𝑗̂(0 − 0) + 𝑘̂(6 − 0)
= 6𝑘̂

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Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
|𝑣 𝑣𝑏 | = √(6)2 = 6
⃗⃗⃗𝑐 × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
̂
6𝑘
∴ 𝑛̂ = = 𝑘̂ (Ans.)
6
Answer to the question no. 13(d):
1st
Solution: For step:
𝑣𝑏 = (3𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂)𝑚𝑠 −1
Velocity of boat ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∴ Speed of the boat = √32 + 32 = 3√2 𝑚𝑠 −1 and
The component Velocity of boat along to 𝐴𝐵 𝑣𝑏𝑦 = 3 𝑚𝑠 −1
Width of the river 𝑡1 𝑑 = 2.5 𝑘𝑚 = 2.5 × 103 𝑚
For the 1st step:
𝑑 2.5×103 𝑚
Time to reach the another side = 𝑣 = = 833.33 𝑠𝑒𝑐.
𝑏𝑦 3 𝑚𝑠 −1
For 2nd step:
𝑣𝑏 = 3√2𝑗̂ 𝑚𝑠 −1
Velocity of the boat ⃗⃗⃗⃗
The component velocity of boat along to AB 𝑣𝑏𝑦 = 3√2𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑑 2.5×103 𝑚
:. For 2nd step, time to reach the another side 𝑡2 = 𝑣 = = 589.26 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑏𝑦 3 𝑚𝑠 −1
So, 𝑡2 < 𝑡1
So, for the 2nd step, boat will reach at first on the other side.
Answer to the question no. 14(c):
Solution:
Here,
from the figure we get,
𝑢 Velocity of rain, 𝑣 = 6 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑣 Angle between umbrella and vertical,
Or, 𝑢 = 𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝜃 = 33.8°
= 6 × tan 33.8° Velocity of the man walking, u = ?
= 4 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 14(d):
Solution:
Here,
From figure, we get,
𝑢́
Angle between the man running by bicycle
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃́ = and vertical,𝜃′ = 53.06°
𝑣
Or, 𝑢́ = 𝑣 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃́ Velocity of rain, 𝑣 = 6𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
= 6 × tan 53.06° Velocity of the man running by bicycle, u'=?
= 7.98 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
From (c), the velocity of the man walking is 𝑢 = 4 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1. Since the velocities of the two men are not
same, placing of the umbrellas is at different angles.
Answer to the question no. 15(c):
Solution:
The coordinates of A (2, 3, 1)
The coordinate of B (4, 2, -3)
The connector vector of AB, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 =?
𝑂𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
Here, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
𝑂𝐵
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We know
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= (2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) − (4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂)
= (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
Therefore. Therefore, the value of connector vector 𝐴𝐵 = |𝐴𝐵
= √22 + (−1)2 + (−4)2
= √21 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 15(d):
Solution: Given,
𝐴𝐵 = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
𝑂𝐵
We know,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √22 + (−1)2 + (−4)2 = √21
|𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √22 + (3)2 + (1)2 = √14
|𝑂𝐴
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √42 + (2)2 + (−3)2 = √29
|𝑂𝐵
Again,
2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = (√29) = 29
|𝑂𝐵
2 2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐵
|𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = (√14) + (√21) = 35
2 2 2
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | ≠ |𝑂𝐴
That means, |𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | + |𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
Therefore, the triangle mentioned in the stem can't make right angle triangle.
Answer to the question no. 16(c):
Solution: similar to10(c) Ans: 𝜃1 = 24.87°
Answer to the question no. 16(d):
Solution: For ‘c’ we get 𝜃1 = 24.87°

⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) + (2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂) = 3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 7𝑘̂

