Gei002 Notes
Gei002 Notes
Structure of English 2
Prelim
Great! Meera and her friend are the only brilliant girls with highest score in class.
Every name is called a noun, How things are done the adverbs tell,
As field and fountain, street and town. As quickly, slowly, badly, well.
As he and she can clap their hands. As in the street or at the station.
The verb means action, something done, The interjection cries out, "Hark!
As read and write and jump and run. I need an exclamation mark!"
MIDTERM
Capitalizations
Rules of Capitalization
Ever got yourself confused on whether to make a word in your sentence begin with
a Big or small initial letter? In this lesson we'll learn when to use upper & lower case
letters. Sounds easy, but it's actually quite tricky too.
1. Capitalize the first word of a document and the first word after a period.
"She left the door open. Now, warm wind is rushing in."
2. Capitalize proper nouns-and adjectives derived from proper nouns. (The main function
of capitals is to focus attention on particular elements within any group of people, places,
or things).
a Russian song
3. Capitalize titles when they are used before names, unless the title is followed by a
comma. Do not capitalize the title if it is used after a name or instead of a name.
4. Titles are not the same as occupations. Do not capitalize occupations before full names.
5. Capitalize a formal title when it is used as a direct address. The more formal the title, the
more likely it is to be capitalized.
8. In general, do not capitalize the word the before proper nouns. It is not necessary to
capitalize city, town, county, etc., if it comes before the proper name. (Break this rule if
"the" is part of the proper name)
9. Always capitalize the first word in a complete quotation, even midsentence. Do not
capitalize quoted material that continues a sentence.
Lamarr said, "The case is far from over, and we will win.
Lamarr said that the case was "far from over" and that "we will win.”
10. Capitalize the names of specific course titles, but not general academic subjects.
11. Do not capitalize the first item in a list that follows a colon.
* Capitalize all verbs, including the verb to be in all forms (is, are, was, has been,
etc.).
*Capitalize no, not, and the interjection O (e.g., How Long Must I Wait, O Lord?).
* Do not capitalize an article (a, an, the) unless it is first or last in the title.
* Do not capitalize a coordinating conjunction (and, or, nor; but, for, yet, so) unless it
is first or last in the title.
* Do not capitalize the word to, with or without an infinitive, unless it is first or last
in the title.
“Astronomers have known about the positions of stars for centuries, but they didn't
understand that the earth revolves around the sun.”
“In preparation for the next convention, the representatives studied the most
important issues.”
Humans use five major senses: sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.
“Martha realized that her worst fear was coming true: her son was being sent to
war.”
1. Comma splice. Do NOT use a comma to divide two independent clauses without a
conjunction. For such cases use a semicolon instead.
Correct: Thousands of protesters showed up on the streets; they were shouting and
carrying large posters.
Correct: Some useful subjects are English, which is an international language; math,
which is used in all sciences and social sciences; and philosophy, which underpins
many other areas of study.
Incorrect: Sarah and her friends loved spending time on the mountain: nature
always held a special meaning for them.
Correct: Sarah and her friends loved spending time on the mountain; nature always
held a special meaning for them.
Do not capitalize the first word after the colon unless it is a proper noun, is part of a quote,
or is the first in a series of sentences:
When a quotation contains multiple sentences, many writers prefer to introduce it with a
colon rather than a comma:
In Chapter 3, the author explains his theory: "Dogs have dreams, but they don't
dream as humans do. Their dreams reflect a primal desire for pleasure, whereas
humans are preoccupied with the ego and self-image. This is equally true in
wakefulness and sleep."
REMEMBER!
Try it!
Complete the following paragraph with the correct punctuation marks (.), (,), and (:).
Racism occurs in more ways than we think It is not always shown by being mean to
a person of color idealizing white complexion as the most beautiful or making jokes about
black people. We may not mean harm but sometimes we use words that are actually
racially offensive ching-chang- chong "negro "Ghetto' Here's something you can do to be
less racist be more empathic and sensitive towards others.