IBB University Department of Electrical Engineering

Level: 4
Faculty of Engineering
Networks Lab

IPv4 Addressing
&
Network devices
Lect 2 & 3

Eng. Abeer Mohammed

 Network Classes

TCP/IP defines five classes of IP addresses:

Class A, B, C, D, and E. each class has a range of valid IP address. IP addresses from the first three classes
(A, B and C) can be used for host addresses, the other two classes are used for other purposes – class D for
multicast and class E for experimental purposes.

▪ Number of networks and the hosts that permitted in the classes

 Some reserved IP addresses

• IP address 0.0.0.0
One of a few special-purpose address, it has several applications in networking. It identifies a
default route and more, it is a non-routable meta-address used to designate invalid, unknown, or
non-applicable target (a no particular address place holder). On PCs and client devices. A 0.0.0.0
address indicates the client is not connected to a TCP/IP network, and a device may give itself a
0.0.0.0 address when it is offline.

• Loopback addresses
 127.0.0.0 /8 (127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254)
 Commonly identified as only 127.0.0.1
 Used on a host to test if TCP/IP is operational.

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 • Link-Local addresses
 169.254.0.0 /16 (169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254)
 Commonly known as the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) addresses or self-assigned
addresses.
 Used by Windows DHCP clients to self-configure when no DHCP servers are available.
 Privet IP address
A private IP address is a range of non-internet facing IP addresses used in an internal network.

Notes:

❖ Subnet Mask
• The subnet mask is used in IPv4 and IPv6 to show what part of the address is the network portion
and what part of address is the host portion.
• It is a 32-bit number that distinguishes each octet in IP address.
• In IPv4 there are three default subnet masks corresponding to the three classes of IP address.
❖ Broadcast address

A broadcast address is an IP address that is used to target all systems on a specific subnet network instead of
single hosts. In other words, broadcast address allows information to be sent be all machines on a given
subnet rather than to a specific machine

❖ Net-id: the net-id denotes the address of the network.

❖ Host-id: the host-id denotes the address of the host attached to the corresponding network.
ʘ Number of networks = 2network_bits
ʘ Number of hosts = 2host_bits -2
ʘ Hops = 2host_bits (in change Oct)
ʘ Net ID = the IP that allocated as network address.
ʘ First IP = the valid IP that use to the first device in the network.
ʘ Last IP = the valid IP that use to the last device in the network.

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IPv4 Subnetting

Subnetting is the strategy used to partition a single physical network into more than one smaller logical sub-
network into more than one smaller logical sub-networks (subnets). In other word, it is dividing a large
block of addresses into several contiguous sub-blocks and assigning these sub-blocks to different smaller
networks is called subnetting it is a practice that is widely used when classless addressing is done.

❖ Classful addressing

Classful addressing is a concept that divides the available address space of IPv4 into five classes namely A,
B, C, D & E. It concepts divide the address space into a fixed number of blocks and each block has a fixed
number of hosts.

Ex1: The IP address 192.168.0.0/24

IP = 192.168.0.0

Subnet mask = /24 = 255.255.255.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Solu. Number of hosts = 2H – 2 = 28- 2 = 256 - 2 = 254

Number of networks = 2N = 20 = 1

Subnet (Net ID) First IP Last IP Broadcast IP

192.168.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.254 192.168.0.255

Ex2: The IP address 10.0.0.0/8

IP = 10.0.0.0/8

Subnet mask = /8 = 255.0.0.0 = 11111111. 00000000. 00000000.00000000

Solu. Number of hosts = 2H – 2 = 224- 2 = 16777216 - 2 = 16777214

Number of networks = 2N = 20 = 1

Subnet (Net ID) First IP Last IP Broadcast IP

10.0.0.0 10.0.0.1 10.255.255.254 10.255.255.255

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❖ Classless addressing

Classless addressing is a concept of addressing the IPv4 addresses. It was adopted after the failure of
Classful addressing. The Classful addressing leads to wastage of addresses as it assigns a fixed-size block of
addresses to the customer. But, the classless addressing assigns a block of addresses to the customer
according to its requirement which prevents the wastage of addresses.

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)

Classless Inter-Domain Routing, also called supernetting, is a way to more flexibly allocate IP addresses by
creating unique and more granular identifiers for networks and individual devices.

