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Module 4 Probability

This document discusses probability concepts and provides examples involving coins, dice, cards, and color balls. It defines key probability terms like sample space, event, and probability. It then provides solutions to 22 sample probability questions involving calculating the total outcomes, possible outcomes, and probability for events related to coins, dice, cards being drawn or pairs of dice being rolled, and balls being drawn from bags containing different colors. The questions cover finding probabilities of getting specific numbers, sums, colors, or combinations of outcomes.

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Raunak Palewar
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
54 views17 pages

Module 4 Probability

This document discusses probability concepts and provides examples involving coins, dice, cards, and color balls. It defines key probability terms like sample space, event, and probability. It then provides solutions to 22 sample probability questions involving calculating the total outcomes, possible outcomes, and probability for events related to coins, dice, cards being drawn or pairs of dice being rolled, and balls being drawn from bags containing different colors. The questions cover finding probabilities of getting specific numbers, sums, colors, or combinations of outcomes.

Uploaded by

Raunak Palewar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability

Prof. Shashant Jaykar


Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Contents:
 Probability Concepts

 Coin

 Dice

 Cards

 Color Balls

 General Questions
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Probability Concepts:
 Sample Space: Set of all possible outcomes of a random experiment.

E.g. 1 Coin => S = {H,T} = 2

2 Coin => S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} = 4

 Event: Subset of sample space.

E.g. Getting an odd outcome in throwing dice.

A = {1, 3, 5} = 3

 Probability: Number of possible outcomes/Total outcomes

 !: Factorial

E.g. 3! = 3*2*1 = 6

E.g. 4! / 3! = 4*3! / 3! = 4
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Probability Concepts:
 Combination: without arrangement.

𝒏!
𝒏𝑪𝒓 =
𝒏 − 𝒓 ! × 𝒓!

4! 4! 4×3×2!
E.g. 4𝐶2 = = = =6
4−2 ! ×2! 2 ! ×2! 2 ! ×2×1

 Shortcut Trick:

1. If base is 2: Take half of ‘n’ and multiply with ‘n-1’


𝐸. 𝑔. 4𝐶2 = 2 × 3 = 6

2. If base is 1: Same as ‘n’


𝐸. 𝑔. 4𝐶1 = 4

3. If base is ‘n’: Result is ‘1’


𝐸. 𝑔. 4𝐶4 = 1

4. If base is too large,


𝐸. 𝑔. 8𝐶6 = 8𝐶2 = 4 × 7 = 28

5. OR means addition and AND means multiplication.


Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Coin:
 Total outcomes: (𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒆)𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒏

E.g. 1 coin is tossed = (𝟐)𝟏 = 𝟐 = {𝑯, 𝑻}

E.g. 2 coins are tossed = (𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟒 = {𝑯𝑯, 𝑯𝑻, 𝑻𝑯, 𝑻𝑻}

Q_1: If two coins are tossed simultaneously, find the probability of getting exactly one head.
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒
Possible outcomes => 2
Probability => 2/4 = 1/2

Q_2: If two coins are tossed simultaneously, find the probability of getting at least one head.
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟐𝟐 = 𝟒
Possible outcomes => {HH, HT, TH} = 3
Probability => 3/4

Q_3: If three coins are tossed simultaneously, find the probability of getting at least two heads.
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟐𝟑 = 𝟖 Possible outcomes =>𝟑𝑪𝟐 + 𝟑𝑪𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟒
Possible outcomes => at least two heads = 2H or 3H Probability => 4/8 = 1/2
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Coin:
Q_4: If three coins are tossed simultaneously, find the probability of getting no heads.
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟐𝟑 = 𝟖
Possible outcomes => {TTT} = 1
Probability => 1/8

Q_5: If three coins are tossed simultaneously, find the probability of getting at least one head.
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟐𝟑 = 𝟖
Possible outcomes => at least one head = 1H or 2H or 3H
Possible outcomes =>𝟑𝑪𝟏 + 𝟑𝑪𝟐 + 𝟑𝑪𝟑 = 𝟑 + 𝟏. 𝟓 × 𝟐 + 𝟏 = 𝟕
Probability => 7/8

Q_6: What is the probability of getting at least 6 heads if 8 coins are tossed simultaneously?
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟐𝟖 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔
Possible outcomes => at least six head = 6H or 7H or 8H
Possible outcomes =>𝟖𝑪𝟔 + 𝟖𝑪𝟕 + 𝟖𝑪𝟖 = 𝟖𝑪𝟐 + 𝟖𝑪𝟏 + 𝟖𝑪𝟖 = 𝟒 × 𝟕 + 𝟖 + 𝟏 = 𝟑𝟕
Probability => 37/256
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Dice:
 Total outcomes: (𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒆)𝑵𝒐.𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒊𝒄𝒆

