Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

San, Joaquin, Iloilo

LIGHT EMITTING CAPACITY OF PULVERIZED JATROPHA CURCAS SEEDS AS AN

ADDITIVE TO COMMERCIAL CANDLE

A Research Study to the

Faculty, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

Don Felix Serra National High School

San Joaquin, Iloilo

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the subject Research Capstone

STEM STRAND

Adellyn S. Semic

Thea Anne Marie S. Serag

Marian Jade S. Sevelo

Angel Rose C. Sican

Josbelle Louise B. Siva

John Adrian S. Sulana

Rainier Ryan P. Tan

December 2022

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

APPROVAL SHEET

This research study entitled, “Light emitting capacity of pulverized jatropha curcas seeds

as an additive to commercial candle” prepared and submitted by Adellyn S. Semic, Thea

Anne Marie S. Serag, Marian Jade S. Sevelo, Angel Rose C. Sican, Josbelle Louise B. Siva,

John Adrian S. Sulana, and Rainier Ryan P. Tan in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the subject Capstone Project/Research has been evaluated and recommended for approval

by the panel of evaluators of the Senior High School Department.

Approved by the Research Committee:

RAHJNI FAITH S. ESCARE ALMER D. SIBONGA, PhD

Science Specialist and Research Adviser Math and Design Specialist

MARIA THERESA S. MAGBANUA AIDA S. NEBRIS

Science Specialist and Coordinator Science Specialist

MILA N. GAMON JISREL ANN F. ALCALA

Math and ICT Specialist English and Grammar
Specialist

MAE S. SETUBAL
Science and Format Specialist
Research Coordinator

MA. ISABEL G. SERAG, EdD

Principal IV

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research project would not have been feasible without the assistance of a few

people. As a result, we convey our heartfelt appreciation to the following individuals:

To Almighty God, who loves them unconditionally and consistently rewards them with

gifts that have enabled them to become more productive stewards. For conferring those

graces and providing the wisdom that enabled them to conduct this research.

The researchers’ parents, who have inspired and tirelessly supported them

throughout their journey. They owed them so much for everything they had done for them

from the beginning to the end.

To Ms. Rahjni Faith Escare, for sharing her knowledge and expertise in making this

research project possible and for guiding the researchers in every step to ensure the

prosperity of the study.

To the teachers, Mrs. Aida Nebris, Mrs. Mae Setubal, Mr. Almer Sibonga, Mrs. Mila

Gamon, and Mrs. Theresa Magbanua, for showing their patience and giving their wisdom as

the research panelists.

To Sir Brian Gil Sarinas, for being the Chief Research Panelist and the advice shared

that has highly contributed to the success and the final output of the study.

To Mr. Tomas Siva Jr., who served as the grammarian and helping the quality of the

paper enhanced.

To Dr. Ma. Isabel G. Serag, School Principal IV, for seeing the potential of the

researchers and granting permission to do their studies.

To their classmates, friends, and teachers, who have offered them guidance, for

being there for them, offering them your pearls of wisdom, and sharing your thoughts on the

success of this research.

To God be the glory!

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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ABSTRACT

Kasla, a multipurpose flowering plant, has proven itself especially in biofuel

production and in the field of medicine but only a few on its potential as wax, detergents, or

candles. Despite the dominance of technology, candles continue to be useful and valued

especially among rural areas. Hence, this study aimed to determine the light emitting

capacity of pulverized kasla seeds as an additive to commercial candles which were

homemade.

The researchers analyzed the quantitative data gathered through observational

method using descriptive statistical tools—mean and standard deviation; and utilized an

inferential statistical tool, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) where they determined that

there is a significant difference towards the length of time in meters for the candles to melt,

while there is no significant difference in terms of range of light in meters among different

treatments.

Based on the study’s quantitative results, it could be inferred that pulverized kasla

seeds has the light emitting capacity as an additive to commercial candles. The property

which is the range of light in meters has a positive result in the capability of the candles.

It is recommended that future studies should be explored towards improving the

entire process stage and come up with a much simple and faster way of pulverizing process

of the kasla seeds to ensure that the candles will be safe for human consumption.

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Title Page i

Approval Sheet ii

Acknowledgement iii

Abstract iv

Table of Contents v-vi

List of Tables vii

List of Figures viii

List of Appendices ix

Chapter Page

1 Introduction

Background of the study 10-11

Objectives of the study 10

Hypothesis

Conceptual Framework

Significance of the Study

Scope and Limitations

Definition of Terms

2 Review of Related Literature

Related Literature

Foreign Studies

Local Studies

Risks of J. curcas L.

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3 Methodology

Research Design

Sampling Procedure

Data Gathering Instrument

Materials Used

Procedures

Data Analysis

4 Results and Discussion

Descriptive Data Analysis

Inferential Data Analysis

5 Summary, Conclusion, Implication, and Recommendation

Summary

Findings

Implications

Conclusions

Recommendations

References

Appendices

A. Making of Treatments

B. Gathering of Data

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Mean and standard deviation results in the light emitting capacity of J. 24

curcas L. as an additive to homemade candle in terms of length for the
candle to melt in minutes and range of light in meters among different
treatments.

2 One-Way ANOVA results in the significant difference in the light 25

emitting capacity of J. curcas L. as an additive to commercial candle in
terms of length for the candle to melt in minutes among different
treatments.