Here 𝑃⃗ = 𝐴 + 𝐵
⃗ =𝐴−𝐵
and 𝑄 ⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂) − (2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂)
= 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ − 2𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 6𝑘̂
= −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
⃗
⃗ = 𝑃𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ⟹ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 = 𝑃⃗.𝑄
Now, 𝑃⃗. 𝑄 𝑃𝑄
⃗ = 3 × (−1) + (−4) × (2) + 7 × (−5) = −3 − 8 − 35 = −46
𝑃⃗. 𝑄
𝑃 = √32 + (−4)2 + 72 = √74
𝑄 = √(−1)2 + 22 + (−5)2 = √30
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−46
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 = = −9763
√74 ×√30
⟹ 𝜃2 > 𝜃1
∴ It can’t possible for 𝜃2 = 𝜃1
Answer to the question no. 17(c):
Solution: The value of determinable vector is equal to 𝑄⃗ , that means the value of this vector,
⃗ | = |7𝑖̂ + 24𝑗̂| = √72 + 242 = 25
|𝑄
𝑃 3𝑖̂+4𝑗̂ 3⃗ 4
The unit vector along with the 𝑃⃗, 𝜂̂ = |𝑃⃗| = √32 2 = 5 𝑖̂ + 3 𝑗̂
+4
3 4
⃗ |𝜂̂ = 25 ( 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂) = 15𝑖̂ + 20𝑗̂ (Ans.)
∴ Vector = |𝑄 5 5
Answer to the question no. 17(d):
1
Solution: Let, the mass of Rifat and Imran is 𝑚1 and 𝑚2 respectively they are 𝑚1 = 2 𝑚2
1 1 2 1 2
If their velocity respectively 𝑣1 and 𝑣2 then × 𝑚1 𝑣 = 𝑚2 𝑣
2 2 1 2 1
1 2 1 2
or, 2 𝑚1 𝑣 = 2 𝑚2 𝑣
1 2
11 2 2
or, 2 2 𝑚2 𝑣 = 𝑚2 𝑣
1 2
𝑣1
or, 𝑣2 = 2 …………………… (i)
1 2 1
Again, 2 𝑚1 𝑣 = 2 𝑚2 (𝑣2 + 1)2
1
1 1 2
or, 2 𝑚2 (𝑣2 + 1)2 = 4 𝑚2 𝑣
1
2
𝑣
2 1
or, (𝑣2 + 1) = 2
𝑣1
or, 𝑣2 + 1 = ……………… (ii)
√2
1 1
or, 𝑣1 ( − 2) = 1
√2
2−√2
or, 𝑣1 =1
2√2
2√2
or, 𝑣1 2−√2 = 4.83 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑣1
∴ The velocity of Rifat 4.83 𝑚𝑠 −1 and the initial velocity of Imran, 𝑣2 = 2
4.83 𝑚𝑠 −1
=
2
= 2.415 𝑚𝑠 −1
10
The velocity of rain, 𝑣 = 10 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 = 3.6 = 2.78 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑣1
To hold the umbrella at 𝜃1 angle vertically of Rifat, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃1 = 𝑣
𝑣 4.83
or, 𝜃1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑣1 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2.78) = 60°
𝑣2
To hold the umbrella at 𝜃2 angle vertically for Imran, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃2 = 𝑣
𝑣 2.415 𝑚𝑠−1
or, 𝜃2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑣2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 2.78 𝑚𝑠−1 ) = 41° (𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥)

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So, 𝜃1 ≠ 𝜃2 and 𝜃1 > 𝜃2 so, if they hold umbrellas at 60° angle of more then 60°, they can save from rain.
If they hold at 41° < 𝜃 < 60° then only Imran can save from rain. And if they hold at 𝜃 < 41°, then both
will wetting is the rain.
Answer to the question no. 18(c):
Solution:
If the included angle between 𝑃⃗ and 𝑄 ⃗ is 𝜃, then the projection of 𝑃⃗ along 𝑄
⃗ is 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Here, Vector, 𝑃⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and. 𝑄
⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗ = 𝑃𝑄 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
By the scalar product we get, 𝑃⃗. 𝑄
⃗
𝑃⃗ .𝑄
or, 𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑄
⃗ = 𝑃𝑥 𝑄𝑥 + 𝑃𝑦 𝑄𝑦 + 𝑃𝑧 𝑄𝑧
Now, 𝑃⃗. 𝑄
= 3 × 5 + (−4) × 2 + 2𝑥(−1)
= 15 − 8 − 2
=5
and 𝑄 = √52 + 22 + (−1)2 = √30
5
∴ 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = 0.9128 (Ans.)
√30
Answer to the question no. 18(d):
Solution:
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
𝑃⃗ = 𝑂𝐵
𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
⃗ = 𝑂𝐴