Ex 1: The IP address 192.168.0.0/25

IP = 192.168.0.0

Subnet mask = /25 = 255.255.255.128 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.10000000

Solu. Number of networks = 2N = 21 = 2

Number of hosts = 2H – 2 = 27- 2 = 128 - 2 = 126

Hops = 2H = 27= 128 or

= 256 – 128 = 128

Nu.of. NETs Subnet (net IP) First IP Last IP Broadcast IP

NET 1 192.168.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.126 192.168.0.127

NET 2 192.168.0.128 192.168.0.129 192.168.0.254 192.168.0.255

Ex 2: The IP address 192.168.0.0/26 (answer yourself)

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Ex 3: The IP address 192.168.0.0/27

IP = 192.168.0.0

Subnet mask = /27= 255.255.255.224 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000

Solu. Number of networks = 2N = 23 = 8

Number of hosts = 2H – 2 = 25- 2 = 32 - 2 = 30

Hops = 2H = 25= 32 OR 256 – 224 = 32

Nu.of. NETs Subnet (Net ID) First IP Last IP Broadcast IP

NET 1 192.168.0.0 192.168.0.1 192.168.0.30 192.168.0.31

NET 2 192.168.0.32 192.168.0.33 192.168.0.62 192.168.0.63

NET 3 192.168.0.64 192.168.0.65 192.168.0.94 192.168.0.95

NET 4 192.168.0.96 192.168.0.97 192.168.0.126 192.168.0.127

NET 5 192.168.0.128 192.168.0.129 192.168.0.158 192.168.0.159

NET 6 192.168.0.160 192.168.0.161 192.168.0.190 192.168.0.191

NET 7 192.168.0.192 192.168.0.193 192.168.0.222 192.168.0.223

NET 8 192.168.0.224 192.168.0.225 192.168.0.254 192.168.0.255

Ex 4: The IP address 192.168.0.109 /28

Find the network address (Net ID) from this IP address?

IP = 192.168.0.109

Mask = /28 = 255.255.255.240

Solu. 192.168.0.109 = 11000000. 10101000.00000000.01101101

And
255.255.255.240 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000
=
11000000. 10101000.00000000.01100000

Net ID = 192.168.0.96

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Ex 5: IP address 172.16.0.0 /17

IP = 172.16 .0.0

Mask = /17 = 255.255.128.0 = 11111111.11111111.10000000.00000000

Solu. Number of networks = 2N = 21 = 2

Number of hosts = 2H – 2 = 215- 2 = 23768 - 2 = 23766

Hops = 2H = 27= 128

Nu.of. NET Subnet (net IP) First IP Last IP Broadcast IP

NET 1 172.16 .0.0 172.16 .0.1 172.16 .127.254 172.16 .127.255

NET 2 172.16 .128.0 172.16 .128.1 172.16 .255.254 172.16 .255.255

Ex 6: IP address 172.16.0.0 /23

IP = 172.16 .0.0

Mask = /23 = 255.255.254.0 = 11111111.11111111.1111110.00000000

Solu. Number of networks = 2N = 27 = 128

Number of hosts = 2H – 2 = 29- 2 = 512 - 2 = 510

Hops = 2H = 21= 2 OR = 256 – 254 = 2

Nu.of. NET Subnet (net IP) First IP Last IP Broadcast IP

NET 1 172.16.0.0 172.16.0.1 172.16.1.254 172.16.1.255

NET 2 172.16.2.0 172.16.2.1 172.16.3.254 172.16.3.255

NET 3 172.16.4.0 172.16.4.1 172.16.5.254 172.16.5.255

………… ………. ………… ………… …………

NET 127 172.16.252.0 172.16.252.1 172.16.253.254 172.16.253.255

NET 128 172.16.254.0 172.16.254.1 172.16.255.254 172.16.255.255

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 VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)

A Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a numerical masking sequence, or IP address subset, based on
overall network requirements. A VLSM allows a network administrator to use long masks for networks
with few hosts and short masks for networks with multiple hosts. In other word, VLSM is a technique that
allows network administrators to divide an IP address space into subnets of different sizes, unlike simple
same-size subnetting.