3 Post-Hoc Test results in the significant difference in the light emitting 26

capacity of J. curcas L. as an additive to commercial candle in terms of
length of time for the candle to melt in minutes among different
treatments.

4 One-Way ANOVA results in the significant difference in the light 27

emitting of J. curcas L. as an additive to commercial candle in terms of
range of light in meters among different treatments.

5 Post-Hoc Test results in the significant difference in the light emitting 28

capacity of J. curcas L. as an additive to commercial candle in terms of
range of light in meters among different treatments.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1 Schematic diagram illustrating the interplaying variables. 11

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CHAPTER I

Introduction

Background of the Study

In today's world, technology provides everything we need, including electricity and

light efficiency. However, candles remain useful for those without access or affordability to

electricity, especially in rural areas. Candles provide temporary light and symbolize

sacredness and prayer, making them essential for religious and ritual purposes. They also

serve as therapeutic and aesthetic value due to their scent and romantic ambiance.

Candles have been used for over 5000 years to provide light and brighten

celebrations. Biblical times mention candles made of wicks stuck into containers filled with

flammable material. Early civilizations developed candles using waxes made from plants and

insects, such as Chinese, Japanese, and Indian. Beeswax was introduced in Europe, which

burned cleanly and emits a sweet smell. In the 18th century, spermaceti was produced from

crystalizing sperm whale oil, making it the first standard candle.

In the 19th century, stearic acid was extracted from animal fatty acids, leading to stearin

wax, which is harder, more durable, and burns cleanly. Paraffin wax was created in 1850,

and paraffin wax is still a major ingredient in most candles (National Candle Association,

2020).

Jatropha curcas L. is a tropical flowering plant belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae

with potential in biodiesel production and medicinal purposes. Its seed oil is used in various

industries, including detergents, soaps, cosmetics, oil pastels, and candles. J. curcas seeds

contain 46.27% oil and contain stearic acid, abrasive solids, soluble metallic soaps, and

silica residue. In this study, the researchers will resort to determining the light emitting

capacity of J. curcas seed as an additive to commercial candle.

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

Given that candles still have potential in the market, homemade candles could help

the local rural communities create their own small business out of the available raw materials

in their area. Also, at times when the need for light is an emergency, cheap, easy-to-make,

and long-lasting candle is a convenience. To help the local community with these, the

researchers designed a study called, “Light emitting capacity of pulverized kasla seeds as an

additive to commercial candle.” This study searched for the potential of kasla seed

performance as a candle that melts longer, its durability, and its candlepower.

Objectives of the Study

Generally, this study aimed to determine the light emitting capacity of J. curcas seed as

an additive to commercial candle.

Specifically, this study also aimed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the light emitting capacity of J. curcas seed as an additive to commercial candle in

terms of?

a). Length of time for the candle to melt in minutes.

b). Range of light in meters.

2. Are there significant differences in the light emitting capacity of J. curcas seed as an

additive commercial candle in terms of?

a). Length of time for the candle to melt in minutes.

b). Range of light in meters.

Hypothesis

There are no significant differences in the light emitting capacity of J. curcas seed to be

made as an additive to commercial candle in terms of a). Length of time for the candle to be

melted and b). Range of light in meters.

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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Conceptual Framework

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Treatments
Treatment A – (75g Pulverized Kasla
seed + 75g used commercial candle wax)
Treatment B – (45g Pulverized Kasla
seed +105g used commercial candle
wax)  Length of time for the candle to
melt in minutes.
Treatment C – (150g melted used  Range of light in meters.
commercial candle wax)
Treatment D – (150g Commercial candle)

Fig.1. Schematic diagram illustrating the interplaying variables.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study will provide significant benefits to the following:

 Residents of the Municipality of San Joaquin. The results of this study may help

the residents of the municipality of San Joaquin develop a small business or industry

related to low-cost candle making. Also, this may give them knowledge of making

their own candle out of commercial candle leftovers and available raw materials.

 Local Government Units (LGU) of San Joaquin. This study could encourage the

LGU of San Joaquin to support the future local small businesses of candle-making.

 Future Researcher. The results of this study will be beneficial to future researchers.

This will serve as the source of information and basis for further research about the

potential of plants and creating sustainable solutions from waste.

Scope and Limitations

This study was conducted to test the light emitting capacity of J. curcas seed as an

additive to commercial candle. The study was limited only in determining the light emitting

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capacity of J. curcas seed as an additive to commercial candle in terms of the length of time

that the candle will melt and the range of light in meters. The study will be conducted at Don

Felix Serra National High School. The sampling procedure used is a complete randomized

design. The study includes four treatments, Treatment A – (75g Pulverized Kasla seed + 75g

used commercial candle wax), Treatment B – (45g Pulverized Kasla seed +105g used

commercial candle wax), Treatment C – (150g melted used commercial candle wax), and

Treatment D – (150g Commercial candle)

The independent variables in this study were the different treatments of pulverized kasla

seeds and commercialized candles. The length of time for the candle to melt in minutes and

the range of light in meters were the dependent variables in this study; the data was

gathered through observation process.

This study was conducted Don Felix Serra National High School.

Definition of Terms

Capacity. The potential or suitability for holding, storing, or accommodating (Merriam

Webster, 2023).

