CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on

individuals and communities worldwide, affecting various aspects of

daily life, including health care. The health status of pregnant women

is of utmost importance, as it not only affects their well-being but

also has significant implications for the health of their unborn children.

Understanding the unique challenges faced by pregnant women during

the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial for developing effective intervention

programs and ensuring optimal maternal and fetal health outcomes

(Mortazavi and Ghardashi, 2021).

On top of that, The healthy development of the child during the

first thousand days is strongly related to maternal health status during

pregnancy, living and working conditions, and neighborhood

characteristics. More specifically, maternal health status during

pregnancy (including excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG),

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and obesity) is known to have

significant consequences for newborn mortality and

morbidity, including preterm birth.

Moreover, Socio-demographic and economic characteristics, age,

 2

household food security, and the use of maternity services are some of

the indirect determinants identified, whereas race, maternal height

and pre-pregnancy weight, gestational weight gains, calorie intake

during pregnancy, perinatal morbidity, alcohol and cigarette

consumption during pregnancy, and prior history of prematurity.

This study aims to assess the health status of pregnant women

during the COVID-19 pandemic and use the findings as a basis for

developing an intervention program. By evaluating the specific

challenges, risks, and needs faced by pregnant women, we can

identify key areas where targeted interventions can be implemented to

mitigate the impact of the pandemic on maternal and fetal health.

Furthermore, the purpose of the study is to discuss about the

health status of pregnant women in terms of: Health Management,

Nutrition, Activity-Exercise, Sleep-Rest, Functional Health, Operational,

Activity Limitation, and Health Expectancy.

Ultimately, the goal of this study and the subsequent

intervention program is to improve the health outcomes of pregnant

women, reduce the burden of COVID-19 on maternal health. Through

collaborative targeted interventions, we can help protect the most

vulnerable members of our society and pave the way for a healthier

future.
 3

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the health status of the pregnant

women during Covid-19 pandemic in Barangay San Jose, Digos City.

Specifically, it sought answers the following questions:

1. What is the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in

terms of:

1.1 Age; and

1.2 Employment Status;

2. What is the health status of pregnant women during Covid-19

Pandemic in terms of:

2.1 Health Management;

2.2 Nutrition;

2.3 Activity-Exercise;

2.4 Sleep-Rest;

2.5 Functional Health;

2.6 Operational;

2.7 Activity Limitation; and

2.8 Health Expectancy;

3. Is there a significant difference to the health status of pregnant

women during Covid-19 Pandemic when grouped according to

socio-demographic profile?
 4

4. What intervention program shall be proposed based on the

finding

Statement of Hypothesis

The hypothesis was tested at a 0.05 level of significance:

There is no significant difference to the health status of pregnant

women during Covid-19 Pandemic when grouped according to socio-

demographic profile.

Theoretical Framework

Theoretically, this study is anchored to the theory of

immunological changes of Fullop et al. (2014) and susceptibility of Ellis

et al. (2011). This theory suggests that pregnant women may

experience alterations in their immune system during pregnancy,

which could potentially impact their susceptibility to viral infections

such as COVID-19.

The above theory was strengthened by Llewellyn and Fildes

(2017) who stated that pregnancy is known to cause various changes

in a woman's immune system in order to tolerate the growing fetus

and prevent rejection. These changes include a shift toward a more

anti-inflammatory state to protect the fetus, which can make pregnant

women more susceptible to certain infections.

 5

Grossman (2019) added that in the context of COVID-19, it is

believed that these immunological changes may influence how

pregnant women respond to the virus. Some studies have suggested

that pregnant women may be at a higher risk of severe illness if

infected with COVID-19 compared to non-pregnant individuals. This

increased risk may be attributed, at least in part, to changes in the

immune response.

Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

Health status: Profiling

 Health Interview
Management
 Nutrition Survey-
 Activity Intervention
Exercise Quetionnaire Program
 Sleep-Rest
 Functional Tabulation
Health
 Operational Analysis
 Activity
Limitation Discussion
 Health
Expectancy

Socio-Demographic
Profile:
 6

 Age
 Employmen
t Status

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. The input

includes the profile of pregnant women in terms of: age, and

employment status. The health status of pregnant women was

determined in terms of: Health Management, Nutrition, Activity-

Exercise, Sleep-Rest, Functional Health, Operational, Activity

Limitation and Health Expectancy. These data were processed by

profiling, interview, survey questionnaire, tabulation, data analysis and

Discussion use of statistical methods. Based on the findings that will

be gathered was a propose intervention program.

Scope and Limitation

This study was focused on the health status of the pregnant

women during covid-19 pandemic which will be the basis to propose

an intervention program in Barangay San Jose, Digos City, Davao Del

Sur. The respondents of the study were the 35 pregnant women ages

from 18 years old and above. The study employed a descriptive-

comparative research methodology. Due to limited number of

respondents, the study used the universal sampling or complete

 7

enumeration sampling. This study was further limited to health status

of pregnant women in terms of health management, nutrition, activity-

exercise, sleep-rest, functional health, operational, activity limitation,

and health expectancy. The study was conducted in the whole month

of April 2023.

Significance of the Study

This study allows the readers to gain knowledge about the health

status of the pregnant women during Covid-19 pandemic in Barangay

San Jose, Digos City The findings of this study are beneficial to the

following:

Pregnant Women. Through this study, they will gain new

knowledge about what to expect during pregnancy, and understand

that what they are currently experiencing during their pregnancy were

also being experienced by other pregnant women and a part of it are

normal

experiences and changes of being pregnant.

Family. This study will provide information on what to expect

from pregnant women, their behaviors, changes that can occur, safety

measures observed the health status of the pregnant women during

Covid-19 pandemic; and what actions the family can take to take care

of them.
 8

Community Health Nurses. This study will help community

health nurses to understand the needs of pregnant women in the

community during this time of the pandemic.

City Health Office. Since one of the jobs of this office is to

implement programs, projects, and policies to promote the health of

each individual in the community, this study will be helpful for this and

will serve as their guide in getting ideas for their next project to

promote the health and the well-being of pregnant women in the city.

It will serve as a guide and additional information in creating a plan for

their future projects and programs that they will be going to

implement in the future for pregnant women.

Department of Health. Along with the City Health Office,

wherein one of their purposes is to conduct programs that focus on the

health of each individual in the city.

Future Researchers. This study will serve as a source of

literature for future researchers that is in line with this study.

Definition of terms

The researchers conceptualized and empirically defined

terminology used in the research in order to have a clearer

understanding of the readers.

 9

Health status. It refers to the health status of pregnant women

during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Pregnant women. It refers to a person who has a baby in her

womb and deals with the problems of the COVID-19 situation.

Covid-19. It refers to a virus that causes the infectious disease

coronavirus disease, which will affect pregnant women's health status.

Health Management. It refers to the pregnant women and how

they manage their situation.

Nutrition. It refers to the person's taking in and use of food and

other nourishing materials by the body.

Activity-exercise. It refers to the person’s daily activities and

exercise.

Sleep-rest. It refers to a person's state of rest, in which their

body is not active and their mind is not thinking.

Functional Health. It refers to a pregnant woman's ability

to perform daily activities such as meeting basic needs, performing

normal

roles, and maintaining her health and well-being.

Operational. It refers to the unpleasant feelings in terms

of

mobility relating to the routine and activities that a pregnant woman

experiences during her pregnancy.

 10

Health Expectancy. It refers to an assessment of the healthy

and unhealthy years a pregnant woman experienced along various

dimensions.

Intervention. It refers to the researchers’ actions and plan

after gathering data.

 11

CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter present a different types of literature that serves as

integral parts of this study. This study provided insights into the

reliability of the problem which the researchers choose as the research

focus.

Health Status of Pregnant Women

In view of the health status of pregnant women, Preeclampsia

and eclampsia are common complications of pregnancy globally. The

following factors were identified through meta-analysis: being

primiparous, previous history of maternal preeclampsia/eclampsia,

family history of preeclampsia/eclampsia, high maternal body mass

index, anaemia during pregnancy and lack of antenatal care visits.