Here, by the triangle formula,

⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 − 𝑂𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ − 3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
= 2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
𝐵𝐴 = 2𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂
𝑅⃗ = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗
Now, the included angle between 𝑃⃗ and 𝑄
−𝑃⃗ .𝑅
⃗ ̂ ).(2𝑖̂+6𝑗̂ −3𝑘
(−3𝑖̂+4𝑗̂ −2𝑘 ̂) −6+24+6 24
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = |𝑃⃗||𝑅⃗| = √32 +4 2 +22 √22 +62 +32
= =
√29 √49 √24 √49
∴ 𝛽 = 50.46°
Now. the included angle between 𝑃⃗ and 𝑅⃗ 𝑟
⃗ .(𝑅
𝑄 ⃗) ̂ ).(2𝑖̂+6𝑗̂ −3𝑘
(5𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ −𝑘 ̂) 10+12+3 25
∴ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = |𝑄⃗||𝑅⃗| = √32 = =
+42 +22 √22 +62 +32 √30√49 √30√49
∴ 𝑟 = 49.3°
Answer to the question no. 19(c):
Solution: We know, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 𝑂𝑃
= ((2 − 1), (−1 − 3), (1 − 2))
= (1, −4, −1)
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑅
𝑄𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ − 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ((−1 − 2), (2 + 1), (3 − 1))

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= (−3, 3, 2)
1
Area of the triangle = 2 |𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑄𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Now, |𝑃𝑄 × 𝑄𝑅 | = | 1 −4 −1|
−3 3 2
= 𝑖̂(−8 + 3) − 𝑗̂(2 − 3) + 𝑘(3 − 12) = 5𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 9𝑘̂
̂
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑄𝑅
∴ |𝑃𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √52 + 12 + 92 = √107
1
∴ Area of the triangle = 2 × √107 = 5.172 square Unit (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 19(c):
Solution: The vector in the stem, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂, 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, 𝑂𝑅
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = −𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Now, 𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑂𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = | 2 −1 1|
−1 2 3
= 𝑖̂(−3 − 2) − 𝑗̂(6 − 1) + 𝑘̂(4 − 1) = 5𝑖̂ − 7𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
Again,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . (𝑂𝑄
𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑂𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) = 1(−5) + 3. (−7) + 2.3
= −5 − 21 + 6
= −20
∴ 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . (𝑂𝑄 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ × 𝑂𝑅 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ) ≠ 0
Answer to the question No. 20(c):
v sin 
Solution: We know, tan  Here,
u  v cos  Velocity of swimmer, v = 5kmh-1
5 sin  Velocity of current, u = 10kmh-1
or , tan 90  Angle between swimmer and current,   ?
10  5 cos 
Angle between resultant and current,   90
0
1 5 sin 
or , 
0 10  5 cos 
or,10  5 cos   0
 10
or ,  cos 1 ( )
5
  1200 (Ans.)
Answer to the question No. 20(d):
Solution: From 'c' the angle between current velocity, u & swimmer A's velocity, VA is 𝛼 = 120°
On the other hand. angle between current velocity, u & swimmer Bs velocity, v is 𝛽 = 90°
So, if the time required to cross the river for soth swimmer are respectively tA & tB then,
𝑑
𝑡𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑉 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 5 sin 90°
= 𝑑 = 𝑉𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 6 sin(120°) = 1.67
𝑡𝐵 𝐴
𝑉𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽

∴ 𝑡𝐴 > 𝑡𝐵
So, swimmer B crosses the river first.
Answer to the question No. 21(c):
Solution: If blue crew took t time to pass the river, then,
𝑑 2
𝑡 = 𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 10 sin 90°