In this study, this term is used to determine the light emitting capacity or the potential of

the kasla seed as an additive to commercial candle. Our focus will be the Treatment A –

(50% Pulverized Kasla seed) –3g, and Treatment B – (30% Pulverized Kasla seed) – 2g if

these two treatments are capable of being a light emitting candle that has a wide level of

flame range and stays for a longer period of time than the commercial candle which will be in

Treatment D – (100% commercial candle) – 6g.

Candle. A stick-shaped piece of wax with a wick in the middle of it produces light as

it slowly burns (Cambridge Dictionary, 2022).

In this study, this term was used as an instrument to compare with Treatment A, B, C and

D. Candle will be used as our commercial product Treatment D – (100% commercial candle)

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– 6g. In the experiment, this will be our basis to determine the results of Treatment A, B, C,

and D.

Kasla seeds. The seeds mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow.

The seeds contain around 20% saturated fatty acids and 80% unsaturated fatty acids, and

they yield 25%-40% oil by weight. In addition, the seeds contain other chemical compounds,

such as saccharose, raffinose, stachyose, glucose, fructose, galactose, and protein. The oil

is largely made up of oleic and linoleic acids. Furthermore, the plant also contains curcasin,

arachidic, myristic, palmitic, ad stearic acids, and curcin (Wikipedia, 2023).

In this study, this was used for our different treatments that were tested, the Treatment A

– (50% Pulverized Kasla seed) –3g, and Treatment B – (30% Pulverized Kasla seed) – 2g.

These kasla seeds were pulverized.

Pulverized. To pulverize means to press or crush something until it becomes powder

or a soft mass (Cambridge Dictionary, 2023).

In this study, the researchers pulverized or crushed the kasla seeds using mortar and

pestle and were mixed according to the different treatment groups.

Wax. It is a solid substance containing a lot of fat that becomes soft and melts when

warm (Cambridge Dictionary, 2023).

In this study, the wax was used in our Treatment A – (50% used commercial candle wax)

– 3g, Treatment B – (70% used commercial candle wax) – 4.5g and Treatment C – (100%

used commercial candle) – 6g. We will use the wax of the used commercial candles or those

candles that have been melted and becomes useless.

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter discusses the conceptual literatures, foreign studies and local studies

related to the present investigation.

Related Literature

For more than 5000 years, candles have been used for many purposes including the

source of light and to illuminate celebrations. There has been much research that found out

how candles are developed since early ages. According to an article by the National Candle

Association on 2020, early Chinese candles are said to have been molded in paper tubes

using rolled rice paper, using rolled rice paper for the wicks, and wax from an indigenous

insect that was combined with seeds. Through the years, the birth of new ideas in candle-

making brought improvement and development to the industry of candle-making. Even with

modernization and technology conquering the world and making people’s lives much easier,

candles did not fail to stay relevant.

J. curcas is a multi-purpose plant species with many advantages for biodiesel production

(Dias, 2012). In ecology, some consider Jatropha to be a weed. However, it is not an

invasive species since it hardly propagates by itself. Seeds from fruits that are left on the

ground surrounding the mother plant seldom germinate and develop. The fruit and seeds are

poisonous and not eaten or collected by animals; Jatropha, therefore, is not naturally

dispersed.

Historical records show that Jatropha was used by native Indians of Central America

and perhaps South America, where it was traditionally used in herbal medicine. Jatropha

seeds were commercially produced on the Cabo Verde Islands in 1836. The seeds were

exported to Portugal and France and the oil was used for street lighting and soap production.

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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Due to the toxicity of the leaves, and its fast growth and resilience, Jatropha is often used as

a hedge or living fences since it is not browsed by cattle (Heller, 1996).

While J. curcas has been proved to have many potentials uses especially as a biodiesel,

its potential as a wax, specifically as a candle, is not yet widely recognized.

Foreign Studies

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was done, and it was found out that

oleic acid was the major component of J. curcas seed oil with 44.91% (Alpandi et al, 2022).

In the same study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed and showed the

presence of ester fatty acid groups at a peak of 1746.48cm-¹. The analysis revealed that the

high content of oleic acid in J. curcas seed oil has great potential as a wax inhibitor to

mitigate paraffin wax deposition and improve the flowability of crude oil.

A study conducted in Vietnam by the researchers Dahn, Pham, Nga, Nhung, Lam, and

Toan entitled Preparation and Characterization of Naturally Scented Candles Using the

Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil aimed to investigate the parameters

affecting the distillation process of lemongrass essential oil, create a candle that has long

lasting, no health effects, low cost, and determine some physicochemical properties and

sensory evaluation of the product. The researchers used fresh lemongrass leaves and were

cut into small pieces. They are then kept un a sealed plastic bag at ambient temperature and

protected from the light. The leaves were soaked un deionized water for 30 minutes before

distillation. The extraction of essential oils was done through hydro distillation in a circulatory

Clevenger-type apparatus (1L capacity). The maximum temperature of the system was the

boiling point of water and system was operated at atmospheric pressure. After distillation,

moisture was removed from the essential oil by absorption. Then, the essential oil was

stored in a dark container. The soy wax and beeswax are sufficiently weighed into the glass.

Then, the wax is melted through boiling it at a temperature of 70-80°C. Following an

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
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appropriate number of antioxidants in the beaker, ethanol is added, the mixture is dissolved.