Nutrition and related factors, antenatal care visits, birth spacing, and

other factors are found in our review. Primiparous, obesity and

overweight, living with chronic disease, having anaemia during

pregnancy and absence from ANC visits. Therefore, investment must

be made in women’s health needs to reduce the problem and health

service providers need to give due attention to high-risk women

(Meazaw, et al., 2020)

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Additionally, increased neonatal morbidity and mortality,

inhibition of growth and cognitive development, and an increased risk

of chronic disease development, later in life, LBW also has substantial

cost burdens on health care systems and society. Moreover, Socio-

demographic and economic characteristics, age, household food

security, and the use of maternity services are some of the indirect

determinants identified. LBW is now considered an important public

health problem. Therefore, further understanding of the risk factors of

LBW is required to support the early identification of those at risk and

facilitate the implementations of evidence-specific interventions to

reduce the long-standing problem of LBW in Nepal (Acharya, et al.,

2018)

On top of that, The healthy development of the child during the

first thousand days is strongly related to maternal health status during

pregnancy, living and working conditions, and neighborhood

characteristics. More specifically, maternal health status during

pregnancy (including excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG),

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and obesity) is known to have

significant consequences for newborn mortality and

morbidity, including preterm birth. The healthy development of a child

during the first thousand days, therefore, depends on both a healthy

mother during pregnancy and a healthy pregnancy. This literature

 13

further suggests that maternal, parental, and contextual

characteristics may also affect the pregnancy and health status of

fetuses and newborns (Simoncic, et al., 2022).

Furthermore, the lack of appropriate services is a major

problem. The emphasis on screening and treatment expansion must be

balanced by a corresponding focus on improving care efficiency.

Depression symptoms are most common in women during pregnancy.

possibly due to a combination of hormonal changes and a number of

psychosocial factors. Given the primary role of care often played by

women, antenatal depression can potentially have important

implications for fetal growth and child development. Depression during

pregnancy can also affect maternal health, adherence to medical and

psychological treatments, and increased risk behaviors such as

substance use and misuse (Acheanpong, etal,. 2022).

COVID-19 affects Pregnancy

Pregnancy is one of the most pleasant and at the same time

most critical periods in the life of most women. It involves a host of

new and unprecedented emotions and experiences. Unfortunately, with

the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, pregnancy and childbirth for

women are taking place in utterly new and unusual circumstances.

Several issues have contributed to increasing concerns among people

 14

and in particular in pregnant women including the stressful news of the

number of infected individuals and the death toll, the diverse

symptoms and complications caused by the disease, and our limited

knowledge about the disease (Mortazavi, et al., 2021).

Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic impacts reproductive and

perinatal health both directly through infection itself but also indirectly

as a consequence of changes in health care, social policy, or social and

economic circumstances. On the other hand, intrauterine and

breastmilk transmission, and the passage of the virus from mother to

baby during delivery are unlikely. Domestic violence appeared to

spike. We make several recommendations: more resources should be

directed to epidemiological studies, health and social services for

pregnant women and mothers should not be diminished, and more

focus on maternal mental health during the epidemic is needed

(Kotlar, et al., 2021).

In addition to the fear of infection, these measures might have

negatively impacted the emotional wellbeing of women. As depressive

symptoms and anxiety in the pre- and peripartum period have been

associated with adverse maternal, neonatal, and infant outcomes, the

psychological impact of COVID-19, and its associated quarantine

measures, on pregnant women and new mothers is cause for concern.

Rapid changes to the delivery of maternity health care services have

 15

occurred in many countries across the globe in response to the COVID-

19 pandemic. Maternity care provisions are facing a challenge in their

attempt to balance the needs and safety of pregnant women and their

care providers (Palatnik et al., 2020).

Moreover, Increased vulnerability to mental health disorders

among pregnant women could be exaggerated by concerns about

potential adverse effect of the COVID-19 infection on the wellbeing of

the unborn child as well as the feeling of lack of control over own

health due to changes in routine maternity care provisions and service

delivery. Furthermore, imposed social restrictions might lead to

feelings of loneliness, lack of support and insecurity causing more

anxiety. Society remained open, while masks were not recommended

until the end of 2020. During the pandemic, some changes in

antenatal and intrapartum care routines occurred that might have

been perceived by the pregnant women and their families as less

welcoming. (Engjom, et al., 2021; Thapa et al., 2020.).

On the other hand, American Psychiatric Association (2013)

opined that maternal health is particularly important to consider, due

to the increased risk for depression and anxiety. Pregnancy and the

postpartum period, especially for first time mothers, have been

 16

identified as delicate periods in a woman’s life that are accompanied

by significant social, psychological and also physiological changes,

and for this reason pregnant women have been considered a high-

risk population. Several studies have reported that the perinatal period

is a time characterized by increased risk for emotional disorders such

as depression, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders, especially in the

presence of stress conditions. This is also true for pregnant and

postpartum women and their infants in the face of emergencies or

natural disasters (O’Connor, et al., 2019).

Indeed, during the SARS outbreak, pregnant women may have

concerns about their own health and about the health of their unborn

babies, and may display fears relating to pregnancy, to childbirth, or

both. Additionally, feelings of uncertainty (characteristic of an

epidemic) represent a significant stressor that can increase distress in

pregnant women. The prenatal period is often accompanied by

maternal mental distress associated with pregnancy itself. Pregnant

women are often concern about fetal health and the outcome of

childbirth. There are several other risk factors associated with the high

anxiety prevalence during pregnancy. (Bayrampour et al., 2017;

Brooks et al., 2020); Feduniw et al., 2020).

 17

Additionally, the current COVID-19 pandemic is considered as an

example for a natural disaster with so much global health burden, in

which more than 22 million people worldwide are suffering from it and

more than 791,000 people died. (). On the other hand, Maternal,

infant and young child health and nutrition are affected during the

COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to present the snapshot

situation of maternal health practices of pregnant women including

infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices of children under two

during the COVID-19 pandemic. A multi-stage sampling design was

employed in the selection of areas with low, medium. Appropriate

complementary feeding practices based on this study were not

drastically affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, access to

pregnancy-related information, along with breastfeeding and

complementary feeding messages and advice were disrupted during

the community lockdown. (Angeles-Agdeppa et al., 2022; Mehta et al.,

2020).

Moreover, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has reported more than 200

million cases worldwide as of August 31, 2021, over 2 million of which

originate in the Philippines. The Philippine healthcare system is

severely compromised by the pandemic, with limited access to

sufficient services. As a case in point, the maternal health sector in the

 18

Philippines is affected. The author continued that Pregnancy, difficult

due to the biopsychosocial changes women experience. Because of the

particular healthcare needs of pregnant women, they are more

vulnerable to respiratory virus infections. COVID-19 and its associated

restrictions as a new risk factor, including the probability of increased

anxiety during pregnancy, is possibly observed (Anakin et al., 2022)

Furthermore, The pandemic has adversely affected not only the

economy, education, employment, income, recreational activities, and

transportation but also the delivery of proper medical services to

patients. Because of this, many pregnant women have lost

accessibility to prenatal care. This is compounded by: temporary

closure of the outpatient clinics, financial impairment due to income

loss, transportation shortage, and dread of contracting the virus. The

reported harmful effects caused by the virus have raised their

concerns on how these would influence not only their health but also

on their unborn child (Ching et al., 2022)

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains the researchers’ methods and techniques

used in the study. It includes the research design, research locale,

sampling technique, respondents of the study, research instrument,

data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment.

Research Design

This study employed the descriptive method through descriptive-

comparative technique. Descriptive research design according to

McCombes (2019) is a research design that aims to accurately and

systematically describe a population, situation or phenomenon.

Moreover, descriptive research can be used both qualitative and

quantitative research methods. The research design should be

carefully developed to ensure that the results are valid and reliable.

Comparative design research, on the other hand, is a research

design that ensures equivalence, that is, the ability to validly collect

data that are indeed comparable between different contexts and to

avoid biases in measurement, instruments, and sampling (Esser and

Vliegenthart, 2017). Formplus Blog (2020) added that in descriptive-

comparative research, the researcher considers 2 variables which are

 20

not manipulated, and establish a formal procedure to conclude that is

better than the other.

Research Locale

The research was conducted in Barangay San Jose, Digos City,

which is located in the southern part of Digos City. Its population as

determined by the 2020 Census was 7,009. This represented 3.72% of

the total population of Digos. The household population of San Jose in

the 2015 Census was 6,523 broken down into 1,586 households or an

average of 4.11 members per household.

