more Representing Real-life Situations Using One-to-one Functions Have you ever asked yourself how your height and weight predict your BMI (Body Mass Index)? How does the power consumption affects the electric bill? How does the number of studying hours affect your grade? This module will discuss further how to determine one to one functions and its application in real life situations. 4 What’s In Group the following objects in such a way that the way that they common properties /characteristics. triangle guava circle pineapple crayons eraser apple rectangle durian pencil book: yellow pad oval banana square Shapes Fruits School Supplies Form some ordered pairs using the format: a. Column 1 b, Column 2 ¢. Column 3 Questions: 1. How many objects can be found in each column? 2. How did you classify the objects? 3. Based on the coordinates you have formulated, is there a repetition of the first coordinates? What about the second coordinates?What’s New Representing Relations! Given a table, you will be able to learn how to make a set of ordered pairs. FOODS (x) DRINKS (y) Camote Que Calamansi Juice Banana Que Pineapple Juice Hotcake Mango Juice Pandesal ‘Apple Juice Cheesebread Orange Juice 1. What are the set of ordered pairs? 2. What elements belongs to the first set? Second set? 3. Is there a repetition of the first coordinates? How about the second coordinates? 4. Does the ordered pairs represent a relation? 5. How is the relation represented? What is It Represents Real Life Situations using One to One Functions ‘The previous discussion shows that + Rational function is a function that is a fraction and has the property that both its numerator and denominator are polynomials. In other words, R(x) is Fe) a rational function if R(x) = 2 where p(x) and q(x) are both polynomials, and am a@) #0. Definition The function fis one to one if for any x, ,x, in the domain of f then f(%:) * f(@2). That is the same y-value is never paired with two different x values. Points to Remember: Arrelation can be presented in many ways: © Set of Ordered Pairs * Mapping Diagram + Table of Values © Graph © Rule/ Function 10‘A relation has four types: * One to one © Many to one * One to many * Many to many; thus only one to one relation and many to one relation represents a function, Example 1: Suppose the Kidzoona charge in an hour play is Php 300. Your baby brother wants to play in the said amusement juestions: Cuestiomtjow much will you pay if your baby brother will play 1 hour? 2 hours? 3 hours? How about 5 hours? 2, Based on your answer in item 1, write an ordered pair in the form (time, amount) 3, Malte a rule fonction that represents the given relation 4. Is the given relation a one to one function? 5. How are time consume in Kidzoona related to charge to be paid? Solutions: 1. If the brother will play 1 hour the sister will pay Php 300, while if he will play 2 hours his sister will pay Php 600, moreover if he will play for 3 hours they will pay Php 900. 2. Ordered pairs are: (1,300) (2,600) (3,900). 3. f(x) = 300x, thus x represents the time spent in Kidzoona while f{x) represents the total charge to be paid. 4. The relation is a one to one function since there exactly one element of f(x) in every element of x. 5. The total amount to be paid depends on the time consumed in Kidzoona. Example 2: Suppose you want to call your father by telephone. The charge of a pay phone call is Php 10 pesos for the first 2 minutes and an additional Php 3 for every additional minute or a half of it, Questions: 1. How much will you pay if you call your father for 1 minute? 2 minutes? How about 4 minutes? 2. Represents table of value of the given relation based on your answer in item 1 3. Is the relation a one to one function? Why or why not? Solutions: 1. If L will call my father for 1 minute I will pay Php 10, if 2 minutes Php 10 and if 4 minutes Php 16. 