The mixture is stirred after the essential oil is added and the stove is turned off.

In-depth analysis of J. has been given in this study. Curcas, a second-generation biofuel

crop to produce sustainable biodiesel in marginal lands of arid and semi-arid regions of the

world. It concentrated on every aspect of the crop, including its genetic diversity, agronomic

factors, productivity, oil content, and fatty acid profile, methods for extracting biodiesel, and

economic and environmental factors for biodiesel production. It also looked at the crop's

origin and distribution. A literature review suggests that J. pylori oil could be used to produce

biodiesel.

After the product was evaluated, it was found out that most users agreed that the product

has the same hardness as candles in the market because it is blended from two parts of

beeswax and one part of soy wax. Most respondents were able to notice the fragrance of

lemongrass. Both the prepared and commercial scented candles have the same candle

height, diameter, and length of the wick. Both samples have almost the same hardness.

The results show that commercial candles have a higher flame leading to faster burning

time. Prepared candles produced lower flame and longer burning time. In addition,

commercial candles burn with more black smoke than prepared candles. This is due to

commercial candles made from the wax having low melting point, in turn leading to quick

evaporation. The wax of the commercial candle is also observed to be impure, so it creates

more black smoke while burning.

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Local Studies

A similar study has been conducted in Nueva Ecija by the researchers Conception,

Libranda, and Santiago last 2017 which is entitled Used Cooking Oil as an Additive

Component of Candle.

Their study aimed to produce a low-priced, high-quality candle by using used cooking oil

as a major component. They used the following candle compositions: 100 percent paraffin

wax; 90 percent paraffin and 10 percent oil; 80 percent paraffin and 20 percent oil; 70

percent paraffin and 30 percent oil; 60 percent paraffin and 40 percent oil; 50 percent

paraffin and 50 percent oil. The firmness, texture, and light range of the candles were tested

and compared.

Results of their tests showed that the candle made from 100 percent paraffin wax had the

lowest melting rate, lowest amount of melted candle, and a light range of 100 candelas (cd).

The 90:10 preparation had the next lowest melting rate and amount of melted candle. The

other preparations ranked according to the proportion of used cooking oil in the candle, with

the 50:50 preparation performing least comparably with the 100 percent paraffin wax candle.

Risks of J. curcas L.

J. curcas seeds are a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. However, Jatropha

seed oil and other plant parts are toxic due to the presence of phorbol esters (Pes). The

ever-increasing cultivation of toxic genotype of J. curcas runs the risk of increased human

exposure to Jatropha products. In the present study, effects of J. curcas oil (from both toxic

and nontoxic genotypes), purified Pes-rich extract and purified Pes (factors C1, C2,

C(3mixture), (C4+C5)) on reconstituted human epithelium (RHE) and human corneal

epithelium (HCE) were evaluated in vitro. The Pes were purified from toxic Jatropha oil. In

both RHE and HCE, the topical application of Pes containing samples produced severe

cellular alterations such as marked oedema, presence of less viable cell layers, necrosis

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and/or partial tissue disintegration in epithelium and increased inflammatory response

(interleukin-1α and prostaglandin E2). When compared to toxic oil, histological alterations

and inflammatory response were less evident (P<0.05) in nontoxic oil indicating the severity

of toxicity was due to Pes. Conclusively, topical applications of Jatropha Pes are toxic

towards RHE and HCE models, which represents dermal and ocular toxicity respectively.

Data obtained from this study would aid in the development of safety procedures for

Jatropha biodiesel industries. It is advised to use protective gloves and glasses when

handling Pes containing Jatropha products (Devappa et al.,2013).

The Jatropha also suffers from certain limiting factors, which need to be kept in mind

while dealing with the species. The Jatropha cannot be grown on waterlogged lands and

slopes exceeding 30. The ideal climatic condition for Jatropha can be summarized as annual

rainfall not exceeding 600 mm in moderate climatic condition, 1200 mm in hot climatic zones

and soil pH less than 9. The atmospheric temperature should not fall below 0°C as the

plants are sensitive to ground frost that may occur in winters. The Jatropha seeds are hard

and possess toxicity. The golden flea beetle (Podgorica spp.) can particularly harm young

plants. Jatropha is also host to the fungus ‘frogeye’ (Cercospora spp) common in tobacco

(Sahu, Gour, & Gupta, 2022).

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CHAPTER 3

Methodology

This chapter described the research design, study population and sampling procedures,

data gathering instrument, data collection and data analysis used in the study.

Research Design

In determining a significant result of a research study, a specific method and design was

utilized in doing the study. In this research study, we used the experimental type of research

granting quantitative information of the data to determine the light emitting capacity of J.

curcas (kasla) seed as an additive to commercial candle.

Length of time for the

Treatments Range of flame in meters
candle to melt (in minutes)
Treatment A – (50%
pulverized kasla seed + 50%
used commercial candle
wax)
Treatment B – (30%
pulverized kasla seed + 70%
used commercial candle
wax)
Treatment C – (0%
pulverized kasla seed +
100% used commercial
candle wax)
Treatment D – (100%
Commercial candle)

Sampling Procedure

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The sampling procedure used was a complete randomized sampling technique.

