320 HMWK9 Solns

Section 4.
5
Exercise 4.5.3: There is no continuous function f : R → R with f (R) = Q. If there were, then we could find
a, b ∈ R with f (a) = 1 and f (b) = 2. Either a < b or b < a. Let’s suppose a < b. Since f√
(x) is continuous on
R it is also continuous on [a, b].
√ By the√intermediate value theorem, and the fact that 1 < 2 < 2, there exists
a c ∈ (a, b) such that f (c) = 2. But 2 6∈ Q, hence f (R), which includes f (c), cannot just be Q. The same
argument works if b < a, but we find c ∈ (b, a) instead.
Exercise 4.5.4: Let f (x) : [a, b] → R be an increasing function (x < y implies f (x) ≤ f (y)) such that for
all x < y in [a, b] and L ∈ R between f (x) and f (y) there is a cL ∈ (x, y) with f (cL ) = L. Pick v ∈ [a, b]. We
wish to show that f (x) is continuous at v. Pick > 0. Now let x = a and y = v. Since f (x) is increasing on
[a, v] we have h = f (v) − f (a) ≥ 0. Use the intermediate value property to find d1 so that f (d1 ) = f (v) − h̃ where
h̃ = 12 min{h, }. (Note: if h = 0, then f (x) = f (v) for every x ∈ (a, v), so d1 can be any value in (a, v)). Then
for all x ∈ (d1 , v) we have f (d1 ) ≤ f (x) ≤ f (v), i.e. f (v) − h̃ ≤ f (x) ≤ f (v). However, h̃ < so this implies
− < f (x)−f (v) ≤ 0 for all x ∈ (d1 , v). We now do the same on the other side. Let h̃ = 12 min{f (b)−f (v), }. Then
find d2 such that f (d2 ) = f (v) + h̃. Again we’ll find that for x ∈ (v, d2 ) we have f (v) ≤ f (x) ≤ f (v) + h̃ < f (v) + .
Putting the two sides together, we get for x ∈ (d1 , d2 ) − < f (x) − f (v) < which is just |f (x) − f (v)| < . Now
just choose (v − δ, v + δ) ⊂ (d1 , d2 ), and we have shown that f (x) is continuous at v.
Exercise 4.5.7: First, note that f ([0, 1]) ⊂ [0, 1] implies f (0) ≥ 0 and f (1) ≤ 1. If either f (0) = 0 or f (1) = 1,
we have found a fixed point. The remaining case to consider is when f (0) > 0 and f (1) < 1. Let g(x) = f (x) − x.
Then g(x) is continuous on [0, 1] since f (x) and y = x are continuous on [0, 1]. In the case we are considering,
g(0) = f (0) − 0 > 0 and g(1) = f (1) − 1 < 0. By the intermediate value theorem, there is a point c ∈ (0, 1) with
g(c) = 0, since g(1) < 0 < g(0). But for this value of c g(c) = 0 means f (c) − c = 0 or f (c) = c.
Section 5.2
Exercise 5.2.2:
(i) Let f (x) = x1 . To compute the derivative, f 0 (a), for a 6= 0 we evaluate
1
f (x) − f (a) −1 a−x
a−x −1 −1
lim = lim x a = lim x a = lim = lim = 2
x→a x−z x→a x − a x→a x − a x→a x a(x − a) x→a x a a
d
which is in agreement with the usual formula: dx xn = n xn−1 for n = −1. Thus f (x) is differentiable on
(−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
1
(ii) First, use the product rule for f (x)·h(x) where h(x) = g(x) . Note that the domain of h(x) is exactly the
subset of the domain of g(x) where g(x) 6= 0. Provided g(c) 6= 0 we can consider the value of f (x) h(x) at
c. The product rule tells us that if f (x) and h(x) are both differentiable at x = c then so is f (x)h(x) with
derivative f 0 (c)h(c) + f (c)h0 (c). However, we do not yet know that h(x) is differentiable at x = c. This is
where we use the chain rule. g(x) is differentiable at x = c and since g(c) 6= 0, q(x) = x1 is differentiable at
g(c). The chain rule then tells us that q(g(x)) = g(x)1
is differentiable at x = c with derivative q 0 (g(c))g 0 (c).
−1 −g 0 (c)
By the preceding part q 0 (g(c)) = g(c)2
. So h0 (c) = g(c)2
. Putting these two together gives
d f (x) f 0 (c) g 0 (c) f 0 (c)g(c) − f (c)g 0 (c)