Sampling Technique

This study used non-probability sampling and never apply any

sampling techniques due to limited number of respondents. Therefore,

total enumeration or universal sampling will be applied or by taking all

the respondents in Polytechnic College of Davao del Sur, Inc. Total

enumeration or census methods, according to Surbhi (2017), is a

survey method wherein each and every item in the universe is selected

for the data collection. The universe might constitute a particular

place, a group of people or any specific locality which is the complete

set of items and which are of interest in any particular situation. It

explains further that one of the major advantages of census method is

the accuracy as each and every unit of the population is studied before
 21

drawing any conclusions of the research. When more and more data

are collected the degree of correctness of the information also

increases. Also, the results based on this method are less biased.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were the pregnant women during

COVID-19 pandemic in Barangay San Jose, Digos City. There were 30

identified pregnant women during the outbreak. They were asked

about their health status during pandemic.

Research Instrument

The researchers used a self-made survey questionnaire to

determine the health status of pregnant women during COVID-19

pandemic. The questionnaire includes words that are simple to read

and to be easily understood by the respondents. The indicators were

carefully scrutinized and improved after several consultations and

discussions with the adviser. Important points were chosen that

necessarily represent the essence, substance, and purpose of the

study.

The first draft of the research instrument was submitted to the

research adviser for comments, suggestions and recommendations to

improve its presentation with the corrections included and integrated.

Final revisions were made by incorporating the corrections, comments

 22

and suggestions given by the adviser before it was made ready for

distribution and administration. The instrument was approved by the

dean through validation of the self-made instrument. Moreover, the

scale below was used to measure the health status of respondents

during COVID-19 pandemic, to wit:

Range Descriptive Interpretation

Equivalence

4.20 – 5.00 Excellent This rating indicates that the

pregnant women's health during
COVID-19 Pandemic is in a state of
optimal, with no significant health
concerns and an overall excellent
quality of life. They may engage in
regular physical activity, have a
balanced diet, and lead a healthy
lifestyle.

3.40 – 4.19 Very good This rating suggests that the

pregnant women's health during
COVID-19 Pandemic is in a state of
excellent or near-optimal, with
minimal health concerns that do not
affect their daily activities. They may
engage in regular physical activity,
have a healthy diet, and follow a
healthy lifestyle.

2.60 – 3.39 Good This rating indicates that the

pregnant women's health during
COVID-19 Pandemic is generally
satisfactory, with few health
concerns that do not significantly
impact their daily life. They are able
to engage in physical activity and
may have a healthy diet and
lifestyle.
 23

1.80 – 2.59 Fair This rating suggests that the

pregnant women's health during
COVID-19 Pandemic is not optimal,
but they are able to perform most of
their daily activities without too
much difficulty. They may have some
health concerns that require
monitoring and treatment, but their
condition is not life-threatening.

1.00 – 1.79 Poor This rating indicates that the

pregnant women's health during
COVID-19 Pandemic is in a state of
distress and requires immediate
medical attention. They may be
experiencing severe pain, discomfort,
and limitations in daily activities due
to their health condition.

Data Gathering Procedure

Several steps were considered in the conduct of the study:

The researchers submitted permission letter to the dean, to

ensure that the researchers are ready to conduct the preferred

instrument; the researchers sought approval from the barangay for

the conduct of the study in the locality; after the approval of the letter,

the researchers asked endorsement letter for the administration and

conduct of the study to the prospect respondents; respondents were

given an informed consent letter which was explained by the

researchers; the respondents were allowed to ask any queries or

concerns about the study; respondents were requested to sign the

consent form. Signing the consent form ensured that participants were
 24

conscious of the purpose of the interview and research study; in order

to constitute a basis of trust between participants and the researchers,

the researchers ensured them that their influences, names, and

identities remained anonymous throughout the research study. After

the conduct of the study, the researchers retrieved all the survey

questionnaires for analysis and interpretation of the responses of the

participants.

Statistical Treatment

The data gathered were tabulated, statistically processed and

analyzed. The following are the statistical tools that were utilized in the

study:

Frequency and Percentage. This was used to describe the

number of responses on the demographic profile of pregnant women

during COVID-19 pandemic.

T-test for Independent Samples and Analysis of Variance

(ANOVA) was used to determine the difference on the level of health

status of pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic when grouped

according to demographic profile.

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CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter deals with the discussions of the specific problems

raised earlier in this paper. They are presented, analyzed and

interpreted under the following headings and sequence: socio-

demographic profile, health status of pregnant women during COVID-

19 pandemic, and difference in the health status of pregnant women

during COVID-19 pandemic when grouped according to socio-

demographic profile.

Socio-Demographic Profile

Table 1 presented the socio-demographic profile of the pregnant

women during COVID-19 pandemic.

Age

Table 1.1 depicted the demographic profile of respondents in

terms of age. Data disclosed that majority of the pregnant women

during COVID-19 pandemic belonged to age bracket 20-25 years old

which accounted to 28 or 80% and followed with 26-30 years old

(20%).
 26

Table 1.1. Demographic Profile of Respondents in terms of Age.

Age F Rf (%)
20-25 years old 28 80
26-30 years old 7 20
Total 35 100

Employment Status

Table 1.2 depicts the demographic profile of respondents in

terms of employment status. Data disclosed that majority of the

pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic are unemployed which

accounted to 25 or 71.43%, and some were employed (28.57%).

Table 1.2 Demographic Profile of Respondents in terms of Employment

Status.

Age F Rf (%)
Employed 10 28.57

Unemployed 25 71.43

Total 35 100

Health Status of Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 2 presents the health status of pregnant women during

COVID-19 pandemic.

Age
 27

Table 2.1 presented the Health Status of Pregnant Women

during

COVID-19 Pandemic by Age. Based on the table, data disclosed that

functional health obtained the highest mean (3.98) among the

indicators of health status of pregnant women during COVID-19

pandemic, this was followed with activity limitation (3.91), activity

exercise (3.53), sleep rest (3.52), and health expectancy (3.41). The

five indicators shared same descriptive equivalence of very good. This

means that pregnant women's health status during COVID-19

Pandemic is in a state of excellent or near-optimal, with minimal

health concerns that do not affect their daily activities. The high mean

scores across all indicators indicate that pregnant women experienced

relatively good health during the pandemic. This suggests that they

were able to maintain their overall well-being and cope well with the

challenges posed by the pandemic.

Moreover, Health Management obtained a mean of 3.07,

followed with operational (2.75). Both indicators shared a descriptive

equivalence of good. This means that pregnant women's health during

COVID-19 Pandemic is generally satisfactory, with few health concerns

that do not significantly impact their daily life.

Overall, the data revealed that the health status of pregnant

women in terms of age obtained a mean of 3.46 which described as

 28

very good. This indicates that, on average, pregnant women are in a

state of excellent or near-optimal health, with minimal health concerns

affecting their daily activities. It implies that the overall health status

of pregnant women during the pandemic is positive.

Table 2.1. Health Status of Pregnant Women during COVID-19

Pandemic by Age.

Indicator Age Overall Description

Mean
20-25 yo 26-30 yo
Health Management 3.11 3.03 3.07 Good
Nutrition 3.60 3.34 3.47 Very good
Activity Exercise 3.60 3.45 3.53 Very good
Sleep Rest 3.49 3.54 3.52 Very good
Functional Health 4.20 3.76 3.98 Very good
Operational 2.66 2.84 2.75 Good
Activity Limitation 3.80 4.01 3.91 Very good

Health Expectancy 3.46 3.49 3.48 Very good

Overall mean 3.49 3.43 3.46 Very good

Legends: 1-1.79, Poor; 1-2.59, Fair; 2.60-3.39, Good; 3.40-4.19, VeryGood; 4.20-5, Excellent

The data indicate that pregnant women during COVID-19

pandemic considered their selves having good physical health, gained

weight during last trimester, get regular exposure to the sun (face,

arms and hands for at least 10-15 mins per day), get enough rest

after doing certain chores in the house, get enough sleep and

adequate rest, maintained a well-balanced diet, stay hydrated by

 29

drinking water before, during and after physical activity. However,

they have difficulty walking or climbing steps, and Sore breasts.