Data Gathering Instrument

The instrument used in this study was the observational method. The mass and size of

Treatment A, B, C, and D were measured. Systematically counting the length of time in

minutes for each treatment to melt and the range of flame among different treatments were

measured.

Procedures

This section stated the sequence on how the researchers gathered the data. It was

divided into three stages: Pre-processing Stage, Processing Stage and Post-processing

Stage. The data that was gathered for the study were the results from the table to determine

the light emitting capacity of J. curcas seed as an additive to commercial candle.

Pre- Experimental Stage

The researchers looked around the locality to find kasla trees and harvest the seeds.

Laboratory apparatuses, commercial candles, used commercial candles, and cotton wicks

were also gathered. The laboratory apparatuses that the researchers used were metallic

ruler, stirring rod, beaker, molder, alcohol lamp, volumetric flask, matches, vessel, mortar

and pestle, and stopwatch.

After harvesting, the separation of kasla seeds from the husk was done and dried under

the sun for one week. After the kasla seeds are dried, they are packed in tiny bags and

stored for a week. Then, these were pulverized using the mortar and pestle. Used

commercial candles were melted for their wax to be used. The pulverized kasla seed and

wax were mixed. While mixing the solution, the molders were prepared with three inches of

cotton wicks in them. Upon mixing, the solution was poured into each molder and the

researchers waited for it to cool down and were taken out. As for Treatment D, the solution

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was poured into a container with the same dimensions as the molder and was covered by a

metal cap with a hole allowing the cotton wick to sprout.

During Experimental Stage

When the materials are already prepared, the researchers measured the pulverized kasla

seed and wax variously to have the Treatment A – (50% Pulverized Kasla Seed + 50% used

commercial candle wax)—6g, Treatment B – (30% Pulverized Kasla seed + 70% used

commercial candle wax)—6g, Treatment C – (0% Pulverized Kasla seed + 100% used

commercial candle wax)—6g, and Treatment D – (100% commercial candle)—6g. To sum it

all up, we have four treatments with a total of 24 grams. The prepared Treatments A, B, C,

and D were placed vertically on a flat surface meters away from each other inside a

completely dark room with no air resistance. Next, the length of the time for each treatment

to melt were measured using a stopwatch; the range of the flame was measured through a

metallic ruler by measuring how far can its light reach. Lastly, the data for Treatments A, B,

C, and D were gathered.

Post- Experimental

After the actual experiment in the laboratory, the researchers washed the laboratory

apparatuses and returned them to their places. The researchers cleaned the used area or

laboratory. Collected data were compiled and the researchers prepared them for the

presentation.

Data Analysis

The analysis of data for the study were descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The

statistical tools used in the study were the mean, standard deviation, and one-way ANOVA.

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The mean and standard deviation were used to determine the length of time in minutes to

determine the length of time in minutes for the candle to melt and the range of flame among

different treatments.

One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was used to determine the significant difference

in the light emitting capacity of J. curcas seed as an additive to commercial candle in terms

of length of time in minutes for the candle to melt and the range of flame among different

treatments set at 0.05 alpha level.

The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) computer software was used in the

analysis of the data.

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CHAPTER 4

Results and Discussion

This chapter was divided into two parts: (1) Descriptive Data Analysis, and (2) Inferential

Data Analysis.

Part One, Descriptive Data Analysis, describing the Light Emitting Capacity of J. curcas

L. Seed as an Additive to Commercial Candle in terms of length of time for the candle to

melt, and range of light in meters, and the most effective candles affecting the length of time

for the candle to melt, and range of light in meters. The mean and standard deviation were

used as statistical tool on the descriptive data analysis.

Part Two, Inferential Data Analysis, presented the result of the hypothesis for the

significant difference of the Light Emitting Capacity of J. curcas L. Seed as an additive to

Commercial Candle in terms of length of time for the candle to melt, and range of light in

meters.

The One-way ANOVA test was used as a statistical tool for inferential data analysis. It

was tested at 5% level of significance.

Descriptive Data Analysis

The descriptive data analysis answered the research objective: What is the light emitting

capacity of J. curcas seed as an additive to commercial candle in terms of a). Length of time

for the candle to melt in minutes and b). Range of light in meters.

Inferential Data Analysis

The inferential data analysis answered the research objectives: Is there a significant

difference in the light emitting capacity of J. curcas seed as an additive commercial candle in

terms of a). Length of time for the candle to melt in minutes and b). Range of light in meters.

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

Table 1: Mean and standard deviation results in the Light Emitting Capacity of J. curcas L.

Seeds as an Additive to Commercial Candle in terms of length of time for the candle to melt

and range of light among different treatments.

Treatments Mean (min) SD

Length of time for the candle to A 20.7433 2.47706
melt (in minutes)
B 24.7700 3.38123
C 56.4467 .74110
D 78.5000 .36000
Total 45.1150 24.84329
Range of light among different A 45.0000 13.22876
treatments (in meters) B 93.3333 7.63783
C 33.3333 2.88675
D 66.0000 1.73205
Total 59.4167 24.74399

Length of time for the candle to melt and range of light among different treatments.

Table 1 presented the mean and the standard deviation results in the light emitting capacity

of J. curcas L. seeds as an additive to commercial candle in terms of length of time for the

candle to melt and range of light among different treatments.