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Chapter: 02(Vector) Lecturer, Dept. of Physics
1
= ℎ
5
= 12 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠. (Ans.)
Here,
Width of river, 𝑑 = 2𝑘𝑚
velocity of crew, 𝑣 = 10 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
Angle between boat & current velocity,
𝛼 = 90°

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Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

Answer to the question No. 21(d)

Solution: v = Boat velocity

𝑢 = current velocity
𝑊 = Resultant velocity
From ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵, 𝑤 2 = 𝑣 2 − 42
∴ 𝑤 = √𝑣 2 − 𝐴2
= √102 − 52
= 8.66 𝑘𝑚/ℎ

If the crew has to hold an umbrella at angle with vertical plane to protect himself from
the rain, then from figure.
𝑊
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑉
𝑅
−1 𝑊 8.66
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑉 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 20 ) = 23.41°
𝑅
So, the crew has to hold umbrella a 23.41° angle with vertical plane.
Answer to the question no. 22(c):
Solution: Let's assume, the resultant is R & acting in the direction that makes an angle of 𝜃 with
horizontal line.

So resolving the vectors along horizontal line,

𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 15 𝑐𝑜𝑠60° − 16 𝑐𝑜𝑠45° − 11 𝑐𝑜𝑠30° + 12 𝑐𝑜𝑠90° + 19 𝑐𝑜𝑠0°
1 1 √3
or, 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 15 × 2 − 16 × − 11 × + 12 × 0 + 19 × 1
√2 2
or, 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 5.66 ………………(i)
And resolving the vector along × vertical line.
𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 15 𝑠𝑖𝑛60° + 16 𝑠𝑖𝑛45° − 11 𝑠𝑖𝑛30° − 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛90° + 19 𝑠𝑖𝑛0°

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Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

√3 1 1 1
or, 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 15 × × 16 × − 11 × 2 − 2 − 12 × 1 + 19 × 0
2 √2
∴ 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 6.804 …………….. (ii)
{(𝑖)2 + (𝑖𝑖)2 } ⇒
𝑅 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑅 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 5.662 + 6.8042
or, 𝑅 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 78.33
∴ 𝑅 = √78.33 = 8.85𝑁
Again {(𝑖)2 + (𝑖𝑖)2 } ⇒
𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 6.804
=
𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 5.66
or, 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 1.202
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1.202) = 50.24°
So, the resultant force acting on the body is 8.85N acting in the direction at anticlockwise
angle of 50.24 with horizontal line. (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 22(d):
Solution: From part ‘c’ resultant force acting on the body is R=8.85N
There’s no data available of initial velocity.
Lets assume, initial velocity, 𝑉0 = 0
It the body travels s distance at 𝑡 = 1 min or 60𝑠, then,
1
𝑠 = 𝑣0 + 2 𝑎 𝑡 2
1𝐹
= 𝑣0 𝑡 + 2 𝑚 𝑡 2
1 8.85
= 0 × 60 + 2 × × (60)2
20
= 796.5 𝑚 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 23(c):
Solution:
Velocity of the current, 𝑉𝑟 = 3 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
Velocity of the boat, 𝑉𝑏 = 6 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
Resultant speed of the boat, 𝑤 =?

As the boat crosses the river transversely,

∴ ∠𝑂𝐴𝐵 = 90°
So, from ∆𝑂𝐴𝐵,
𝑂𝐴2 = 𝑂𝐵 2 + 𝐴𝐵 2
or, 𝑣𝑏 2 = 𝑊 2 + 𝑉 2
∴ 𝑊 = √𝑣𝑏 − 𝑣𝑟 2 = √62 − 32 = 5.2 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 23(d):
Solution:
Resultant speed from ‘c’, 𝑤 = 5.2 𝑘𝑚ℎ−1
Distance covered by the boat, 𝑏 = 500𝑚 = 0.5𝑘𝑚.
∴ Time taken to cross the river, 𝑡 =?