E.g. 1 dice is thrown = (𝟔)𝟏 = 𝟔

E.g. 2 dices are thrown = (𝟔)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔

Q_7: A dice is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a number greater than 4?
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟔𝟏 = 𝟔
Possible outcomes => 5, 6 = 2
Probability => 2/6 = 1/3

Q_8: A dice is thrown once. What is the probability of getting a prime number?
Sol: Total outcomes => 𝟔𝟏 = 𝟔
Possible outcomes => 2, 3, 5 = 3
Probability => 3/6 = 1/2

Q_9: A dice is thrown once. What is the probability that the number shown on the dice is divisible by 2.
Sol: Total outcomes => 𝟔𝟏 = 𝟔 Probability => 3/6 = 1/2
Possible outcomes => 2, 4, 6 = 3
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Double Dice:
 Shortcut Trick: For sum related problems, follow U pattern.

2 12
1
3 11
2
4 10 3
5 9
4
6 8
5
7
6

Q_10: A pair of dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting a sum a) 6 , b) 10.
Sol: a) Total outcomes =>𝟔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 b) Total outcomes =>𝟔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔
Possible outcomes => 5 Possible outcomes => 3
Probability => 5/36 Probability => 3/36 = 1/12

Q_11: A pair of dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting a number greater than 9.
Sol: a) Total outcomes =>𝟔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔 Possible outcomes => 3 + 2 + 1 = 6

Numbers => 10, 11, 12 Probability => 6/36 = 1/6


Prof. Shashant Jaykar 2 12
1

Double Dice:
3 11
2
4 10 3
5 9
4
6 8
5
7
6

Q_12: A pair of dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting a sum as a prime number.
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔
Numbers => 2, 3, 5, 7, 11
Possible outcomes => 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 2 = 15
Probability => 15/36 = 5/12

Q_13: A pair of dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting a sum of 8 or getting an even number on both the dices.
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔
a) Possible outcomes => sum of 8 = 5
b) Possible outcomes => {2,2}{2,4}{2,6}{4,2}{4,4}{4,6}{6,2}{6,4}{6,6} = 9 – 3 = 6
Combined possible outcomes => 5 + 6 = 11
Probability => 11/36
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Double Dice:
Q_14: A pair of dice is rolled. Find the probability of getting a product of numbers on their upper face is 12.
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔
Possible outcomes => {2,6}{6,2}{3,4}{4,3}= 4
Probability => 4/36 = 1/9

Q_15: A pair of dice is rolled. Find the probability that both the dices are not having the same number.
Sol: Total outcomes =>𝟔𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔
Possible outcomes => 36 - having same number = 36 - {1,1}{2,2}{3,3}{4,4}{5,5}{6,6} = 30
Probability => 30/36 = 5/6
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Cards: Cards (52)

 Total outcomes: 52
Red (26) Black (26)

Diamond Heart Spade Clubs


(13) (13) (13) (13)

 Face Cards: K, Q & J = 3 * 4 = 12

 Honors Cards: A, K, Q & J = 4 * 4 = 16


Q_16: A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card is 1) Black King 2) Either a black
card or a king.
Sol: Total outcomes => 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏 = 𝟓𝟐
1) Black king
Possible outcomes =>𝟐𝑪𝟏 = 𝟐
Probability => 2/52 = 1/26
2) Either a black card or a king
Possible outcomes =>𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟏 + 𝟒𝑪𝟏 − 𝟐𝑪𝟏 = 𝟐6 + 4 – 2 = 28
Probability => 28/52 = 7/13
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Cards:
Q_17: A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. Find the probability that the card is 1) not a diamond card 2) black
card 3) not a black card 4) spade or an ace.
Sol: Total outcomes => 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟏 = 𝟓𝟐
3) Not a black card
1) Not a diamond card
Possible outcomes =>𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟏 = 26
Possible outcomes =>𝟑𝟗𝑪𝟏 = 𝟑𝟗
Probability => 26/52 = 1/2
Probability => 39/52
4) Spade or an ace
2) black card
Possible outcomes =>𝟏𝟑𝑪𝟏 + 𝟒𝑪𝟏 − 𝟏𝑪𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑 + 4 – 1 = 16
Possible outcomes =>𝟐𝟔𝑪𝟏 = 26
Probability => 16/52 = 4/13
Probability => 26/52 = 1/2