Below are the average durations of the different treatments in terms of length of time for the

candle to melt. The higher the mean in terms of length of time for the candle to melt, the

more capable it is. Treatment A (50% Pulverized Kasla seed + 50% used commercial candle

wax) has a mean of 20.7433 and a standard deviation of 2.47706. While Treatment B (30%

Pulverized Kasla seed + 70% used commercial candle wax) has a mean and standard

deviation of 24.7700 and 3.38123, respectively. Treatment C (0% Pulverized Kasla seed +

100% used commercial candle wax) with a mean of 56.4467 and a standard deviation of

0.74110. Lastly, Treatment D – (100% Commercial candle) has a mean of 78.5000 and a

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

standard deviation of 0.36000. The total mean and standard deviation among different

treatments are 45.1150 and 24.84329, respectively.

The following are the average lengths and standard deviation of the different treatments in

terms of range of light. Note that the higher the mean in terms of range of light, the better. In

Treatment A the mean and standard deviation are 45.0000 and 13.22876, respectively.

Treatment B with a mean of 93.3333 and a standard deviation of 7.63783. Treatment C has

a mean of 33.3333 and a standard deviation of 2.88675. Finally, the Treatment D with a

mean and standard deviation of 66.0000 and 1.73205, respectively. The total mean has a

result of 59.4167 and has a total standard deviation of 24.74399.

Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Remarks

6752.586 3 2250.862 493.411 .000 Significant (S)

Length of time Between Groups

for the candle to Within Groups 36.495 8 4.562

melt Total 6789.081 11

Table 2: One-Way ANOVA results in the significant difference in the Light Emitting Capacity

of J. curcas L. seeds as an Additive to Commercial Candle in terms of length of time for the

candle to melt among different treatments in minutes.

p<.05 – significant (S); p>.05 – not significant (NS)

Length of time for the candle to melt. The data on Table 2 showed the results of the One-

Way ANOVA on the light emitting capacity of J. curcas L. seeds as an additive to

commercial candle in terms of length of time for the candle to melt between or within groups.

The sum of squares between groups has a result of 6752.586 while, within groups has a

result of 39.495 and both have a total of 6789.081. The df between groups and within groups

were 3 and 8, respectively, with a total result of 11. The mean square between the groups

was 2250.862 while within the groups has a result of 4.562. F between groups has a result

of 493.411. The result showed a significant difference with a computed p- value of 0.000.

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

Table 3: Post-Hoc Test results in the significant difference in the Light Emitting Capacity of J.

curcas L. seeds as an Additive to Commercial Candle in terms of length of time for the

candle to melt among different treatments in minutes.

Treatments Treatments Mean Difference

Dependent Variable Sig. Remarks
(I) (J) (I-J)

B -4.02667 .175 Not Significant (NS)

Length of time
A C -35.70333 .000 Significant (S)
for the candle to melt
D -57.75667 .000 Significant (S)

B C -31.67667 .000 Significant (S)

D -53.73000 .000 Significant (S)

C D -22.05333 .000 Significant (S)

p<.05 – significant (S); p>.05 – not significant (NS)

Length of time for the candle to melt. Table 3 presented the Post-hoc Test results in the

significant difference in the Light Emitting Capacity of J. curcas L. seeds as an Additive to

Commercial Candle in terms of length of time for the candle to melt among different

treatments in minutes. Treatment A (50% pulverized kasla seed + 50% used commercial

candle wax) is not significant with Treatment B (30% pulverized kasla seed + 70% used

commercial candle wax) with a value of .175 and a mean difference of -4.02667. Treatment

A (50% pulverized kasla seed + 50% used commercial candle wax) is significant with

Treatment C (0% pulverized kasla seed + 100% used commercial candle wax) with a value

of .000 and a mean difference of -35.70333. Treatment A (50% pulverized kasla seed + 50%

used commercial candle wax) is significant with Treatment D (100% commercial candle) with

a significant difference of .000 and a mean difference of -57.75667. Treatment B (30%

pulverized kasla seed + 70% used commercial candle wax) is significant with Treatment C

(0% pulverized kasla seed + 100% used commercial candle wax) with a value of .000 and a

mean difference of -31.67667. Treatment B (30% pulverized kasla seed + 70% used

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

commercial candle wax) is significant with Treatment D (100% commercial candle) with a

computed p-value of .000 and mean difference of -53.73000. Treatment C (0% pulverized

kasla seed + 100% used commercial candle wax) is significant with Treatment D (100%

commercial candle) with a value of .000 and mean difference of -22.05333.

Table 4: One-Way ANOVA results in the significant difference in the Light Emitting Capacity

of J. curcas L.Seed as an Additive to Commercial Candle in terms of range of light among

different treatments in meters.

Sum of
df Mean Square F Sig. Remarks
Squares
6245.583 3 2081.861 34.036 .000 Significant (S)
Range of Light Between Groups
489.333 8 61.167
among different Within Groups
treatment Total 6734.917 11

p<.05 – significant (S); p>.05 – not significant (NS)

Length of time for the candle to melt. The data on Table 4 showed the results of the One-

Way ANOVA on the light emitting capacity of J. curcas L. seeds as an additive to

commercial candle in terms of range of light between or within groups. The sum of squares

between groups has a result of 6245.583 while, within groups has a result of 489.333 and

both have a total of 6734.917. The df between groups and within groups were 3 and 8,

respectively, with a total result of 11. The mean square between the groups was 2081.861

while within the groups has a result of 61.167. F between groups has a result of 34.036. The

result showed a significant difference with a computed p- value of 0.000.

