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Development

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Rana Umar
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Tim Berners-Lee in April 2009


In 1980, physicist Tim Berners-Lee, a contractor at CERN, proposed and prototyped ENQUIRE,
a system for CERN researchers to use and share documents. In 1989, Berners-Lee wrote a
memo proposing an Internet-based hypertext system.[3] Berners-Lee specified HTML and wrote
the browser and server software in late 1990. That year, Berners-Lee and CERN data
systems engineer Robert Cailliau collaborated on a joint request for funding, but the project was
not formally adopted by CERN. In his personal notes of 1990, Berners-Lee listed "some of the
many areas in which hypertext is used"; an encyclopedia is the first entry.[4]
The first publicly available description of HTML was a document called "HTML Tags",[5] first
mentioned on the Internet by Tim Berners-Lee in late 1991.[6][7] It describes 18 elements
comprising the initial, relatively simple design of HTML. Except for the hyperlink tag, these were
strongly influenced by SGMLguid, an in-house Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)-
based documentation format at CERN. Eleven of these elements still exist in HTML 4.[8]
HTML is a markup language that web browsers use to interpret and compose text, images, and
other material into visible or audible web pages. Default characteristics for every item of HTML
markup are defined in the browser, and these characteristics can be altered or enhanced by the
web page designer's additional use of CSS. Many of the text elements are mentioned in the 1988
ISO technical report TR 9537 Techniques for using SGML, which describes the features of early
text formatting languages such as that used by the RUNOFF command developed in the early
1960s for the CTSS (Compatible Time-Sharing System) operating system. These formatting
commands were derived from the commands used by typesetters to manually format documents.
However, the SGML concept of generalized markup is based on elements (nested annotated
ranges with attributes) rather than merely print effects, with separate structure and markup.
HTML has been progressively moved in this direction with CSS.

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