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Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

We know,
𝑑 0.5
𝑡 = 𝑤 = 5.2 𝑘𝑚 = 0.09615 ℎ = 5.77 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠
So, it will take 5.77 mins for boat to cross the river.

Answer to the question no. 24(c):

⃗
𝐴.𝐵
Solution: Normal Projection of vector A or B is A 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 𝐵
Here, 𝐴 = 5𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂
𝐵⃗ = 3𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂
̂ ).(3𝑖̂−𝑗̂ +2𝑘
(5𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ +3𝑘 ̂) 15−2+6 19
∴ 𝐴 cos 𝛼 = ̂|
= = (Ans.)
|3𝑖̂−𝑗̂ +2𝑘 √32 +(−1)2 +22 √14
Answer to the question no. 24(d):
Similar to creative question 16 (d).
Answer to the question no. 25(c):
Solution: Let's complete a parallelogram OACB taking OA & OB adjacent sides. From
parallelogram OA = BC & they are parallel to each ocher Similarly OB = AC & 𝜙 they are
parallel.
So, ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶
or, 𝐴 × 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ = 𝑂𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴 + 𝐵
∴ 𝑂𝐶 ⃗
= 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ + 𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
= 3𝑖̂ + 6𝑘̂ (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 25(c):
Solution: From ‘c’ the resultant vector, 𝑅⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 6𝑘̂
So, magnitude of the resultant, |𝑅⃗ | = √32 + 62 = 3√5 = 6.71
and magnitude of two vector 𝐴 and 𝐵 ⃗
|𝐴| = √22 + 32 + 52 = √38
⃗ | = √12 + (−3)2 + 12 = √11
|𝐵
⃗
𝐴 .𝐵
⃗ , ∝1 = (
Angle between 𝐴 & 𝐵 )
⃗|
|𝐴| .|𝐵
̂ ) (𝑖̂−3𝑗̂ +𝑘
(2𝑖̂+3𝑗̂ +5𝑘 ̂)
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 { } = 95.61°
√38 √11
If the angle is now twice than before, ∝2 = 2 ∝ 1 = 2 × 95.61 = 191.22°
Now, if the magnitude of the resultant vector is 𝑅2 , then
2 2
𝑅⃗ = |𝐴| + |𝐵
⃗ | + 2|𝐴||𝐵
⃗ |𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∝2
= 38 + 11 + 2√38√11cos(191.22°)
= 8.89
So, 𝑅2 ≠ 𝑅1

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 Chapter: 02(Vector)
Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

That’s if the angle between two vectors is twice than before the value of resultant vector
will be changed.
Answer to the question no. 26(c):
Solution: 𝑃⃗ = 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 𝑅⃗ = −3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
Resultant of 𝑃⃗ & 𝑅⃗ = 𝑃⃗ + 𝑅⃗
= 4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ − 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂
= 𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂
𝑖̂+7𝑗̂ 1
Unit vector parallel to the resultant of 𝑃⃗ & 𝑅⃗ = 2 2 = √1 +7
(𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂) (Ans.)
√50
Answer to the question no. 26(d):
⃗ & 𝑅⃗ will be co-planer vectors if the condition (𝑃⃗ × 𝑄
Solution: 𝑃⃗. 𝑄 ⃗ ). 𝑅⃗ = 0 is satisfied.
𝑃⃗ × 𝑅⃗ = (4𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂) − (3𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂)
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= |4 3 5| = 35𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 25𝑘̂
3 −4 5
⃗ ). 𝑅⃗ = (5𝑖̂ − 5𝑗̂ + 25𝑘̂). (−3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂)
∴ (𝑃⃗ × 𝑄
= −105 − 20 + 125
=0
So, the vectors in the stem are co-planer.
Answer to the question no. 27(c):
See Ques. No 16 (c)
Answer to the question no. 27(d):
Sec Ques. No 16 (d)
Answer to the question no. 28(c):
It the man takes t time to cross the river then,
Here, width of river. d = 500 m = O.S km
velocity of swimmer, Y = 3 kmh
included angle between current & swimmer's velocity, 𝛼 = 120°
width of the river
𝑡 = component of resultant velocity along the width of river
𝑑 𝑑 0.5
= 𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛0°+𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑣 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 120°
0.5
= √3
3×
2
= 0.192 ℎ
= 11.55 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑠 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 28(d):