2. Number of minutes T 2 + of phone call (x) Total amount (G9) Php 10 Php 10 Php 16 3. The relation is not a one to one function since there is only one element of f(x) in every element of x. Thus, it represents a many to one function. WLesson Inverse of a One-to-one Function A function and its inverse can be described as the "DO" and the "UNDO' functions. A function takes a starting value, performs some operation on this value, and creates an output answer. The inverse function takes the output answer, performs some operation on it, and arrives back at the original function's starting value. Inverting Functions ‘The previous discussion shows that + ifthe x- and y-values of a one-to-one function are interchanged, the result is a function, but ‘+ ifthe x- and y-values of a function that is not one-to-one are inverted, the result is no longer a function Definition Let f be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. Then the inverse of f, denoted by f~', is a function with domain B and range A defined by f-"(y) = x if and only if f(x) = y for any y in B. A function has an inverse if and only if it is one-to-one. As shown earlier, ‘inverting’ the x- and y-values of a function results in a function if and only if the original function is one-to-one. ‘To find the inverse of a one-to-one function, (a) write the function in the form y = f(x); (b) interchange the x and y variables; (c) solve for y in terms of x. This is because we are interchanging the input and output values of a function. Example 1: Find the inverse of f(x) = 3x + 1 Solution: a, write the function in the form y + ya3xt1 b. interchange the x and y variables. = x=3yt1 c. solve for y in terms of x. > x=3y41 x-1= 3y ‘Therefore, the inverse of f(x) = 3x + 1 is f(x) 12Questions: (a) What is the inverse of the inverse? (b) What is /(f-"())? How about f-"(f())? To answer these questions, use Example 1 before proceeding to the next part. Solve using a scratch paper and record the properties you observed. + To solve for the inverse of f-"(x) = 334, we have f-* (f-1(2)). Solution: + Solving for (f~*(a)) and f~1(f(@)), given the functions f(x) = 3x + Land @) Solutions rere) =3() +1 Pf) = S4P=* MEG) a a- 141 rr(ren) = % F(f-%@) =x riya) =x | Therefore, the inverse of f"(@) = is f(1@)=s@eax+1 | From the above solutions, we can summarize the properties of an inverse of a one-to-one function. Property of an inverse of a one-to-one function Given a one-to-one function f(x) and its inverse f~1(z). Then the following are true: {a) The inverse of f-1(x) is f(x). (b) ¢(f-2@)) = x for all x in the domain of f~* (6) ((/@)) = * for all x in the domain of f.Example 2: Find the inverse of g(x) = x —2, Solution: ‘Therefore, the inverse of g(x) -2is g(x) Example 3: Find the inverse of f(x) = x? + 4x —2 if it exists. Solution: yextar-2 x=ytt4y— xt2=y? +4y x+2+4=y%+4y +4 (Complete the square) x+6= (42)? verb = (O+2" VeFO=y+2 ivE+6-2=y fl) = tv F 6-2 The equation tVz+6-2=y does not represent a function because there are some x-values that correspond to two different y-values (e.g., ifx = 3, y can be 1 or -5) ‘Therefore, the function f(x) = x + 4x —2 has no inverse function. Example 4: Find the inverse of f(x) = |421, if it exists. Solution: Recall that the graph of y = [3x1 is shaped like a “v" whose vertex is located at the origin. This function fails the horizontal line test and therefore has no inverse, Alternate Solution: We can also show that f- does not exist by showing that f is not one-to-one. Note that (1) = f(A) = 4 Since the x-values 1 and -1 are paired to the same y-value, then f is not one-to- one and it cannot have an inverse. If we apply the procedure in solving the inverse of a one-to-one function: y= l4zl x= lay! x= (G9)? (Recall the definition x= Ay’ Bayz zy ay + fe Here, x = 2 will correspond to y = 1 and y = -1, so y= + is not a function. Therefore, f() = [4+] has no inverse function. 14Lesson Table and Graph of an Inverse Function If function passes the horizontal line test, it is an indication that the said function is one-to-one, Subsequently, its inverse also is a function. Since the domain of the function becomes the range of its inverse, and the range of the function becomes the domain of its inverse, in problems dealing with a function and its inverse, when determining the inverse’ ordered pairs, we simply reverse the domain and range of the original function Example 1 Find the inverse of the function f(x) = 2x +1; present the graph of the original function and its inverse. such this, first, you must set values of 4» In order to accomplish a table of values 2 (Qe) = 2x41 Pa