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CH 8

This document provides an overview of flow in pipes, including: 1) Flow can be laminar or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number, with critical values around 2300-4000. 2) Velocity profiles are parabolic for laminar flow and fuller for turbulent flow. Wall shear stress is higher for turbulent flow. 3) Pressure drop in a pipe is directly related to wall shear stress and can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor. 4) The Moody chart can be used to determine the friction factor for turbulent flow based on the relative roughness of the pipe wall.

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Abdihamid bin-mohamoud
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12 views9 pages

CH 8

This document provides an overview of flow in pipes, including: 1) Flow can be laminar or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number, with critical values around 2300-4000. 2) Velocity profiles are parabolic for laminar flow and fuller for turbulent flow. Wall shear stress is higher for turbulent flow. 3) Pressure drop in a pipe is directly related to wall shear stress and can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor. 4) The Moody chart can be used to determine the friction factor for turbulent flow based on the relative roughness of the pipe wall.

Uploaded by

Abdihamid bin-mohamoud
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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You are on page 1/ 9

CHAPTER 8:

FLOW IN PIPES

INTRODUCTION

| Average velocity in a pipe


y Recall - because of the no-slip
condition, the velocity at the walls of
a pipe or duct flow is zero
y We are often interested only in Vavg,
which we usually call just V (drop
the
h subscript
b i for f convenience)
i )
y Keep in mind that the no-slip
condition causes shear stress and
friction along the pipe walls
Friction force of wall on fluid

INTRODUCTION

| For pipes of constant


diameter and
incompressible flow
y Vavg stays the same
down the pipe, even if
the velocity profile
Vavg Vavg changes
| Why? Conservation of
Mass

same same
same

1
INTRODUCTION

| For pipes with variable diameter, m is still the


same due to conservation of mass, but V1 ≠ V2

D1

D2

V1 m V2 m

LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOWS

LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOWS

| Critical Reynolds number


Definition of Reynolds number (Recr) for flow in a round
pipe
Re < 2300 ⇒ laminar
2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000 ⇒ transitional
Re > 4000 ⇒ turbulent

| Note that these values are


approximate.
| For a given application, Recr
depends upon
y Pipe roughness
y Vibrations
y Upstream fluctuations,
disturbances (valves, elbows, etc.
that may disturb the flow)

2
LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOWS

| For non-round pipes, define the


hydraulic diameter
Dh = 4Ac/P
Ac = cross-section area
P = wetted perimeter

| Example: open channel


Ac = 0.15 * 0.4 = 0.06m2
P = 0.15 + 0.15 + 0.4 = 0.7m
Don’t count free surface, since it does not
contribute to friction along pipe walls!
Dh = 4Ac/P = 4*0.06/0.7 = 0.343m
What does it mean? This channel flow is
equivalent to a round pipe of diameter
0.343m (approximately).

THE ENTRANCE REGION

| Consider a round pipe of diameter D. The flow


can be laminar or turbulent. In either case,
the profile develops downstream over several
diameters called the entry length Lh. Lh/D is a
function of Re.

FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW

| Comparison of laminar and turbulent flow


There are some major differences between
laminar and turbulent fully developed pipe
flows
L i
Laminar
| Can solve exactly (Chapter 9)
| Flow is steady
| Velocity profile is parabolic

| Pipe roughness not important

It turns out that Vavg = 1/2Umax and u(r)= 2Vavg(1 - r2/R2)

3
FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW

Turbulent
| Cannot solve exactly (too complex)
| Flow is unsteady (3D swirling eddies), but it is steady in the
mean
| Mean velocity profile is fuller (shape more like a top-hat profile,
with very sharp slope at the wall)
| Pipe roughness is very important

Instantaneous
profiles

| Vavg 85% of Umax (depends on Re a bit)


| No analytical solution, but there are some good semi-empirical
expressions that approximate the velocity profile shape. See
text
Logarithmic law (Eq. 8-46)
Power law (Eq. 8-49)

FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW WALL-SHEAR STRESS

| Recall, for simple shear flows u=u(y), we had


τ = μ du/dy
| In fully developed pipe flow, it turns out that

τ = μ du/dr
Laminar Turbulent

τw τw
τw = shear stress at the wall,
acting on the fluid
τw,turb > τw,lam

FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW PRESSURE DROP

| There is a direct connection between the pressure drop in a pipe


and the shear stress at the wall
| Consider a horizontal pipe, fully developed, and incompressible
flow
τw

Take CV inside the pipe wall


P1 V P2

L
1 2

| Let’s apply conservation of mass, momentum, and energy to this


CV (good review problem!)

4
FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW PRESSURE DROP
| Conservation of Mass

| Conservation of x-momentum

Terms cancel since β1 = β2


and V1 = V2

FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW PRESSURE DROP


| Thus, x-momentum reduces to

or

| Energy equation (in head form)

cancel (horizontal pipe)


Velocity terms cancel again because V1 = V2, and α1 = α2 (shape not changing)

hL = irreversible head
loss & it is felt as a pressure
drop in the pipe

FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW FRICTION FACTOR

| From momentum CV analysis

| From energy CV analysis

| Equating the two gives

| To predict head loss, we need to be able to calculate τw.


How?
y Laminar flow: solve exactly
y Turbulent flow: rely on empirical data (experiments)
y In either case, we can benefit from dimensional analysis!

5
FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW FRICTION FACTOR

(Moody Chart)

FULLY DEVELOPED PIPE FLOW FRICTION FACTOR


| Now go back to equation for hL and substitute f for τw

| Our problem is now reduced to solving for Darcy friction factor f


y Recall
But for laminar flow, roughness
y Therefore does not affect the flow unless it
| Laminar flow: f = 64/Re (exact) is huge
| Turbulent flow: Use charts or empirical equations (Moody Chart, Fig. A-12)

6
8–31 Water at 10°C (ρ=999.7 kg/m3 and μ=1.307×10-3
kg/m·s) is flowing steadily in a 0.20-cm-diameter,
15-m-long pipe at an average velocity of 1.2 m/s.
Determine
(a) the pressure drop,
(b) the head loss, and
(c) the pumping power requirement to overcome this
pressure drop.

First we need to determine the flow regime (Reynolds number)

Therefore, the flow is laminar


Then:

(a)

7
MINOR LOSSES
| Piping systems include fittings, valves, bends,
elbows, tees, inlets, exits, enlargements, and
contractions.
| These components interrupt the smooth flow of
fluid and cause additional losses because of flow
separation and mixing
| We introduce a relation for the minor losses
associated with these components

• KL is the loss coefficient.


• Is different for each component.
• Is assumed to be independent of Re.
• Typically provided by manufacturer or
generic table (e.g., Table 8-4 in text).

MINOR LOSSES

| Total head loss in a system is comprised of major


losses (in the pipe sections) and the minor losses
(in the components)

i pipe
j components
sections

| If the piping system has constant diameter

8
PIPING NETWORKS AND PUMP SELECTION

| Two general types of networks


y Pipes in series
| Volume flow rate is constant
| Head loss is the summation of parts

y Pipes in parallel
| Volume flow rate is the sum of the components
| Pressure loss across all branches is the same

ASSIGNMENT (8)
(8.35, 8.43, 8.120)

((1)) WEEK

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