4
 Chapter: 02(Vector)
Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

If the resultant of the velocity of swimmer & current flow is w which makes and angle of
0 with directions current flow.
Then resolving the resultant along the direction of current flow & the width of the river,
We get,
𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠0° + 𝑣𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
= 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
1
=2−3×2
= 0.5𝑘𝑚/ℎ
From 'c' time taken to cross the river, 𝑡 = 11.56 mins.
= 0.192 ℎ
So, the swimmer will travel, S distance along the current flow direction

∴ 𝑆 = 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 × 𝑡
= 0.5 × 0.192
= 0.096 𝑘𝑚 = 96𝑚
So, the swimmer will arrive on the opposite bank 96m away from the point he started along
the river flow.
Answer to the question no. 29(c):
⃗.
If 𝑅⃗ is a vector perpendicular to the plane of 𝑃⃗ & 𝑄
𝑅⃗ = 𝑃⃗ × 𝑄 ⃗
= (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂) × (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2√3𝑘̂)
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
= |1 2 −2 |
3 2 2√3
= 10.93𝑖̂ − 9.464𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂
𝑅 ⃗
∴ Unit vector along 𝑅⃗ is, 𝑅̂ = |𝑅⃗|
̂
10.93𝑖̂−9.464𝑗̂ −4𝑘
=
√10.932 +(−9.464)2 +(−4)2
̂
10.93𝑖̂−9.464𝑗̂ −4𝑘
= 15
= 0.73𝑖̂ − .63𝑗̂ − 0.267𝑘̂ (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 29(d):
⃗ , 𝑅⃗
If the resultant of 𝑃⃗ & 𝑄
𝑅⃗ = 𝑃⃗ + 𝑄⃗
= 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ + 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2√3𝑘̂
= 4𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2(√3 − 1)𝑘̂

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 Chapter: 02(Vector)
Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

So, if angle between 𝑅⃗ & 𝑃⃗ is 𝜃, then

⃗ .𝑃⃗
𝑅 ̂ }(𝑖̂+2𝑗̂ +2𝑘
{4𝑖̂+4𝑗̂ +2(√3−1)𝑘 ̂)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = |𝑅⃗|.|𝑃⃗| = 2
√42 +42 +{2(√3−1)} √12 +22 +(−2)2

= 4 + 8 − 4(√3 − 1)
9.072
= 5.84×3
= 0.518
−1 (0.518)
∴ 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 = 58.81°
So the direction of the resultant vector of with respect to 𝑃⃗ is that the resultant is at
58.81° anti clockwise angle with respect to 𝑃⃗.

Answer to the question no. 30(c):

See Q. No: 10 (c)
Answer to the question no. 30(d):
d. See Q. No: 10 (d)
Answer to the question no. 31(c):
Component of the boat along with width of the river = 𝑉𝑏
𝑠𝑖𝑛35° = 15𝑚𝑠 −1 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛35° = 8.603𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑑 45
∴ Time to cross the river, 𝑡 = 8.603 = 8.603 = 5.231 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Summation of components along with bank of the river = 𝑉𝑏 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠35° + 𝑉𝑟
= 15 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠35° + 5
= 17.287 𝑚𝑠 −1
∴ Distance, 𝐵𝐶 = 17.287 × 5.231 = 90.43 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 31(c):

Let if the boat velocity is at 𝛼 angle with current velocity, u then the component of
resultant velocity along the current velocity is given by, 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠 0° or, 𝑣 +
𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
To reach point B this component should be zero.
So, 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 = 0
𝑢
So, cos𝛼 = − 𝑣
𝑢
∴ 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− 𝑣 )
9
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− 7)
But that’s unrealistic. So, it’s not possible to react point B by the boat.