pen your x. y Then, to obtain corresponding values of y, substitute each values of xin the function We have the first value of x that is, ‘The accomplished table of orde: inverse is presented below. fx) = 2x41 a1[0 [1] 2 >< x ]a1)1] 3 a1[1[3 [5s ytoftol[i ‘The graphs of the given function and its inverse are reflections of each other along the symmetry line x = 15f@Ql=2x41 Example 2 Here we have a rational function. Observe its representation in table and graphs. f@=t fig =4 zx i /2),)3]4 z)iyJt)2)2 1 1 1 4 y 1 > = a y 1 2 3 4 It is notable that the inverse function is the same with the original function. In this case, its reflection across the line y =x is itself. Notes to the Teacher Keep in mind that to represent an inverse of a function, simply reverse the domain and range of the original function and use such values to plot and graph. 16Domain and Range of an Inverse Function Since the domain of the function becomes the range of its inverse, and the range of the function becomes the domain of its inverse, in problems dealing with a function and its inverse, when determining the inverse’ ordered pairs, we simply reverse the domain and range of the original function. EXAMPLE 1. v Graph y= f7 (a) if the graph of y= fly = 2x + 1 restricted in the domain ix |-2 sx 1.5} is given below. What is the range of /lx)? What is the domain and range of its inverse? Solution. ‘Take the reflection of the restricted graph of y= 2x+ 1 across the line y= x ‘The range of the original function can be determined by inspection of the graph ‘The range is (y ER | -3 sy 4}. Domain [-2, 1.5] [-3, 4] Range [-3, 4] [-2, 1.5] 7In summary: fa F8 ‘Observe that the domain of the inverse is the range of the original function, and that the Domain [12,15] (1-3, 4] range of the inverse is the domain of the original function. Is this true for all one-to- Range [-3, 4] [-2,1,5] | one functions and their _inverses? EXAMPLE 2. Find the domain and range the inverse of fp) = E whose graph is shown below. Solution. Applying the horizontal line test we verify that the function is one-to-one. Since the graph of fl) = 1 is symmetric with respect to the line y= x (indicated by a dashed line}, its reflection across the line y = x is itself. Therefore the inverse of f{x is itself, or fx) = lx) In summary: ‘The domain and range of the inverse function can be determined by inspection of the graph: Domain of f~*(xj = [ Range of f-*(x) 4] -2, 1.5] 18Lesson Problems Involving Inverse Functions Inverse function is something that tells you how to get back to its original phase, value, form or its reverse, and problems involving inverse functions applies a lot in real life scenario, So basically it, requires the skills of formulating the mathematical expression out from mathematical statement in deriving the correct Remember in solving a problem. 1. Understand the problem. The problem ask if the temperatures in Philippines is equivalent to the temperature in Fahrenheit in UK during the conversation. 2, What are the clues given? You said that its 350C is the temperature in the Philippines. Her friend said that its 920F in UK at that moment, and concluded that the two are the equivalent in reverse. 3. What is the formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit? To convert Celsius to Fahrenheit, use the formula: F=18c+32 4. What is the formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius? ‘The formula is: C= -39/18 5. Carry out the plan. By using the formula substitute the given, 6. Check and review your answer. Solution: Step 1. Write the mathematical model in converting Celsius to Fahrenheit. This is your original function. F=18¢+32 Step 2. Keep in mind the steps in solving an inverse function. In this problem your y (K) and X (). Step 1. Change K to Y that is: y= 18x +32 Step 2. Interchange y and x: x= 18y +32 Step 3. Solve for new y in terms of x: Apply Subtraction Property of Equality x- 32 =18y +32 x-32= 18y-32 x-32=18y To climinate 1.8 divide both sides by it: x-32 _ Lay 18 «18 9What's left will be: x-32 is” Step 4. The new equation or the f" is 2 ‘Therefore, Step 3. The inverse of F=18¢432 is C=(F-32)/18 Let’s check if 35 0 C is an inverse of 95° F, 8432 8 (35) +32 ‘The problem in previous activity tackles