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

Table 5: Post-Hoc Test results in the significant difference in the Light Emitting Capacity of J.

curcas L. as an Additive to Commercial Candle in terms of range of light among different

treatments in meters.

Treatments Treatments Mean Difference

Dependent Variable Sig. Remarks
(I) (J) (I-J)
A B -48.33333 .000 Significant (S)
Range of Light
among different C 11.66667 .329 Not Significant (NS)
treatments
D -21.00000 .044 Significant (S)

B C 60.00000 .000 Significant (S)

D 27.33333 .011 Significant (S)

C D -32.66667 .004 Significant (S)
p<.05 – significant (S); p>.05 – not significant (NS)

Length of time for the candle to melt. Table 5 presented the Post Hoc Test results in the

significant difference in the Light Emitting Capacity of J. curcas L. Seeds as an Additive to

Commercial Candle in terms of length of time for the candle to melt among different

treatments in minutes. Treatment A (50% pulverized kasla seed + 50% used commercial

candle wax) is significant with Treatment B (30% pulverized kasla seed + 70% used

commercial candle wax) with a value of .000 and a mean difference of -48.33333. Treatment

A (50% pulverized kasla seed + 50% used commercial candle wax) is not significant with

Treatment C (0% pulverized kasla seed + 100% used commercial candle wax) with a

computed p-value of .329 and a mean difference of 11.66667. Treatment A (50% pulverized

kasla seed + 50% used commercial candle wax) is significant with Treatment D (100%

commercial candle) with a significant difference of .044 and a mean difference of -21.00000.

Treatment B (30% pulverized kasla seed + 70% used commercial candle wax) is significant

with Treatment C (0% pulverized kasla seed + 100% used commercial candle wax) with a

value of .000 and a mean difference of 60.00000. Treatment B (30% pulverized kasla seed +

70% used commercial candle wax) is significant with Treatment D (100% commercial

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

candle) with a computed p-value of .011 and mean difference of 27.3333. Treatment C (0%

pulverized kasla seed + 100% used commercial candle wax) is significant with Treatment D

(100% commercial candle) with a value of .004 and mean difference of -32.66667.

CHAPTER 5

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

Summary, Conclusions, Implications, and Recommendations

This chapter contains four parts: (1) Summary, Methods, and Findings, (2)

Conclusions, (3) Implications, and (4) Recommendations.

Part one, Summary, Method, and Findings, presents the important points and direction of

the study and results.

Part two, Conclusions, shows he inferences drawn from the results of this study.

Part three, Implications, shows the relationship of the results of the study to the theories

presented.

Part four, Recommendations, come up suggestions based on the results of the study.

Summary

The purpose of this study is to determine the light emitting capacity of J. curcas L. seeds

as an additive in commercial candles among different treatments. These research aims to

answer the following questions: (1) What is the light emitting capacity of J. curcas seed as

an additive to commercial candle in terms of A. Length of time for the candle to melt, and B.

Range of light in meters. (2) Is there a significant difference in the light emitting capacity of J.

curcas seed as an additive commercial candle in terms of A. Length of time for the candle to

melt, and B. Range of light in meters.

There were four treatments used. Treatment A is composed of 50% pulverized kasla

seed and 50% used commercial candle wax, Treatment B is composed of 30% pulverized

kasla seed and 70% used commercial candle wax, Treatment C is composed of 100% used

commercial candle wax, and Treatment D is composed of 100% commercial candle.

In the analysis of data, different statistical tools were used. The Descriptive Analysis

involves the mean and Standard Deviation.

While the Inferential Descriptive Analysis, (One-way ANOVA tests) was used to

determine the differences among the Independent Variable at 5% level of significance.

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

Findings

The findings of the study were the following:

1. Treatment D that is composed of 100% commercial candle has the highest mean

value of 78.500 and a standard deviation of 0.36000, which implies that it is the

best treatment in terms of length of the candle to melt. While Treatment A (50%

pulverized kasla seed + 50% used commercial candle) has the lowest mean of

20.7433 and a standard deviation of 2.47706.

2. In terms of range of light (in meters), Treatment A (50% pulverized kasla seed +

50% used commercial candle) has the longest reach with a mean of 45.0000 and

a standard deviation of 13.22876.

3. There was a significant difference between groups in terms of the length of time

for the candle to melt at a value of .000.

4. There was a significant difference between groups in terms of range of light (in

meters) at a value of .000.

Implications

The findings in this study have contributed to the understanding that kasla seeds are

capable of producing high range of light when used as an additive to commercial candles.

This study has yielded findings that the property of a candle which is the range of light in

meters has a positive result in the capability of the candles.

The findings concur with and provide both theoretical and practical implications for all

residents of the Municipality of San Joaquin, the Local Government Unit (LGU), and the

future researchers. The implications are as follows:

For the residents of the Municipality of San Joaquin

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 Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

This study has shown the light emitting capacity of J. curcas L. seeds as an additive to

commercial candles; therefore, it is possible to develop a small business or industry related

to low-cost candle making if the process is improved. Also, this has shown the knowledge of

making their own candle out of commercial candle leftovers and available raw materials.