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 Chapter: 02(Vector)
Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

Answer to the question no. 32(c):

Divergence of 𝐴 is,
div 𝐴 = ⃗∇. ⃗A
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑖̂ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗̂ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝜕𝑧) (3𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑖̂ + 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂)
= 3𝑦𝑧 3 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 3
So, div 𝐴 at (1, −1, 1)
div 𝐴(1−1,−1,1) = 3 × (−1) × 13 + 4 × 1 × (−1) − 13 × (−1)2
= −3 − 4 − 1
= −8 (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 32(d):
⃗ is zero.
⃗ ×A
The vector will be irrotational if its curl ∇
⃗ ×A
∇ ⃗ = (𝑖̂ 𝜕 + 𝑗̂ 𝜕 + 𝑘̂ 𝜕 ) (3𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑖̂ + 2𝑥𝑦 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
3𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 2𝑥𝑦 2 2 2
−𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖̂ {𝜕𝑥 (−𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧) + 𝜕𝑧 2𝑥𝑦 2 } − 𝑗̂ {𝜕𝑥 (−𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧) − 𝜕𝑧 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 } + 𝑘̂ {𝜕𝑥 (2𝑥𝑦 2 ) −
𝜕
3𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 }
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑖̂{−2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑧 − 0} − 𝑗̂(−3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 − 9𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘̂ (2𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 )
= −2𝑥 3 𝑦𝑧𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂(3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑧 + 9𝑥𝑦𝑧 2 ) + 𝑘̂(2𝑦 2 − 3𝑥𝑧 2 )
So, ∇ ⃗ ≠ 0 for all point in space. So, the vector is not irrigational.
⃗ ×A
Answer to the question no. 33(c):

Taking component of force F, G and resultant R along x-axis we get,

𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝐺 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25° = 𝑅 𝑐𝑜𝑠 90°
∴ 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑅 × 0 + 𝐺cos25°
⇒ 𝐹𝑐𝑜𝑠 0 = 0 + 700 𝑥 0.906
∴ 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 634.2 … … … … (𝑖)
Again,
𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝐺 𝑠𝑖𝑛 25° = 𝑅 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90°
:. F sin𝜃 = R× 1 + G sin 25°
⇒F sin𝜃 = 500 + 700 × 0.423

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 Chapter: 02(Vector)
Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

:. F sin𝜃 = 796.1 … … … … (𝑖𝑖)

:. {(1)2 + (2)2 }
⇒ 𝐹 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝐹 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = (634.2)2 + (796.1)2
⇒ 𝐹 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) = 1035984.85
∴ 𝐹 = √1035984.85 = 1017.83 𝑁
Again, {(2) ÷ (1)}
𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 796.1
⇒ 𝐹 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 634.2
⇒ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = (1.2553)
∴ 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (1.2553)
= 51.458°
∴ The value of 𝐹 F is 1017.83 N and direction along with x-axis anticlock wise with 51.48°
angle. (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 33(d):
𝐹 vector in scene-2 will be conservative if its curl is zero.
∴ 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑙 𝐹 = ∆ ⃗ ×𝐹
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑖̂ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗̂ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝜕𝑧) × (6𝑥𝑖̂ + (2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑗̂ + (6𝑧 − 𝑥 3 )𝑘̂ )
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= | 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
|
6𝑥 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 6𝑧 − 𝑥 3
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖̂ {𝜕𝑥 (6𝑧 − 𝑥 3 ) − 𝜕𝑧 (2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )} − 𝑗̂ {𝜕𝑥 (6𝑧 − 𝑥 3 ) − 𝜕𝑧 (6𝑥)} + 𝑘̂ {𝜕𝑥 (2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) −
𝜕
(6𝑥)}
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑖̂(0 − 0) − 𝑗̂(−3𝑥 2 − 0) + 𝑘̂(0 − 0)
= 3𝑥 2
∴ Curl 𝐹 ≠ 0
So, the vector 𝐹 isn’t conservative.
Again, if divergence of 𝐹 is div. 𝐹 .
div. 𝐹 = ⃗∇. ⃗F
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= (𝑖̂ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑗̂ 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑘̂ 𝜕𝑧) . {6𝑥𝑖̂ + (2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )𝑗̂ + (6𝑧 − 𝑥 3 )𝑘̂}
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝜕
= 6 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦 (2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) + 𝜕𝑧 (6𝑧 − 𝑥 3 )
= 6 + 2 − 2𝑦 + 6
= 14 − 2𝑦
∴ div 𝐹 ≠ 0
So, the vector 𝐹 isn't solenoidal.
Curl of the vector F in scene-2 is non-zero 4 always positive.
So, the field is rotational anti clock wise.
Again, divergence of the vector is also non- zero.