about inverse function since Celsius and Fahrenheit are temperature set up. With Fahrenheit you're really get cold at 0°F and really hot at 100°F and with Celsius you're cold at 0°C and dead at 100°C. From the given data above we can tell, that the two are inversely equivalent. Expressing a mathematical statement into mathematical expression / model is a necessary skill to solve problems involving inverse function. Ce) What’s More Activity 1. IDENTIFY THE RELATION Direction: Determine the types of relation being described. Choose your answer from one to one, many to one, one to many or many to many. 1. (2,3) (3,4) (4.5) 2. (0,1) (0,2) (0,3) 3. (LI) (2-1) (3-1) 4 x 2 2 2 Ft) =I 2 x 5 10 15 Tie) 10 20 30 20In this activity you will be required to fill-in the missing steps in the solution for finding the inverse of a one-to-one function. You will select your answers from the box given at the right side. Good luck! 1. Solve for the inverse of f(x) = 4x-1. Solution yo4r-i fa) x+iady wa ot (b) 2. Complete the solution for the inverse of the function h(x) = =** by arranging all the steps found inside the box. Solution ® (@) Sxa2y4l yet ) 5 te) (i) (iv) (a) te) nas. ed tg) = ivi IE TABLES Let us practice completing table of values of an original function and its inverse. Function Inverse 1. f@) = 2x f@ == z])1)o°)1)2 = 072 y | 2 2 | 4 y 212. f@) = 3x-5 x )oO),;i],]2]3 x] 5 y | 5 y YQ) = Ve x)2)1)0)1)2]3 = a y 1, Find the inverse of f (x) = V1 using the given graph. The domain and range of the inverse function can be determined by inspection of the graph. Solution: Applying the horizontal line test we confirm that the function is one-to-one, Reflect the graph of f(x) across the line y = x to get the plot of the inverse function. The result of the reflection of the graph of f(x) = Va-F1 is the graph of yee Therefore f-(x) = 222. Consider the rational function f (x) = 27% whose graph is shown below. (a) Find its domain and range. (b) Find the equation of its asymptotes. (c) Find the graph of its inverse. (d) Find the domain and range of its inverse. Solution. (a) From our lessons on rational functions, we get the following results: Domain of f(x) = (~~, 2) U(2, 2) Range of f(x) = (2, -5) U(-S, oo) (6) Using techniques from the lesson on rational functions, the equations of the asymptotes are Vertical asymptote: Horizontal asymptote: (c) The inverse can be graphed by taking the reflection of the graph across y = x. Observe that the new asymptotes are the old asymptotes with the x and y values interchanged. In fact, the asymptotes could also be obtained by reflecting the original asymptotes about the line y = x. 23? What I Have Learned ‘A._Based on the concepts that you learn from this module, complete the following: 1-2. Arelation is a function ifit is a and (2,3) (8,4) and (4,5) represents a type of function. Given the table below. Months of plants grown (x) 2 3 + Height of the plants in em (ffx))_[21 ai 41 4. Ts the given a one to one function? 5. Make a function that represents the given situation, 6. _Interchanging the x and y-values of a one-to-one function would result to a 7. The inverse of fis denoted by 8 A function has an inverse if and only if it is 9. for all x in the domain of f= 10. for all x in the domain of f. B. Below is the graph of the function f(x) = x +3. Find its inverse, complete its set of values, and represent it with a graph. (Construct the graph in the same plane below.) se © yf ( This section involves real-life application of the inverse of a one-to-one function. Read and understand the problem carefully and show your complete solution. What I Can Do A. Theresa’s mother asked her to buy dressed chicken, If a kilo of dressed chicken —tsts Php 180, how many kilos she can buy if her mother gave her Php 450? Is the given situation represents a one to one function? If yes, generate a function that represents the situation, 24Solution: B. Below is the graph of a function and its inverse. Is the original function one-to- one? Explain your thoughts. C. 1, Find the domain and range of the inverse function f(x) =~, whose graph is shown below 2. Find the domain and range of the inverse function f(x)=—x + 3x42 x4 3. Find the domain and range of the function inverse f(x) = 25