The data further suggest that pregnant women taking steps to

prioritize their well-being, providing proper nourishment for the

growing fetus, gained vitamin D from the exposing to sunlight, getting

enough rest and sleep, maintaining a well-balanced diet, maintaining

hydration levels. However, pregnant women often experience changes

in their balance, posture, and overall mobility as the pregnancy

progresses.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant disruptions to

daily life, including for pregnant women. However, Zhou et al.’s (2021)

study have shown that despite these challenges, pregnant women

have reported feeling generally healthy during the pandemic.

Ceulemans et al. (2021) opined that some pregnant

women

have reported difficulty with physical activities such as walking or

climbing stairs. This may be due to the extra weight they are carrying,

as well as changes in their center of gravity and balance.

Employment Status

The health status of pregnant women during COVID-19

pandemic by employment status is presented in Table 2.2. Data

 30

disclosed that activity limitation obtained the highest mean (4.06)

among the indicators of health status of pregnant women during

COVID-19 pandemic, this was followed with functional health (3.82),

sleep rest (3.64), health expectancy (3.49), health exercise (3.46),

and activity limitation (4.06). The six indicators shared same

descriptive equivalence of very good. This means that pregnant

women's health status during COVID-19 Pandemic is in a state of

excellent or near-optimal, with minimal health concerns that do not

affect their daily activities. The data on health management (3.08) and

operational (2.78) obtained a description of good. This means that

pregnant women's health during COVID-19 Pandemic in terms of

health management, and operational is generally satisfactory, with few

health concerns that do not significantly impact their daily life.

Table 2.2. Health Status of Pregnant Women during COVID-19

Pandemic by Employment Status.

Indicator Employment Status Overall Description

Mean
Employed Unemployed
Health 3.16 3.00 3.08 Good
Management
Nutrition 3.54 3.34 3.44 Very good
Activity Exercise 3.42 3.50 3.46 Very good
Sleep Rest 3.88 3.39 3.64 Very good
Functional Health 3.74 3.89 3.82 Very good
Operational 2.70 2.85 2.78 Good
Activity Limitation 4.26 3.85 4.06 Very good
 31

Health 3.52 3.46 3.49 Very good

Expectancy
Overall mean 3.53 3.41 3.47 Very Good
Legends: 1-1.79, Poor; 1-2.59, Fair; 2.60-3.39, Good; 3.40-4.19, VeryGood; 4.20-5, Excellent

Overall, the high mean scores across all indicators indicate that

pregnant women experienced relatively good health during the

pandemic. This suggests that they were able to maintain their overall

well-being and cope well with the challenges posed by the pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on all

aspects of life, including the health and well-being of pregnant women.

However, recent studies have shown that despite the challenges posed

by the pandemic, pregnant women have maintained a high level of

health status (Kc et al, 2020).

United Nations Population Fund’s (2020) research has shown

that there is a strong correlation between employment status and

health status among pregnant women. Pregnant women who are

employed tend to have better health outcomes than those who are

unemployed or underemployed. During the pandemic, pregnant

women who were able to maintain their employment status had a

higher level of health status compared to those who lost their jobs or

had to take time off from work due to the pandemic.

Difference in the Health Status of Pregnant Women during

COVID-19 Pandemic
 32

Age

Table 3.1 presents the difference in the health status of pregnant

women during COVID-19 pandemic when grouped according to age. As

presented in the table, the test on the significant difference in the

health status of pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic when

grouped according to their age obtained an overall analysis of variance

value of 0.727 with a p-value higher than 0.05 level of significance,

thus failed to reject the null hypothesis (Ho). This means that

pregnant women’s health status does not differ significantly when

compared according to their ages. This implies that age alone is not a

determining factor for differences in the health status of pregnant

women during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the domain

functional health of health status of pregnant women during COVID-19

pandemic has a significant difference when grouped according to age

in its singular capacity. It is important to note that while age can be a

contributing factor to differences in functional health among pregnant

women, individual variations, overall health status, access to

healthcare, and social support networks also play significant roles.

Pregnancy is a unique experience for each woman, and personalized

care is crucial to address the specific needs and promote functional

health throughout the pregnancy journey.

 33

The result of the study is in congruence to the study conducted

by Herring (2021), and overview about the impact of COVID-19 on

pregnancy outcomes and highlights the importance of considering

multiple factors, including age, in assessing health status disparities

among pregnant women. The author found out that age cannot

significantly differ on the health outcome of pregnant women during

COVID-19 outbreak but other factors have.

Table 3.1. Difference in the Health Status of Pregnant Women during

COVID-19 Pandemic when grouped According to Age.

Indicators Mean Df t-comp t-crit p-value Remark

HM x1 = 3.11 8 0.1038 1.8595 0.4599 Accept Ho

x2 = 3.03

N x1 = 3.60 7 0.7133 1.8946 0.2493 Accept Ho

x2 = 3.13

AE x1 = 3.60 5 0.4565 2.0150 0.3336 Accept Ho

x2 = 3.45

SR x1 = 3.48 6 0.1850 1.9432 0.4297 Accept Ho

x2 = 3.54

FH x1 = 4.20 7 3.3189 1.8946 0.0061 Reject Ho

x2 = 3.76

O x1 = 2.66 8 0.6582 1.8595 0.2644 Accept Ho

 34

x2 = 2.84

AL x1 = 3.80 6 0.3133 1.9432 0.3823 Accept Ho

x2 = 3.92

HE x1 = 3.46 7 0.0644 1.8946 0.4752 Accept Ho

x2 = 3.48

Overall 0.727 1.913 0.325 Accept Ho

Level of Significance= 0.05

Legends: Accept Ho- Accepted Hypothesis; Reject Ho- Rejected Hypothesis

Di Masco (2020) supported the result of the study on his review

and meta-analysis about the outcomes of coronavirus spectrum

infections during pregnancy. It emphasizes that age alone may not be

sufficient to predict health outcomes, as other factors play a significant

role.

Fakari (2021) mentioned in his systematic review that focuses

on the maternal and neonatal outcomes of COVID-19-infected

pregnant women. It highlights that age, along with other factors, may

influence health outcomes but underscores the complexity of the

relationship between age and COVID-19 severity.

Further, Navarro-Soria’s (2021) reports supported to the claim

that there is a significant difference on the functional health of

pregnant women when grouped to age. The authors stated that older
 35

pregnant women (e.g., those in their late 30s or 40s) may have a

higher risk of complications from COVID-19 due to age-related

physiological changes and potential comorbidities. The authors

continued that age can also influence the psychological well-being of

pregnant women. Younger pregnant women might have different

coping mechanisms or may be less prone to stress-related

complications compared to older pregnant women.

Employment Status

Table 3.2 presented the difference in the health status of

pregnant

women during COVID-19 pandemic when grouped according to

employment status. As presented in the table, the test on the

significant difference in the health status of pregnant women during

COVID-19 pandemic when grouped according to their employment

status obtained an overall analysis of variance value of 0.622 with a p-

value higher than 0.05 level of significance, thus failed to reject the

null hypothesis (Ho). This means that pregnant women’s health status

does not differ significantly when compared according to their

employment status. This implies that employment status alone is not a

determining factor for differences in the health status of pregnant

women during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the domain sleep

 36

rest of health status of pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic

has a significant difference when grouped according to employment

status in its singular capacity. The data further indicates that the

quality and quantity of sleep and rest significantly influence the

physical and mental well-being of pregnant women, which in turn can

impact their employment status. It is important for pregnant women to

prioritize sleep and rest, and employers can play a supportive role by

providing flexible work arrangements or accommodations when

needed.

The result of the study supports to the findings of Einav et al.

(2020) who stated that there is no significant difference in the health

status of pregnant women during the pandemic when grouped

according to their employment status. Pregnant women who were

employed reported similar levels of stress, anxiety, and depression as

those who were unemployed or working from home. However, the

authors further discussed that there were some differences in the

experiences of pregnant women based on their employment status.

Those who were employed reported higher levels of job-related stress,

while those who were unemployed reported higher levels of financial

stress. Those who were working from home reported higher levels of

social isolation.
 37

Table 3.2. Difference in the Health Status of Pregnant Women during

COVID-19 pandemic when grouped According to
Employment Status.

