Information and Communication Technologies

Lecture 5 - Computer networks.

 OUTLINE

- Introduction to Computer Networking

- Types of network:
- LAN - Local Area Network
- WAN
- MAN
- How to send data: Packets.
 Introduction to Computer Networking

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https://www.google.com The Internet

 INTERNET

Internet is an architecture designed to interconnect

computers from all around the world. It is also sometimes
referred to as the network of networks. This is because the
internet is made up of several smaller networks.
The World Wide Web (WWW) - commonly known as the
Web, is an information system that enables information
sharing over the Internet through user-friendly ways meant
to appeal to users beyond IT specialists and hobbyists.
Could you imagine live without Internet?
 LAN, WAN, MAN

A LAN (local area network) is a group of computers and network devices connected
together, usually within the same building. By definition, the connections must be high
speed and relatively inexpensive (e.g., token ring or Ethernet). Most Indiana University
Bloomington departments are on LANs.

A MAN (metropolitan area network) is a larger network that usually spans several buildings
in the same city or town.

A WAN (wide area network), in comparison to a MAN, is not restricted to a geographical

location, although it might be confined within the bounds of a state or country. A WAN
connects several LANs, and may be limited to an enterprise (a corporation or an
organization) or accessible to the public. The technology is high speed and relatively
expensive. The Internet is an example of a worldwide public WAN.
 LAN - Local Area Network
• Starting with small scale
• LAN - Local Area Network
• One house, one floor of a building
• Later, show scale up to world-wide internet
• Two super popular LAN technologies
- Ethernet, wired LAN
- Wi-Fi, wireless LAN

A local area network, or LAN, is a smaller network that

is located within a very small geographical area, such
as within an office or building. Devices can share
resources through a local area network, such as the
internet, printer, etc., without being directly
connected.
 Clients and Servers

Every computer connected to a network is

called a host or end device.
Servers are computers that provide information
to end devices on the network. For example,
email servers, web servers, or file server.
Clients are computers that send requests to the
servers to retrieve information such as a web
page from a web server or email from an email
server.
 Peer-to-Peer

Client and server software usually run on separate computers.

However, in small businesses or homes, it is typical for a client to also function
as the server.
These networks are called peer-to-peer networks.
Peer-to-peer networking advantages: easy to set up, less complex, and lower
cost.
Disadvantages: no centralized administration, not as secure, not scalable, and
slower performance.
 Overview of Network Components

A network can be as simple as a single cable connecting two computers or as

complex as a collection of networks that span the globe.

Network infrastructure contains three broad categories of network

components:
• Devices
• Media
• Services
 Network Components

End Devices

• An end device is where a message originates from or

where it is received.
• Data originates with an end device, flows through the
network, and arrives at an end device
 Intermediary Network Devices

An intermediary device interconnects end devices in a network.

Examples include: switches, wireless access points, routers, and
firewalls.
The management of data as it flows through a network is also the
role of an
intermediary device including:
• Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
• Maintain information about what pathways exist through the
network and internetwork.
• Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.
 Intermediary Network Devices

Modem:
Modem stands for ‘MOdulator DEModulator’. It refers to a device used for conversion
between analog signals and digital bits. We know computers store and process data in terms
of 0s and 1s. However, to transmit data from a sender to a receiver, or while browsing the
internet, digital data are converted to an analog signal and the medium (be it free-space or a
physical media) carries the signal to the receiver.
 Intermediary Network Devices

Ethernet Card.
Ethernet card, also known as Network Interface Card (NIC
card in short) is a network adapter used to set up a wired
network. It acts as an interface between computer and the
network. It is a circuit board mounted on the motherboard
of a computer as shown in Figure.

Repeater
A repeater is a network device that retransmits a received
signal with more power and to an extended geographical
or topological network boundary than what would be
capable with the original signal.
 Intermediary Network Devices

Hub
An Ethernet hub is a network device used to connect
different devices through wires. Data arriving on any of the
lines are sent out on all the others. The limitation of Hub is
that if data from two devices come at the same time, they
will collide.
Switch
A switch is a networking device that plays a central role in a
Local Area Network (LAN). A network switch is used to
connect multiple computers or communicating devices.
When data arrives, the switch extracts the destination
address from the data packet and looks it up in a table to
see where to send the packet.
 Intermediary Network Devices

Router
A router is a network device that can receive the data,
analyse it and transmit it to other networks. A router
connects a local area network to the internet. Compared to
a hub or a switch, a router has advanced capabilities as it
can analyse the data being carried over a network,
decide/alter how it is packaged, and send it to another
network of a different type.
 Networking Topologies

Mesh Topology
Ring Topology
Bus Topology
 Networking Topologies

Star Topology Tree or Hybrid Topology

 Network Media

Communication across a network is carried through a medium

which allows a message to travel from source to destination.