Ex1: hosts = 500

Solu. Step 1: get the Mask

Number of hosts = 2H – 2 = 29- 2 = 512 – 2 = 510

H = 9, Mask = 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000 = 255.255.254.0 =/23

Step 2: select the random IP address

IP address 10.50.20.22

Step 3: Make And between the random IP and Mask to get the Net IP

10.50.20.22 = 00001010.00110010.00010100.00010110
And
255.255.254.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000
=
00001010.00110010.00010100.00000000
10.50.20.0
Net ID =

Step 4: get the broadcast IP

255.255.254.0 = 11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000

10.50.20.22 = 00001010.00110010.00010100.00010110

broadcast IP = 00001010.00110010.00010101.11111111

= 10.50.21.255

Subnet (Net ID) First IP Last IP Broadcast IP

10.50.20.0 10.50.20.1 10.50.21.254 10.50.21.255

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Ex 2: hosts = 5000

Step 1: hosts = 2H – 2 = 213- 2 = 8192 – 2 = 8190

H = 13, Mask = 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000 = 255.255.224.0 =/19

Step 2: IP 110.50.30.10

Step 3: 110.50.30.10 = 01101110.00110010.00011110.00001010

And
255.255.224.0 = 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000
=
0 1101110. 000110010.00000000.00000000
Net ID = 110.50.0.0

Step 4:

255.255.224.0 = 11111111.11111111.11100000.00000000

110.50.30.10 = 01101110.00110010.00011110.00001010

broadcast IP = 01101110.00110010.00011111.11111111

= 110.50.31.255

Subnet (net IP) First IP Last IP Broadcast IP

110.50.0.0 10.50.0.1 10.50.31.254 10.50.31.255

Note:
Can get the broadcast IP by use the hops

hops = 2H = 25 = 32

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 192.168.1.0/24

100 hosts

100 hosts = 2h – 2 = 27 – 2 = 128 – 2 = 126

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.10000000 = 255.255.255.128 = / 25

Hops = 2h = 27 = 128

Net ID = 192.168.1.0 / 25

First IP = 192.168.1.1

Last IP = 192.168.1.126

Broadcast IP = 192.168.1.127

Note: can get last IP from 0 + 126 = 126

50 hosts

50 hosts = 2h – 2 = 26 – 2 = 64 – 2 = 62

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.11000000 = 255.255.255.129 = / 26

Hops = 2h = 26 = 64

Net ID = 192.168.1.128 / 26

First IP = 192.168.1.129

Last IP = 192.168.1.190

Broadcast IP = 192.168.1.191

Note: can get last IP from 128 + 62 = 190

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24 hosts

24 hosts = 2h – 2 = 25 – 2 = 32 – 2 = 30

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.11100000 = 255.255.255.224 = / 27

Hops = 2h = 25 = 30

Net ID = 192.168.1.192 / 27

First IP = 192.168.1.193

Last IP = 192.168.1.222

Broadcast IP = 192.168.1.223

10 hosts

10 hosts = 2h – 2 = 24 – 2 = 16 – 2 = 14

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.11110000 = 255.255.255.240 = / 28

Hops = 2h = 24 = 16

Net ID = 192.168.1.224 / 27

First IP = 192.168.1.225

Last IP = 192.168.1.238

Broadcast IP = 192.168.1.239

192.168.1.0 /24

55 hosts

55 hosts = 2h – 2 = 26 – 2 = 64 – 2 = 62

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.11000000 = 255.255.255.129 = / 26

Hops = 2h = 26 = 64
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Net ID = 192.168.1.0 / 26

First IP = 192.168.1.1

Last IP = 192.168.1.62

Broadcast IP = 192.168.1.63

26 hosts

55 hosts = 2h – 2 = 25 – 2 = 32 – 2 = 30

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.11100000 = 255.255.255.224 = / 27

Hops = 2h = 25 = 32

Net ID = 192.168.1.64 / 27

First IP = 192.168.1.65

Last IP = 192.168.1.94

Broadcast IP = 192.168.1.95

12 hosts

12 hosts = 2h – 2 = 24 – 2 = 16 – 2 = 14

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.11110000 = 255.255.255.240 = / 28

Hops = 2h = 24 = 16

Net ID= 192.168.1.96 / 28

First IP = 192.168.1.97

Last IP = 192.168.1.110

Broadcast IP = 192.168.1.111

2 hosts

2 hosts = 2h – 2 = 22 – 2 = 4 – 2 = 2

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.11111100 = 255.255.255.252 = / 30