Indicators Mean Df t-comp t-crit p- Remark

value
Health x1 = 3.16 8 0.1997 1.8595 0.4233 Accept Ho
Manageme
nt

x2 = 3.00

Nutrition x1 = 3.54 8 0.3755 1.8595 0.3585 Accept Ho

x2 = 3.34

Activity x1 = 3.42 7 0.3309 1.8945 0.3752 Accept Ho

Exercise

x2 = 3.50

Sleep Rest x1 = 3.40 6 2.1791 1.9432 0.0360 Reject Ho

x2 = 3.54

Functional x1 = 3.74 6 0.5877 1.9432 0.2942 Accept Ho

Health

x2 = 3.89

Operational x1 = 2.70 8 0.6866 1.8595 0.2559 Accept Ho

x2 = 2.88

Activity x1 = 4.26 7 1.1240 1.8945 0.1490 Accept Ho

Limitation

x2 = 3.85
 38

Health x1 = 3.52 8 0.1436 1.8595 0.4447 Accept Ho

Expectancy

x2 = 3.46

Overall 0.662 1.909 0.347 Accept Ho

Level of Significance= 0.05

Legends: Accept Ho- Accepted null Hypothesis, Reject Ho- Rejected null
Hypothesis

Khalil et al. (2022) mentioned that employment status may not

be a significant factor in the health status of pregnant women during

the pandemic. However, it is important to note that the experiences of

pregnant women varied based on their employment status, with some

experiencing higher levels of stress and anxiety than others.

Further, Ladymna et al. (2022) support the claim, that pregnant

women who were unemployed or had reduced work hours due to

COVID-19 reported higher levels of stress and anxiety compared to

those who were employed full-time. This suggests that employment

status may be a significant factor in the sleep and rest of pregnant

women during the pandemic.

 39

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

In this chapter, the researchers present the summary,

conclusions and the recommendations drawn after the analysis and

interpretation of data.

Summary

This study was focused on the health status of the pregnant

women during covid-19 pandemic serves as the basis to propose an

intervention program in Barangay San Jose, Digos City, Davao Del

Sur. Descriptive-comparative research methodology was employed in

this study. The study was conducted in the whole month of April 2023.

Findings of the Study

 40

FData disclosed that majority of the pregnant women during

COVID-19 pandemic belonged to age bracket 20-25 years old which

accounted to 28 or 80%. The Data was followed with 26-30 years old

(20%). In terms of employment status, majority of the pregnant

women during COVID-19 pandemic are unemployed which accounted

to 25 or 71.43%, and some were employed (28.57%)

1. As to health status under the age category, functional health

obtained the highest mean (3.98) among the indicators of health

status of pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic, this was

followed with activity limitation (3.91), activity exercise (3.53), sleep

rest (3.52), and health expectancy (3.41). The five indicators shared

same descriptive equivalence of very good. This means that pregnant

women's health status during COVID-19 Pandemic is in a state of

excellent or near-optimal, with minimal health concerns that do not

affect their daily activities. In the employment status category, activity

limitation obtained the highest mean (4.06) among the indicators of

health status of pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic, this was

followed with functional health (3.82), sleep rest (3.64), health

expectancy (3.49), health exercise (3.46), and activity limitation

(4.06). The six indicators shared same descriptive equivalence of very

good. This means that pregnant women's health status during COVID-
 41

19 Pandemic is in a state of excellent or near-optimal, with minimal

health concerns that do not affect their daily activities. The data on

health management (3.08) and operational (2.78) obtained a

description of good. This means that pregnant women's health during

COVID-19 Pandemic in terms of health management, and operational

is generally satisfactory, with few health concerns that do not

significantly impact their daily life.

2. The difference in the health status of pregnant women during

COVID- 19 pandemic when grouped to age, the test on the

significant difference in the health status of pregnant women during

COVID-19 pandemic when grouped according to their age obtained an

overall analysis of variance value of 0.727 with a p-value higher than

0.05 level of significance, thus failed to reject the null hypothesis (Ho).

This means that pregnant women’s health status does not differ

significantly when compared according to their ages. As to difference

in the health status of pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic

when grouped according to employment status, the test on the

significant difference in the health status of pregnant women during

COVID-19 pandemic when grouped according to their employment

status obtained an overall analysis of variance value of 0.622 with a p-

value higher than 0.05 level of significance, thus failed to reject the

null hypothesis (Ho). This means that pregnant women’s health status
 42

does not differ significantly when compared according to their

employment status.

Conclusion

Based from the overall findings, the following conclusions are

drawn:

1. Majority of pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic fell

within the age bracket of 20-25 years old. Regarding

employment status, the data shows that the majority of

pregnant women during the pandemic were unemployed.

Additionally, the high unemployment rate among pregnant

women suggests potential economic challenges and uncertainties

faced during this time.

2. The overall health status of pregnant women during the COVID-

19 pandemic is generally excellent or near-optimal. The

indicators of activity exercise, sleep rest, and health expectancy

also scored very well, reflecting a high level of health and well-

being among pregnant women.

3. The health status of pregnant women during the COVID-19

pandemic, when grouped by age and employment status, it can

be concluded that there is no significant difference in the health

status of pregnant women in these categories. However, on its

 43

singular capacity, functional health has a significant difference to

age, while sleep rest has a significant difference to employment

status.

4. A proposed intervention programs are offered for consideration:

This program aims to support pregnant women in

maintaining good health, reducing operational, and

promoting overall well- being throughout their pregnancy. This

intervention program combines education, support, and

practical strategies to address common health concerns during

pregnancy and minimize the impact on daily functioning.

Title 1. “Pagbubuntis Ay Di Basta Basta, Kalusugan Ay

Panatilihing Kaaya-aya”

Specific Activity: Seminar & Proper Lecture of Operational Activities

for Pregnant Women

Objective of the Activity:

At the end of the seminar & proper lecture of operational activities

for pregnant women the pregnant women, significant others, and
their other family members will gain specific and high quality and
understanding of:

❖ The program in the context of the conference will elevate

knowledge and transition to the clients to parenthood;

❖ Levels of safety and comfort;

 44

❖ Discuss the importance of eating healthy food and become

physically active regularly and having enough sleep

❖ Communication between their OB GYNE;

❖ Importance of establishing relationships between significant

other and their family;

❖ Discuss the essential qualities of successful and healthy

pregnancy;

❖ Emphasize the family involvement in the plan of care and goal

setting.

❖ Identify several ways that pregnant woman can engage in

more effective way of proper mobility and other activities

❖ Importance of nursing process in maintaining quality care;

❖ Emphasize the importance of participation and cooperation of

the family during pregnancy;

❖ Inform the patient and family on the expected outcomes of the

pregnancy;

❖ Importance of monitoring and stressors of the pregnant woman

Target Participants: Pregnant Women

Expected List of Participants: 30-90 Participants

Speakers: Student Nurses, Nurse Educator

Proposed Budget: Ten Thousand Pesos Only

Propose Venue of the Activity: San Jose Barangay Hall, Digos

City
 45

Strengthening The Pregnant Women’s Operational Activities

That Affects Their Functional Health and Sleep Rest

Establishing strength towards the pregnant women’s operational

activities that affect their functional health and sleep rest is an

essential part of high-quality care and healthy pregnancy. Proper

operational activities are important for the pregnant women and their

family and also it will benefit the baby as well. Thus, recognizing

triggers, great coping skills, and good relationships with the significant

other and family should be started.

In addition, this educates pregnant women about the changes

occurring in their bodies, common pregnancy-related health

conditions, and potential complications, and provides information on

proper nutrition, physical activity, sleep, and stress management

techniques and lastly counseling sessions will help pregnant women

and their significant others to address specific concerns and answer

questions related to pregnancy and certain problems that they will or

might encounter.

Furthermore, this program will assist pregnant women to

conduct regular sessions on stress management techniques, relaxation

exercises, and coping strategies to reduce anxiety and improve mental

well-being. This will encourage pregnant women to seek support from

 46

friends, family, or support groups to address emotional concerns and

offer referral services to mental health professionals when necessary.