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 Chapter: 02(Vector)
Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

In figure-1 of scene-2, a vector field is shown whose curl is non-zero but divergence is
non-zero.
Again, in figure-2, a vector field is shown whose divergence is non-zero. but curl is zero.
On the other hand, the vector field in figure-3 has both curl & divergence are zero.
So, the vector F is not represented by any of the figures-1, 2 & 3.
Answer to the question no. 34(c):
See Q. No. 10(c)
Answer to the question no. 34(c):
See Q. No. 10(d)
Answer to the question no. 35(c):
Given that,
⃗ = (𝑥 3 𝑧𝑖̂ − 2𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂)
𝑉
𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗ , ⃗∇ × 𝑉
∴ Curl of 𝑉 ⃗ =| |
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
3 3 2 2
𝑥 𝑧 −2𝑦 𝑧 𝑥𝑦 𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝑖̂ {𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧) − 𝜕𝑧 (−2𝑦 3 𝑧 2 )} − 𝑗̂ {𝜕𝑥 (𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧) − 𝜕𝑧 (−𝑥 3 𝑧)} +
𝜕 𝜕
𝑘̂ {𝜕𝑥 (−2𝑦 3 𝑧 2 ) − 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥 3 𝑧)}
= 𝑖̂(2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑦 3 𝑧) − 𝑗̂(𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑥 3 ) + 𝑘̂(0 − 0)
= 𝑖̂(2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 4𝑦 3 𝑧) − 𝑗̂(𝑦 2 𝑧 − 𝑥 3 )
⃗ at the point (1, −2, −1)
∴ Curl of 𝑉
= 𝑖̂{2(1)(−2). (−1) + 4(−2)3 (−1)} − 𝑗̂{(−2)2 (−1) − 13 }
= 𝑖̂{4 + 32} − 𝑗̂{−4 − 1}
= 36𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ (Ans.)
Answer to the question no. 35(d):
⃗ to a scalar quantity should take its divergence.
Convert the vector quantity 𝑉
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) . (𝑥 3 𝑧𝑖̂ − 2𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑗̂ − 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧𝑘̂)
⃗ .𝑉
∇ 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 3 𝑧) + 𝜕𝑦 (−2𝑦 3 𝑧 2 𝑗̂) + 𝜕𝑧 (𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧)
= 3𝑥 2 𝑧 − 6𝑦 2 𝑧 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2
𝜑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2𝑥 2 𝑦 − −4𝑦 3 + 𝑧 2 To convert the scalar quantity to vector field should
take the gradient of 𝜑.
⃗∇𝜑 = (𝑖̂ 𝜕 + 𝑗̂ 𝜕 + 𝑘̂ 𝜕 ) (2𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑦 3 + 𝑧 2 )
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
= 𝑖̂(4𝑥𝑦 − 0 + 0) + 𝑗̂(2𝑥 2 − 12𝑦 2 ) + 𝑘̂(0 − 0 + 2𝑧)
= 𝑖̂(4𝑥𝑦) + 𝑗̂(2𝑥 2 − 12𝑦 2 ) + 𝑘̂

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Chapter: 02(Vector)
Md. Ashraful Islam
Lecturer, Dept. of Physics

10