For the Local Government Units (LGU) of San Joaquin

This study has shown that J. curcas L. is capable as an additive to homemade candles

and can open to the industry in candle-making in the Municipality if studied further. This will

encourage the LGU of San Joaquin to support the future local small businesses of candle-

making.

To the future researchers

The findings in this study have contributed to the understanding that J. curcas L. has the

light emitting capacity as an additive to commercial candles. Amongst the four treatments,

Treatment A (50% pulverized kasla seed + 50% used commercial candle) has the highest

potential and has the highest reach in terms of range of light in meters. The result of this

study will serve as baseline information for those who are interested to conduct a further

investigation related to the problem.

Conclusions

Based on the findings, the following conclusions were obtained:

J. curcas L. has the light emitting capacity as an additive to commercial candles.

The property of a candle which is the range of light in meters has a positive result in the

capability of the candles.

Among the four treatments, Treatment B with 30% pulverized kasla seed and 70% used

commercial candle has the highest capability in terms of range of light in meters while

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

Treatment D with 100% commercial candle has the highest capability in terms of length of

time to melt.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions, the following were recommended:

1. The researchers recommend that the kasla seed shall be pulverized smoothly to

ensure the quality of the light emitted of the kasla seeds as an additive to

commercial candles.

2. The stem bark of kasla also contains wax and might as well work with the same

process, so the researchers recommend that wax shall be extracted from the

stem bark to make homemade candles.

3. Further researchers shall be made so as the development of pulverizing process

can be developed to achieve the ideal product.

4. The researchers recommend to the future researchers that:

 When gathering the kasla fruit, choose the ripened or the dried ones.

 Dry the kasla seeds under the sun for at least 5 days or until it dries up

completely.

 The stem bark of the kasla seed can be used as an additive to homemade

candles as they as well contain wax.

5. The researchers highly recommend that the future researchers to see future

studies towards improving the entire process stage and come up with a much

simple and fast way of pulverizing process to ensure that homemade candles will

be safe for human use.

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San, Joaquin, Iloilo

References

Cortez-Núñez, J. A., Gutiérrez-Castillo, M. E., Mena-Cervantes, V. Y., Terán-Cuevas, N. R.,

Tovar-Gálvez, L. R., & Velasco, J. (2020, November 11). A GIS Approach Land Suitability

and Availability Analysis of J. curcas L. Growth in Mexico as a Potential Source for Biodiesel

Production. MDPI. Https://doi.org/10.3390/en13225888

EA Perino · 2006 · Cited by 2 — RESEARCH INFORMATION SERIES ON ECOSYSTEMS.

Volume 18 No. 1. January – April 2006. Tubang-bakod. (J. curcas L.)

Ethnobotany, ethnopharmacology and toxicity of J. curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae): A review.

(2013, August 30). Ethnobotany, Ethnopharmacology and Toxicity of J. curcas L.

(Euphorbiaceae): A Review - ScienceDirect. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.07.021

History - National Candle Association. (n.d.). National Candle

Association.https://candles.org/history/

Jamilatun, S., Luthfiani, I. N., Putri, D. P., Pitoyo, J., & Rahayu, A. (2022, May 26). The

Effect of Variations of Stearin Mass and Used Cooking Oil from Purification with Activated

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Carbon on the Quality of The Candle. Agroindustrial Technology Journal, 6(1), 35.

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Occular and dermal toxicity of J. curcas phorbol esters - PubMed. (2013, August 1).

PubMed. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.04.021

Pham, H. D., Pham, T. N., Nga, D. T. K., Nhung, N. T. T., Lam, T. D., & Toan, T. Q. (2020,

February). Preparation and Characterization of Naturally Scented Candles Using the

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) Essential Oil. Materials Science Forum, 977, 212–217.

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.977.212

Physic nut (J. curcas l.) Diseases in Lampung province. (2009, June 1). Biotropia, 16(1).

https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2009.16.1.66

Sahu, m., & Swati Gupta, v. A. (n.d.). Jatropha oil: an eco-friendly sustainablebio-fuel

source | open access journals. Jatropha oil: an eco-friendly sustainablebio-fuel source | open

access journals. Https://www.icontrolpollution.com/articles/jatropha-oil-an-ecofriendly-

sustainablebiofuel-source-.php?

aid=45130&fbclid=iwar1pcvjm_zch8bc1fnzhbrkuww8jc2vblcgq0cc3_-jn0o8q1yk2n2r3lzk

T.I, O., K.A, A., M.O, D., & K.O, O. (2015, June 1). Determination of Some Physical

Properties of Jatropha (J. curcas) Oil. International Journal of Engineering Research, 4(6),

331–338. https://doi.org/10.17950/ijer/v4s6/612

Wani, S. P., Garg, K. K., & Chander, G. (2016, February 18). Water needs and productivity

ofJ. curcasin India: myths and facts. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, 10(3), 240–254.

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Janick, J., & Paull, R. E. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. CABI. pp. 371–372. ISBN

978-0-85199-638-7.

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San, Joaquin, Iloilo

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DON FELIX SERRA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San, Joaquin, Iloilo

LIST OF APPENDICES

Drying of kasla seeds

Making of candles Testing of the candles

37