In conclusion, the program “Pagbubuntis Ay Di Basta Basta,

Kalusugan Ay Panatilihing Kaaya-aya” will definitely enhance the

importance of suitable activities to improve strength, flexibility, and

cardiovascular health of these pregnant women. Moreover, this

program will show how to have a safe and tailored exercise program

suitable for pregnant women, considering their individual needs and

medical history. Provide guidance on appropriate exercise techniques

and precautions to prevent injuries and discomfort. Lastly, this will

address proper body mechanics, stretching exercises, and rest breaks

to minimize physical strain while working to accomplish good health,

reducing operational, and promoting overall well-being throughout

their pregnancy
 47

PROGRAM PRESENTATION

TITLE:

“Pagbubuntis ay di basta basta, Kalusugan ay panatilihing

kaaya-aya”

DATE:_____________

OPENING PROGRAM 7:00 am - 7:30 am

Prayer 7:00 am

Philippine National Anthem 7:15 am

Opening Remarks (Organizer) 7:20am

Introduction of the Guest Speakers 7:30 am

Registration 8:00 am - 10:00 am

Booths will be opened 8:30 am - 10:00 am

- Free Consultation
 48

- Free Vitamins and Supplements

- Free Merches will be given (foldable fan, pin, key chain, toothbrush,
tote bag)

LECTURE: 10:00am -12:00noon

“Changes in Pregnancy”
(Guest Speaker)

NEED TO KNOW!

- Knowledge to make the choices that will help

them experience a healthy pregnancy
- The actions necessary to give birth and begin parenthood

SHOULD KNOW!

- Supports family strength and positive parenting

- Respect her body and trust in her ability to give birth

NICE TO KNOW!

- Partners must enhance their ability to support women during

pregnancy

Lunch Break (Free Lunch) 12:00noon -1:00 pm

LECTURE: 1:00 pm - 4:00 pm

“Proper Mobility and Activity Exercises That A Pregnant Must

Do”
 49

(Guest Speaker)

- More Than Mood Swings

- Strategies For Coping
- Let’s Get Active
- Benefits of Acting Living

● “Time to Ask the Speakers!” 4:00 pm - 5:00 pm

- Further questions/clarifications will be catered by our fellow “Guest

Speakers”

Recommendations

In the light of the foregoing findings and conclusions, the

researcher proposes the following:

Pregnant women must continue monitoring their health

throughout their pregnancy with or without the Covid 19 pandemic.

Regular check-ups and prenatal care should be encouraged to identify

and address any potential health issues that may arise, specifically

their sleep rest and functional health activities.

Families should necessarily closely monitor the impact on

pregnant women's health and well-being especially that these

pregnant women experienced Covid 19 pandemic. Adjustments to

 50

healthcare policies and practices should be made accordingly to ensure

the ongoing safety and support of pregnant women during their

pregnancy.

Community health nurses should concentrate on giving

pregnant women of all ages equitable attention and care because they

are one of the frontliners during the Covid 19 pandemic, the

significance of patient and family cooperation and engagement is

highly required, and adequately explain the importance of operational

activities and about the expected consequences of pregnancy.

City health office must implement programs, projects, and

policies to the health of each individual in the community, especially to

these pregnant women who experienced Covid 19 pandemic. This

would be beneficial to them and act as a guide for them as they

acquire ideas for their next initiative to promote the health and well-

being of pregnant women, not just in the barangay but throughout the

city.

The Department of health has to constantly check on and

assess the health of these pregnant women alongside with the city
 51

health office. Regardless if there is or there is no Covid 19 epidemic,

they should still be kept up. This will make it easier to spot any

potential adjustments or emerging trends that might call for particular

interventions or support plans that are specially designed for specific

groups of pregnant women. It will act as a guideline and additional

guidance when formulating a plan for the programs and initiatives that

they will be putting into place for pregnant women in the future.

Future researchers should look into additional factors that

might have an impact on pregnant women's health during the COVID-

19 pandemic. These might include financial status, accessibility to

healthcare, existing medical conditions, and other relevant factors that

could affect how the health of these pregnant women advances. In

point of fact, it was clear from the circumstances that these pregnant

women have issues on their operational activities that affect their

sleep rest and functional health. Moreover, they must determine the

top priorities for conducting the study such that it focuses more on

developing their daily activities and proper health management that

 52

might lead to distress in their pregnancy and relationship with their

significant others and families.

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 58

APPENDICES
 59

APPENDIX A

LETTER TO THE DEAN

Polytechnic College of Davao del Sur, Inc.

MacArthur Highway, Brgy Kiagot, Digos City
Province of Davao del Sur

December 2022

MORSID K. TULAO, PhDM

Dean of Nursing

Sir,

We, third year college (BS in Nursing) of Polytechnic College of

Davao del Sur Inc. will be conducting a quantitative research entitled
“Health Status of Pregnant Women during Covid-19: Basis for
Intervention Program”. We would like to seek your approval and to
 60

ask permission to allow us to conduct this study. Thank you for your
endearing and tremendous support.

Sincerely yours,

MARICHAINE T. ABREGANA

JASPER KENTH A. HAGONOY

KYLE VINCENT C. MIRANDA

Noted by:
MARILOU C. DIANA, MAED
Nursing Research Adviser

Approved By:

MORSID K. TULAO, PhDM

Dean of Nursing
 61

APPENDIX B

LETTER TO THE BARANGAY CHAIRMAN

Polytechnic College of Davao del Sur, Inc.

MacArthur Highway, Brgy Kiagot, Digos City
Province of Davao del Sur

December 2022

CHARLIE REVILLA
Barangay Chairman
Barangay San Jose, Digos City, Davao del Sur

Sir,

We, third year college (BS in Nursing) of Polytechnic College of

Davao del Sur Inc. will be conducting a quantitative research entitled
“Health Status of Pregnant Women during Covid-19: Basis for
Intervention Program”. We would like to seek your approval and to
ask permission to allow us to conduct this study. Thank you, and we
respectfully request your consideration.

Sincerely yours,

MARICHAINE T. ABREGANA

JASPER KENTH A. HAGONOY

KYLE VINCENT C. MIRANDA

Noted by:
MARILOU C. DIANA, MAED
Nursing Research Adviser

Approved By:

CHARLIE REVILLAME
Barangay Chairman
 62

APPENDIX C

LETTER TO THE RESPONDENTS

Polytechnic College of Davao del Sur, Inc.

MacArthur Highway, Brgy Kiagot, Digos City
Province of Davao del Sur

December 2022

LETTER FOR RESPONDENTS

Residents of the Barangay San Jose
Barangay San Jose, Digos City, Davao del Sur

Dear Respondents,

Good day!

We, third year college (BS in Nursing) of Polytechnic College of Davao

del Sur Inc. will be conducting a quantitative research entitled “Health
Status of Pregnant Women during Covid-19: Basis for
Intervention Program”.
We would like you to be one of our participants. In lieu of this, we
would request for your collaboration and investment in the span of the
examination. Rest assured that all information derived herein will be
treated with utmost confidentiality. We would appreciate your positive
remarks in this request. Thank you!

Respectfully yours,

MARICHAINE T. ABREGANA

JASPER KENTH A. HAGONOY

KYLE VINCENTE C. MIRANDA

MARILOU C. DIANA, MAED

Nursing Research Adviser
 63

APPENDIX D

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

HEALTH STATUS OF THE

PREGNANT WOMEN DURING COVID-19: BASIS
FOR INTERVENTION PROGRAM

1. Please complete this questionnaire as soon as you can. When you

are finished, please submit this to the researcher or to the
assigned person.

2. No individual respondent will be identified in the report of this

study. Confidentiality of the respondents will always be held as an
important part in gathering data for this study.

Carefully read each item and using the appraisal rating below,
check the box corresponding to the indicators of the study. Please
answer honestly as the results of this self-evaluation may provide
important directions for you in developing an improved policy by
capturing the possible result of this study.
In answering the item below please be guided on its descriptive
meaning:
Name (Optional):
_____________________________________________
Part I. Demographic Profile
Age: [ ] 20 years old below [ ] 20-25 years old
[ ] 26-30 years old [ ] 31-35 years old
[ ] 36-40 years old [ ] 41 years old and above
Employment Status: [ ] Employed [ ] Unemployed

Part II. Health Status

Instruction: In answering the item below please be guided on its
descriptive meaning.
 64

5 – Excellent
4 – Very good
3 - Good
2 - Fair
1 - Poor

A. Health Management 5 4 3 2 1

I consider having good physical health?

Do I experience unusual conditions/certain

diseases (like diabetes or high blood
pressure)?

I drink and smoke?

I feel nervous, anxious, or on edge?

I engage in moderate exercise during?

B. Nutrition 5 4 3 2 1

I gained weight during my last trimester?

I maintained a healthy diet during my

pregnancy?

I get regular exposure to the sun (face, arms

and hands for at least 10-15 mins per day)?