Hops = 2h = 22 = 4

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Net ID = 192.168.1.112 / 30

First IP = 192.168.1.113

Last IP = 192.168.1.114

Broadcast IP = 192.168.1.115

2 hosts

2 hosts = 2h – 2 = 22 – 2 = 4 – 2 = 2

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.11111100 = 255.255.255.252 = / 30

Hops = 2h = 22 = 4

Net ID = 192.168.1.116 / 30

First IP = 192.168.1.117

Last IP = 192.168.1.118

Broadcast IP = 192.168.1.119

Region 1

Address space 10.1.0.0 /16

8000 hosts

8000 hosts = 2h – 2 = 213 – 2 = 8192 – 2 = 8190

Mask = 111111111.111111111.11100000.00000000 = 255.255.224.0 = / 19

Hops = 2h = 25 = 32
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Net ID = 10.1.0.0 / 19

First IP = 10.1.0.1

Last IP = 10.1.31.254

Broadcast IP = 10.1.31.255

4000 hosts

4000 hosts = 2h – 2 = 212 – 2 = 4096 – 2 = 4094

Mask = 111111111.111111111.11110000.00000000 = 255.255.240.0 = / 20

Hops = 2h = 24 = 16

Net ID = 10.1.32.0 / 20

First IP = 10.1.32.1

Last IP = 10.1.47.254

Broadcast IP = 10.1.47.255

2000 hosts

2000 hosts = 2h – 2 = 211 – 2 = 2048 – 2 = 2046

Mask = 111111111.111111111.11111000.00000000 = 255.255.248.0 = / 21

Hops = 2h = 23= 16

Net ID = 10.1.48.0 / 20

First IP = 10.1.48.1

Last IP = 10.1.55.254

Broadcast IP = 10.1.55.255

Region 2

Address space 172.20.0.0 /16

500 hosts

500 hosts = 2h – 2 = 29 – 2 = 512 – 2 = 510

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111110.00000000 = 255.255.254.0 = / 23

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Hops = 2h = 21 = 2

Net ID = 172.20.0.0 /23

First IP = 172.20.0.1

Last IP = 172.20.1.254

Broadcast IP = 172.20.1.255

200 hosts

500 hosts = 2h – 2 = 28 – 2 = 256 – 2 = 254

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.00000000 = 255.255.255.0 = / 24

Hops = 2h = 20 = 1

Net ID = 172.20.2.0 /24

First IP = 172.20.2.1

Last IP = 172.20.2.254

Broadcast IP = 172.20.2.255

100 hosts

100 hosts = 2h – 2 = 27 – 2 = 128 – 2 = 126

Mask = 111111111.111111111.111111111.10000000 = 255.255.255.128 = / 25

Hops = 2h = 27 = 128

Net ID = 172.20.3.0 /25

First IP = 172.20.3.1

Last IP = 172.20.3.126

Broadcast IP = 172.20.3.127

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Network devices

Network devices are electronic devices which are required for communication and interaction between
devices on a computer network.

Repeater device

Repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level or higher power,
so that the signal can cover longer distances

Hub Device
A Hub is a network hardware device for connecting multiple Ethernet devices together and making
them act as a single network segment.
If a hub receives a signal at any port, it resend it out of every port except that port.
A Hub works at the physical layer (layer 1).
A Hub transfers data at a maximum of 10 Mb/sec.

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Switch Device
Ethernet Switch is a network hardware device for connecting multiple devices together.
Each port of the ethernet switch is considered as a segment.
A switch forwards the frame passed on the destination MAC address.
A switch works at the physical layer (layer 1) and the data link layer (layer 2).
A switch transfers data at a maximum of 10 Gb/sec.

Router device
A router is a networking device that forwards data packets between different networks.
Each port of the router is considered as a network.
A router forwards the packet passed on the destination IP address.
A router works at the physical layer (Layer 1), the data link layer (Layer 2) and the network layer
(Layer 3).

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 Server device
A Server is dedicated computer for a specific purpose, It provide services and functionality to other
computers.
A server has a motherboard that supports many processors and uses special RAMs called ECC rams
(Error correcting ram) for error checking and correction.
A Server has redundant power supply contains two (or more) power supply units inside it.

Firewall device

A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic
based on predetermined security rules.

❖ There are two types of firewalls:

1. Network-based Firewalls (Hardware).

2. Host-based Firewall (Software).

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Icons Devices

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