Q_18: What is the probability that two ace cards are taken out of a pack of 52 cards?
Sol: Total outcomes => 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔 × 𝟓𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟔
Possible outcomes =>𝟒𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐 × 𝟑 = 𝟔
Probability => 6/1326 = 1/221
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Cards:
Q_19: Two cards are drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that it has 1) exactly one queen 2) both
the aces 3) one king and one queen 4) no honors card.
Sol: Total outcomes => 𝟓𝟐𝑪𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟔
1) Exactly one queen
Possible outcomes => 𝟒𝑪𝟏 × 𝟒𝟖𝑪𝟏 = 𝟒 × 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐
Probability => 192/1326 = 32/221
2) both the aces
Possible outcomes =>𝟒𝑪𝟐 = 𝟐 × 𝟑 = 𝟔
Probability => 6/1326 = 1/221
3) One king and one queen
Possible outcomes =>𝟒𝑪𝟏 × 𝟒𝑪𝟏 = 𝟒 × 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟔
Probability => 16/1326 = 8/663
4) No honors card
Possible outcomes =>(𝟓𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔)𝑪𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔𝑪𝟐 = 𝟏𝟖 × 𝟑𝟓 = 𝟔𝟑𝟎
Probability => 630/1326 = 105/221
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Color Balls:
Q_20: One bag contains 7 white and 9 black balls. Two balls are taken randomly, what is the probability that one ball is white
and one ball is black.
Sol: Total outcomes => (𝟕 + 𝟗)𝑪𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝑪𝟐 = 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎
Possible outcomes => 𝟕𝑪𝟏 × 𝟗𝑪𝟏 = 𝟕 × 𝟗 = 𝟔𝟑
Probability => 63/120 = 21/40

Q_21: One bag contains 5 white, 7 red, 4 black and 2 blue balls. One ball is taken at random, what is the probability that ball
drawn is white or blue?
Sol: Total outcomes => (𝟓 + 𝟕 + 𝟒 + 𝟐)𝑪𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖𝑪𝟏 = 𝟏𝟖
Possible outcomes => 𝟓𝑪𝟏 + 𝟐𝑪𝟏 = 𝟓 + 𝟐 = 𝟕
Probability => 7/18

Q_22: One bag contains 5 white, 3 red and 4 green balls. Three balls are taken at random, what is the probability that ball has
different colors.
𝟏𝟐!
Sol: Total outcomes => (𝟓 + 𝟑 + 𝟒)𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟑 = = 𝟐𝟐𝟎
𝟑!×𝟗!

Possible outcomes => 𝟓𝑪𝟑 × 𝟑𝑪𝟏 × 𝟒𝑪𝟏 = 𝟓 × 𝟑 × 𝟒 = 𝟔𝟎 Hence Probability => 60/220
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

Color Balls:
Q_23: One bag contains 5 yellow, 3 red and 4 green balls. Three balls are taken at random, what is the probability that 1) exact
two ball have green colors 2) no ball is of yellow color.
Sol:
𝟏𝟐!
Total outcomes => (𝟓 + 𝟑 + 𝟒)𝟑 = 𝟏𝟐𝑪𝟑 = = 𝟐𝟐𝟎
𝟑!×𝟗!

1) exact two ball have green colors


Possible outcomes => 𝟒𝑪𝟐 × (𝟏𝟐 − 𝟒)𝑪𝟏 = 𝟒𝑪𝟐 × 𝟖𝑪𝟏 = 𝟐 × 𝟑 × 𝟖 = 𝟒𝟖
Probability => 48/220 = 12/55
2) No ball is of yellow color
That means ball is of red and green color
𝟕!
Possible outcomes => 𝟕𝑪𝟑 = = 𝟑𝟓
𝟑!×𝟒!

Probability => 35/220 = 7/44


Prof. Shashant Jaykar

General Questions:
Q_24: Rahul and Rajiv appear for an interview for 2 vacancy. The probability of Rahul’s selection is 1/3 and that of Rajiv’s
selection is 1/5. Find the probability that 1) only one of them will be selected, 2) none of them selected.
Sol:
Name Selection Not selection
Rahul 1/3 2/3
Rajiv 1/5 4/5

1) Only one of them will be selected


𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐
Probability=> ( )𝑪𝟏 × ( )𝑪𝟏 +( )𝑪𝟏 × ( )𝑪𝟏
𝟑 𝟓 𝟓 𝟑

𝟏 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟔 𝟐
Probability => × + × = =
𝟑 𝟓 𝟓 𝟑 𝟏𝟓 𝟓

2) None of them selected


𝟐 𝟒
Probability=> ( )𝑪𝟏 × ( )𝑪𝟏
𝟑 𝟓

𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
Probability => × =
𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟓
Prof. Shashant Jaykar

General Questions:
Q_25: The probability of Ram winning the prize is 1/5 and that of mohan is 3/4. Find the probability that both will win the prize.
Sol:
Name Selection Not selection
Ram 1/5 4/5
Mohan 3/4 1/4

𝟏 𝟑
Probability=> ( )𝑪𝟏 × ( )𝑪𝟏
𝟓 𝟒

𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
Probability => × =
𝟓 𝟒 𝟐𝟎

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