Do I consume packaged snacks, cakes,

pastries or sugar-sweetened drinks?

Do I drink or consume caffeine during my

pregnancy?

C. Activity Exercise 5 4 3 2 1

I feel exhaustion any exhaustion after doing

household chores such as cleaning, cooking,
washing clothes, gardening

Do I get enough rest after doing certain chores

in the house?

Did I compile an exercise plan?

 65

Do I do most of my regular exercise?

I am doing my regular exercises and did feel

some improvements?

D. Sleep Rest 5 4 3 2 1

Do I get enough sleep and adequate rest during

my pregnancy?

Have I done any comfortable positions during

my sleep/rest?

I experienced some sleepless nights during my

pregnancy?

I feel certain pain when having sleep/rest?

Do I feel any unusualities when I sleep/rest?

E. Functional Health 5 4 3 2 1

I maintained a well-balanced diet during my

pregnancy

I maintained physical activity

I kept rest periods and good night sleep

I experienced sleep interruptions (frequent

urination, postural discomfort)

Increased of mood swings/variability

F. Operational 5 4 3 2 1

Do I have difficulty walking or climbing steps?

Do I have difficulty with self-care, such as

washing all over or dressing?

Do I have difficulty remembering or

concentrating?

Do I have difficulty seeing?

Do I have difficulty hearing other people?

G. Activity Limitation 5 4 3 2 1

I avoid physical activity during excessive heat,

 66

especially with high humidity

I stay hydrated by drinking water before,

during and after physical activity

I avoid participating in activities which involve

physical contact, pose a high risk of falling or
might limit oxygenation

I limit the amount of time spent being

sedentary

Incorporate a variety of aerobic and muscle

strengthening activities

H. Health Expectancy 5 4 3 2 1

I notice swelling (edema) in other parts of your

body, especially in my lower extremities, such
as my feet and ankles.

My sleep becomes more elusive because it’s

difficult to get comfortable due to your growing
belly.

Experiencing reflux when eating

Feeling of discomfort to a burning or throbbing

sensation in the leg

Sore breasts are common during pregnancy

 67

APPENDIX E
Health status of pregnant women by age in terms of Health
Management

Questions Health Average Remark

Management Mean
1 2
I consider having good 4.57 4.21 4.39 Excellent
physical health?

Do I experience unusual 2.14 1.93 2.03 Fair

conditions/certain
diseases (like diabetes or
high blood pressure)?

I drink and smoke? 1.29 1.46 1.37 Poor

I feel nervous, anxious, 3.43 3.86 3.64 Very good
or on edge?

I engage in moderate 4.14 3.68 3.91 Very good

exercise during?
 68

Questions Health Average Remark

Management Mean
1 2

Average Mean 3.11 3.03 3.06 Good

Legends: 1 = (Age 20-25) 2= (Age 26-30)

APPENDIX F
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Age in Terms of Nutrition

Questions Nutrition Average Remark

1 2 Mean
I gained weight during 4.43 3.96 4.20 Excellent
my last trimester?

I maintained a healthy 4.29 3.86 4.08 Very Good

diet during my
pregnancy?

I get regular exposure 4.57 2.82 3.70 Very Good

to the sun (face, arms
and hands for at least
 69

Questions Nutrition Average Remark

1 2 Mean
10-15 mins per day)?

Do I consume packaged 3.14 2.82 2.98 Good

snacks, cakes, pastries
or sugar-sweetened
drinks?

Do I drink or consume 1.57 2.18 1.88 Fair

caffeine during my
pregnancy?

Average Mean 3.60 3.34 3.47 Very Good

Legends: 1 = (Age 20-25) 2= (Age 26-30)

APPENDIX G
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Age in Terms of Activity
Exercise

Questions Activity Exercise Average Remark

1 2 Mean

I feel exhaustion any 2.57 3.14 2.85 Good

exhaustion after doing
household chores such
as cleaning, cooking,
washing clothes,
 70

Questions Activity Exercise Average Remark

1 2 Mean

gardening

Do I get enough rest 4.43 3.89 4.16 Very Good

after doing certain
chores in the house?

Did I compile an 3.71 3.29 3.05 Good

exercise plan?

Do I do most of my 3.71 3.54 3.63 Very Good

regular exercise?

I am doing my regular 3.57 3.39 3.48 Very Good

exercises and did feel
some improvements?

Average Mean 3.60 3.45 3.53 Very Good

Legends: 1 = (Age 20-25) 2= (Age 26-30)

APPENDIX H
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Age in Terms of Sleep
Rest
 71

Questions Sleep Rest Average Remark

1 2 Mean

Do I get enough sleep 4.14 3.86 4.00 Very Good

and adequate rest
during my pregnancy?

Have I done any 4.14 3.75 3.95 Very Good

comfortable positions
during my sleep/rest?

I experienced some 3.14 3.75 3.45 Very Good

sleepless nights during
my pregnancy?

I feel certain pain when 3.29 3.32 3.31 Good

having sleep/rest?

Do I feel any 2.71 3.04 2.88 Good

unusualities when I
sleep/rest?

Average Mean 3.49 3.54 3.52 Very Good

Legends: 1 = (Age 20-25) 2= (Age 26-30)

 72

APPENDIX I
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Age in Terms of
Functional Health

Questions Functional Health Average Remark

1 2 Mean

I maintained a well- 4.43 4.00 4.22 Excellent

balanced diet during my
pregnancy

I maintained physical 4.14 3.96 4.05 Very Good

activity

I kept rest periods and 4.14 3.64 3.89 Very Good

good night sleep

I experienced sleep 4.00 3.39 3.70 Very Good

interruptions (frequent
urination, postural
discomfort)

Increased of mood 4.29 3.79 4.04 Excellent

swings/variability

Average Mean 4.20 3.76 3.98 Very Good

Legends: 1 = (Age 20-25) 2= (Age 26-30)

 73

APPENDIX J
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Age in Terms of
Operational

Questions Operational Average Remark

Mean

1 2
Do I have difficulty 2.86 3.39 3.13 Good
walking or climbing
steps?

Do I have difficulty with 2.43 3.07 2.75 Good

self-care, such as
washing all over or
dressing?

Do I have difficulty 3.00 2.82 2.91 Good

remembering or
concentrating?

Do I have difficulty 3.00 2.71 2.86 Good

seeing?

Do I have difficulty 2.00 2.21 2.11 Fair

hearing other people?

Average Mean 2.66 2.84 2.75 Good

Legends: 1 = (Age 20-25) 2= (Age 26-30)
 74

APPENDIX K
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Age in Terms of Activity
Limitation

Questions Activity Limitation Average Remark

Mean

1 2
I avoid physical activity 4.00 4.25 4.13 Very Good
during excessive heat,
especially with high
humidity

I stay hydrated by drinking 5.00 4.16 4.58 Excellent

water before, during and
after physical activity

I avoid participating in 3.14 4.07 3.61 Very Good

activities which involve
physical contact, pose a
high risk of falling or might
limit oxygenation

I limit the amount of time 3.57 3.71 3.64 Very Good

spent being sedentary

Incorporate a variety of 3.29 3.39 3.34 Good

aerobic and muscle
strengthening activities

Average Mean 3.80 4.01 3.91 Very Good

Legends: 1 = (Age 20-25) 2= (Age 26-30)

 75

APPENDIX L
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Age in Terms of Health
Expectancy

Questions Health Expectancy Average Remark

Mean

1 2
I notice swelling (edema) 3.14 3.57 3.36 Very
in other parts of your Good
body, especially in my
lower extremities, such as
my feet and ankles.

My sleep becomes more 4.14 3.64 3.89 Very

elusive because it’s Good
difficult to get
comfortable due to your
growing belly.

Experiencing reflux when 2.71 2.71 2.71 Good

eating

Feeling of discomfort to a 2.86 3.21 3.04 Good

burning or throbbing
sensation in the leg

Sore breasts are common 4.43 4.29 4.36 Excellent

during pregnancy

Average Mean 3.46 3.49 3.48 Very

 76

Questions Health Expectancy Average Remark

Mean

1 2
Good
Legends: 1 = (Age 20-25) 2= (Age 26-30)

APPENDIX M
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Employment Status in
Terms of Health Management

Questions Health Average Remark

Management
Mean
1 2

I feel exhaustion any exhaustion after 4.40 4.24 4.32 Excellent

doing household chores such as cleaning,
cooking, washing clothes, gardening

Do I get enough rest after doing certain 2.10 1.92 2.01 Fair
chores in the house?