= − f (c) =
dx g(x) x=c g(c) g(c)2 g(c)2
(iii) To directly verify the formula use

f (x) f (c)
g(x) − g(c) f (x)g(c) − g(x)f (c)
lim = lim
x→c x−c x→c g(x)g(c)(x − c)
1
. Rewrite f (x)g(c) − g(x)f (c) = (f (x) − f (c))g(c) − (g(x) − g(c))f (c), so that

d f (x) 1 f (x) − f (c) g(x) − g(c)
= lim g(c) − f (c)
dx g(x) x→c g(x)g(c) x−c x−c
From here it is just a matter of calculating the limit, noting that lim g(x) = g(c) since, g(x) being
x→c
differentiable at x = c, g(x) is also continuous at x = c. The rest of the limits follow from the definition of
f 0 (c) and g 0 (c) and the algebraic limit theorem.
Exercise 5.2.3: Consider the following function

x2 x ∈ Q

f (x) =
0 x∈ 6 Q
We first verify that the function is differentiable at x = 0 where f (x) = 0.
f (x) − 0 f (x)
lim = lim
x→0 x − 0 x→0 x
f (x) x2
But 0 ≤ x ≤ x = |x|, so as x → 0 we must have
f (x)
=0lim
x x→0
Thus f 0 (0) = 0. To see that the function is not differentiable anywhere else we will show that it is not even
continuous except when x = 0. To that end let c 6= 0. If c ∈ Q, let xn → c be a sequence of irrationals con-
verging to c. Then lim f (xn ) = 0 but f (c) = c2 6= 0. If c 6∈ Q, use a sequence of rationals qn → c. Then
n→∞
lim f (qn ) = lim qn2 = c2 (since y = x2 is continuous at x = c), but f (c) = 0.
n→∞ n→∞
Exercise 5.2.5: First note that

1 1
ga0 (x) = ax a−1
sin −xa−2
cos
x x
when x 6= 0. For x = 0 we need to evaluate

g(x) − 0 1
lim = lim xa−1 sin
x→0 x − 0 x→0 x
This limit will exist and equal 0 provided a > 1 and xa−1 is defined on R (no square roots allowed, for example).
(i) Note that g(x) differentiable at x = 0 means that the first part of g(x) will have a limit as x → 0,
and otherwise g 0 (x) is bounded. So to get something unbounded requires that we make the second part
unbounded, and that means lim xa−2 must be unbounded. This happens when a < 2. So we need 1 < a < 2
x→0
to meet both conditions. Choose a = 35 , say (we use a cubed root to ensure that ga (x) is defined on all of
R.
(ii) To have ga0 (x) continuous we need to have a > 2 so that both terms will go to 0 as x → 0, and the
derivative at 0 will also equal 0. This will make xa−1 have exponent bigger than 1 which will allow the
first term of ga0 (x) to have a derivative at 0 equal to 0, but as long as a − 2 ≤ 1 the second term will not
have a derivative at x = 0. So we choose a = 37 .
(iii) By the reasoning in part (ii), if a > 3 then ga0 (x) will have a derivative at x = 0 and will be differentiable
at every other x as well. Now lets consider the derivative of ga0 (x). We have for x 6= 0 that

1 1 1 1
ga00 (x) = a(a − 1)xa−2 sin − a xa−3 cos − (a − 2)xa−3 cos + xa−4 sin
x x x x
Let a = 4. Then ga (x) is differentiable at x = 0 by our preceding calculations, but g 00 (a) will not have a
limit as x → 0 due to the appearance of sin x1

320 HMWK9 Solns

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

320 HMWK9 Solns

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

320 HMWK9 Solns

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Section 4.

d f (x) f 0 (c) g 0 (c) f 0 (c)g(c) − f (c)g 0 (c)

(iii) To directly verify the formula use

Exercise 5.2.3: Consider the following function

Exercise 5.2.5: First note that

You might also like