Networks typically use three types of media:

• Metallic wires within cables, such as copper

• Glass, such as fiber optic cables

• Wireless transmission
 What is Ethernet?
Ethernet technology provides rules that allow network-connected devices to talk to one another
without talking over each other.

Ethernet was designed to solve the problem of packet collision. It provides network devices with a
set of rules that essentially says: "Make sure no one else is talking before you talk. If you hear
someone talking while you're talking, stop, listen, and wait for the talking to end before you talk
again.”
 Ethernet LAN - Bandwidth
Ethernet cable lengths are typically limited to 100 meters, in keeping with its "local"
orientation. A typical LAN application is networking the computers in one room or in
one floor of a building. The most common form of ethernet wiring is 100base-T (100
megabit) with "RJ-45" connectors on the ends.
 Ethernet LAN - Bandwidth
• Very popular wired LAN technology, 1974
• Wires about as thick as a drinking straw
• 100 meter max wire length
• Wires often yellow or blue
• RJ-45 plug, like a big phone plug
• bandwidth speed - bits per second
• Typical bandwidth numbers:
- 100 megabits, 100 million bits per second (100 mbps)
- 1 gigabit, 1 billion bits per second (1 gbps, 1000 mbps)
• letter "b" confusion - note "mbps" and "gbps" refer to bits not bytes
• Networking speeds generally quoted in bits-per-second, as above
 Identifying Nodes in a Networked
Communication
MAC Address

MAC address is the physical address, which uniquely identifies each device on a given network. To
make communication between two networked devices, we need two addresses: IP address and MAC
address. A physical address that operates at the Data Link Layer is called a Media Access Control
Address.
Since it is globally unique, two devices cannot share the same MAC address. Each device displays it
in hexadecimal formats. The 12-digit number is 48 bits long, the first 24 bits are utilized for the
OUI(Organization Unique Identifier ), and the remaining 24 bits are used for NIC/vendor-specific
information. It operates on the OSI model's data link layer. A logical address is connected to a
physical or MAC address using the ARP protocol.
Format of
MAC address
 Packets - Data From Here to There
Data packets are units of information collected into one set for transmission through the
Internet. Any bit of data that needs to be sent from one system to another must first be broken
into smaller pieces to ease communication. Upon reaching the endpoint, these pieces get
reassembled to become readable.

What Is the Structure of a Data Packet?

 Header, payload and trailer
A data packet commonly has two
sections—the header and the payload.
The header contains all information about
the packet, including its origin and
destination IP addresses. Packet headers
tell receiving devices where they come
from and how to process them.

Payload. This is the actual data

information the packet carries to its
destination. The IPv4 payload is padded
with zero bits to ensure that the packet
ends on a 32-bit boundary.
Trailer. Sometimes, certain network
protocols also attach an end part or trailer
to the packet. An IP packet doesn't
contain trailers, but Ethernet frames do.

Khan academy: computers and the Internet

 Packets - Data From Here to There
You can think of IP packets like postal letters: the header is the envelope with all the routing
information that's needed by the post office, and the payload is the letter that's read only by the
recipient.

Khan academy: computers and the Internet

 What is IP Addressing?
An IP address is a unique identifier assigned to the computer which is connected to the
internet. Each IP address consists of a series of characters like 192.168.1.2. Users cannot
access the domain name of each website with the help of these characters, so DNS
resolvers are used that convert the human-readable domain names into a series of
characters. Each IP packet contains two addresses, i.e., the IP address of the device,
which is sending the packet, and the IP address of the device which is receiving the
packet.

Khan academy: computers and the Internet

 Types of IP address

Khan academy: computers and the Internet

 Types of IPv4 addresses

Khan academy: computers and the Internet

 Resources

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 Thank you
for your attention!