Did I compile an exercise plan? 1.50 1.40 1.45 Poor

Do I do most of my regular exercise? 4.00 3.68 3.84 Very Good

I am doing my regular exercises and did 3.80 3.76 3.78 Very Good
feel some improvements?

Average Mean 3.16 3.00 3.08 Good

 77

Legends: 1= (Employed); 2 = (Unemployed)

APPENDIX N
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Employment Status in
Terms of Nutrition

Questions Health Avera Remark

Management ge

1 2 Mean

I consider having good physical health? 4.57 4.21 4.39 Excellent

Do I experience unusual conditions/certain 2.14 1.93 2.03 Fair

diseases (like diabetes or high blood
pressure)?

I drink and smoke? 1.29 1.46 1.37 Poor

I feel nervous, anxious, or on edge? 3.43 3.86 3.64 Very good

I engage in moderate exercise during? 4.14 3.68 3.91 Very good

Average Mean 3.11 3.03 3.06 Good

Legends: 1= (Employed); 2 = (Unemployed)

 78

APPENDIX O
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Employment Status in
Terms of Activity Exercise

Questions Health Average Remark

Management
Mean
1 2

I feel exhaustion any exhaustion after 2.70 3.16 2.93 Good

doing household chores such as cleaning,
cooking, washing clothes, gardening

Do I get enough rest after doing certain 3.90 4.04 3.97 Very Good
chores in the house?

Did I compile an exercise plan? 3.50 3.32 3.41 Very Good

Do I do most of my regular exercise? 3.70 3.52 3.61 Very Good
I am doing my regular exercises and did 3.30 3.48 3.39 Very Good
feel some improvements?

Average Mean 3.42 3.50 3.46 Very Good

Legends: 1= (Employed); 2 = (Unemployed)
 79

APPENDIX P
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Employment Status in
Terms of Sleep Rest

Questions Health Average Remark

Management
Mean
1 2

Do I get enough sleep and 4.00 3.88 3.94 Very Good

adequate rest during my
pregnancy?

Have I done any comfortable 4.10 3.72 3.91 Very Good

positions during my sleep/rest?

I experienced some sleepless 4.10 3.48 3.79 Very Good

nights during my pregnancy?

I feel certain pain when having 3.80 3.12 3.46 Very Good
sleep/rest?

Do I feel any unusualities when I 3.50 2.76 3.13 Good

sleep/rest?

Average Mean 3.88 3.39 3.64 Very Good

Legends: 1= (Employed); 2 = (Unemployed)
 80

APPENDIX Q
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Employment Status in
Terms of Functional Health

Questions Health Average Remark

Management
Mean
1 2

Do I have difficulty walking or 4.30 4.00 4.15 Very Good

climbing steps?

Do I have difficulty with self- 4.10 3.96 4.03 Very Good

care, such as washing all over or
dressing?

Do I have difficulty remembering 3.50 3.84 3.67 Very Good

or concentrating?

Do I have difficulty seeing? 2.90 3.76 3.33 Good

Do I have difficulty hearing other 3.90 3.88 3.89 Very Good

people?

Average Mean 3.74 3.89 3.82 Very Good

Legends: 1= (Employed); 2 = (Unemployed)
 81

APPENDIX R
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Employment Status in
Terms of Operational

Questions Health Average Remark

Management
Mean
1 2

Do I have difficulty walking or climbing 3.20 3.32 3.26 Good

steps?

Do I have difficulty with self-care, such as 2.70 3.04 2.87 Good

washing all over or dressing?

Do I have difficulty remembering or 2.50 3.00 2.75 Good

concentrating?

Do I have difficulty seeing? 3.00 2.86 2.93 Good

Do I have difficulty hearing other people? 2.10 2.20 2.15 Fair

Average Mean 2.70 2.85 2.78 Good

Legends: 1= (Employed); 2 = (Unemployed)
 82

APPENDIX S

Questions Health Average Remark

Management
Mean
1 2

I avoid physical activity during 4.50 4.08 4.29 Excellent

excessive heat, especially with
high humidity

I stay hydrated by drinking water 4.90 4.60 4.75 Excellent

before, during and after physical
activity

I avoid participating in activities 4.60 3.60 4.01 Very Good

which involve physical contact,
pose a high risk of falling or
might limit oxygenation

I limit the amount of time spent 4.10 3.52 3.81 Very Good
being sedentary

Incorporate a variety of aerobic 3.20 3.44 3.32 Good

and muscle strengthening
activities

Average Mean 4.26 3.85 4.06 Very Good

 83

Health Status of Pregnant Women by Employment Status in

Terms of Activity Limitation

Legends: 1= (Employed); 2 = (Unemployed)

APPENDIX T
Health Status of Pregnant Women by Employment Status in

Terms of Health Expectancy

Questions Health Average Remark

Management
Mean
1 2

I notice swelling (edema) in other 3.20 3.60 3.04 Good

parts of your body, especially in
my lower extremities, such as my
feet and ankles.

My sleep becomes more elusive 3.70 3.76 3.73 Very Good

because it’s difficult to get
comfortable due to your growing
belly.

Experiencing reflux when eating 3.00 2.60 2.08 Fair

Feeling of discomfort to a burning 3.20 3.12 3.16 Good

or throbbing sensation in the leg

Sore breasts are common during 4.50 4.24 4.37 Excellent

 84

Questions Health Average Remark

Management
Mean
1 2

pregnancy

Average Mean 3.52 3.46 3.49 Very Good

Legends: 1= (Employed); 2 = (Unemployed)

SPOT MAP
 85

Figure 2. Spot Map of Barangay San Jose

 86

CURRICULUM VITAE

KYLE VINCENT C. MIRANDA

[email protected]
 87

Llanos Street, Zone II Digos City

PERSONAL BACKGROUND
Nickname: Kyle
Sex: Male
Date of Birth: May 08, 1999
Place of Birth: Digos City, Davao Del Sur
Occupation: Student
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
COLLEGE
Polytechnic College of Davao Del Sur, Inc.
McArthur Highway, Digos City, Davao Del Sur
S.Y. 2022-Present

SECONDARY SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL

Peak-Prep Pleasant Valley
Los Angeles, California
S.Y. 2017-2019

JUNIOR HIGHSCHOOL
Holy Cross Academy of Digos, Inc.
Gallarde Street, Digos City, Davao Del Sur
S.Y. 2013-2016

ELEMENTARY
Digos City Central Elementary School
Rizal Avenue, Digos City, Davao Del Sur
S.Y. 2007-2012
 88

MARICHAINE T. ABREGANA
[email protected]
Purok Rose, Abatayo St. Odaca, Digos City

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Nickname : Chin chin/Shin/Shintang

Sex : Female
Date of Birth : March 16, 2000
Place of Birth : Digos City
Occupation : Student
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

COLLEGE
Polytechnic College of Davao del Sur, Inc.
MacArthur Highway, Digos City, Davao del Sur
SY: 2022-Present
SECONDARY
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Cor Jesu Collge
Sacred Heart Avenue Digos City, Davao del Sur
SY: 2017-2019

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Digos City National High School
Rizal Avenue, Digos City, Davao del Sur
SY: 2013-2017

ELEMENTARY
San Miguel Elementary School
San Miguel, Digos City, Davao del Sur
SY: 2007-201
 89

JASPER KENTH A. HAGONOY

[email protected]
Don Lorenzo Homes, Tres de Mayo, Digos City

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Nickname : Jassp
Sex : Male
Date of Birth : September 14, 2000
Place of Birth : Digos City
Occupation : Student
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic

EDUCATION BACKGROUND

COLLEGE
Polytechnic College of Davao del Sur, Inc.
McArthur Highway ,Digos City, Davao del Sur
SY: 2022-Present

SECONDARY
SENIOR HIGHSCHOOL
Cor Jesu College.
Sacred Heart Ave. Digos City, Davao del Sur
SY: 2017-2019

JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Cor Jesu College Inc.
Sacred Heart Ave. Digos City, Davao del Sur
SY: 2013-2017

ELEMENTARY
Pedro V. Basalan Elementary Schoool
Tres de Mayo, DIgos City
SY: 2007-2013